重庆市“一小时经济圈”生态安全评价研究
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摘要
生态安全是国家安全和社会稳定的一个重要组成部分,与国防安全、经济安全、金融安全等具有同等重要的战略地位,也是实现经济社会稳定、快速、可持续发展的基础和前提。随着人口增长、社会经济迅猛发展,人地矛盾日益突出,人类活动对环境扰动的范围扩张且强度加剧,自然资源过度消耗,尤其是掠夺式开发与利用,导致生态破坏、环境退化等后果,这将使人类丧失大量适于生存和发展的空间,并由此引发生态环境灾害和大量生态灾民,不仅冲击着社会的稳定,还可能对区域发展甚至国家安全构成威胁。生态安全与经济发展之间的长期博弈,使人们越来越强烈意识到和谐友好型生态环境作为“经济、社会、自然”良性循环的支撑,经济发展必须要以一定的生态用地作为安全保障,且人类生存与社会经济健康持续发展对良好生态的不断追求,必然对生态环境的保护与建设提出更高的要求,生态安全问题成为当前及未来一定时间内持续性发展研究的热点。我国对生态安全的研究起步较晚,尚缺乏生态安全研究的系统的理论与方法体系,虽基于景观生态学、保护生物学、干扰生态学、恢复生态学、生态经济学、复合生态系统理论、生态伦理学等多方面,从区域尺度上对生态安全进行了研究,且在城市、西部干旱区等区域的生态安全方面的研究取得了一定的成果,但对生态安全的理论与实践的研究还不够深入且研究方向较为单一,大多是基于生态安全设计方面,研究成果也主要停留在理论研究和概念探讨这一层次,而对于更深层次的诸如生态安全评价、生态安全预警、生态安全调控等方面还远远不及欧美国家,应用研究在国内尚未全面展开。
重庆地处长江上游,三峡库区,生态区位十分重要,不仅对本地区生态安全具有举轻若重的作用,也对全国生态安全具有重大影响。一方面,重庆长江上游生态战略地位的维持已被提到国家战略需求的高度,在国家生态安全和国民经济社会中具有不可替代的作用和地位,另一方面,是维护三峡库区和长江中下游生态安全的重要屏障,对促进中下游地区经济社会健康持续发展起着重要作用。重庆地貌形态复杂多样,地域分异格局明显,不同区域的生态-经济功能存在差异,以主城为核心,在交通1小时可通达的范围内,涵盖23个区县的“一小时经济圈”,是重庆市工业化与城市化发展中心区,也是经济发展与生态安全博弈最激烈,土地利用/覆盖变化最显著区域。因此,本文基于重庆市“一小时经济圈”详实的、多时相的RS数据源,采用监督分类和目视解译相结合的方法,建立研究区基础数据库,并借鉴经典统计方法、GIS空间分析方法、地理统计学等方法,分析了研究区2000-2008年的土地利用变化、水土流失动态变化、城市热岛效应等主要生态安全因子变化特征,构建重庆市“一小时经济圈”生态安全综合评价指标体系与评价模型,探讨该区域生态安全空间格局及发展态势,以期能为实现本区域的生态安全提供参考依据。得到主要结论如下：
1、土地利用动态变化特征
从土地利用数量结构来看：研究时段内耕地资源均处主导优势,2000、2008分别占总面积的65.44%和61.07%，但减少1251.14km2,变化率达-20.47%,流失明显；水田-旱地交互转化突出,转化率均超过50%以上,各土地类转化为旱地的概率均较大；林地主要来源于草地、耕地和居民点及工矿用地,居民点及工矿用地主要源于未利用地,且变化幅度最大达106.05%，最小的水域降幅仅0.32%；土地利用变化速度较快,其综合土地利用动态度达到0.96%,K绝对值变化强度依次为：居民点及工矿用地>草地>未利用地>水田>旱地>林地>水域。
从土地利用空间变化来看：研究时段内除了林地、草地外,其它地类主要分布在海拔800m以下,且低海拔区各地类转化幅度较高海拔区大；水田流失为早地的区域位于南川、綦江和万盛,主城区水田主要转为居民点及工矿用地,旱地主要流失区域主要位于长寿、涪陵和永川,“三大山脉”(缙云山、中梁山、铜锣山)边缘地带的旱地主要转为林地；土地利用程度呈现一个明显的发展态势,沙坪坝、南岸、渝中、江北、渝北等主城区的土地利用程度进入一个衰退期,而永川,江津,涪陵,南川等“外围层”区县进入了发展上升期。
2、水土流失动态变化特征
研究区土壤侵蚀类型均以微度侵蚀、轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀为主,且随着防治工程的强化,大部分区县水土流失状况得到有效控制,土壤侵蚀类型呈现由高级向低级转化的良好趋势。微度、轻度和中度侵蚀面积之和占总面积比例由2000年的93.56%提高到2008年95.24%，其中微度侵蚀面积增加18.99%，而轻度、中度、强度、极强度及剧烈侵蚀面积分别减少了3.86%、13.46%、1.64%、0.03%、0.01%。从空间看,两时段内主城九区水土流失变化最明显,主要侵蚀类型由2000的轻度侵蚀转为2008年的微度侵蚀,同时大足、潼南与北碚地区由剧烈与强度侵蚀带转为了中度或轻度侵蚀带。
从地形因子梯度特征来看：水土流失主要发生于海拔1500m以下,强弱呈垂直分布特征。1500m以下面积比超过95%,尤其在200m-500m和500m-800m的人类活动剧烈地带最广,超过70%,且主要分布中度侵蚀、强度侵蚀、剧烈侵蚀、极强度侵蚀类型,而1500m以上地区植被发育较为良好,多为微度侵蚀或轻度侵蚀。2008年剧烈侵蚀主要分布带由2000年的200m-500m区域变为500m-800m区域,且500m以下区域急剧减少,极强度侵蚀类型在200m-500m区域增加,达52.54%。从坡度梯级看,0-5。梯度间,各土壤侵蚀类型面积随着侵蚀强度级增大而增大,5-8°和8-15°梯度间,各侵蚀类型面积比例较为接近,15°以上,主要分布强度侵蚀和极强度侵蚀类型。研究时段内,剧烈侵蚀类型面积从3.417 km~2急剧减少至0.71km~2,而在0-5°和25°以上却明显增加近11和5个百分点。分布8°以上的极强度侵蚀面积从83.57%减少至75.14%,且15°以上减少10.32%。
3、城市热岛效应时空变化特征
研究区域城市热岛效应呈现“三区、两带”状分布。“三区”即三大区域,分别为“主城团聚体”、“渝西北团聚体”和“渝东北团聚体”,“两带”即两大经济带,分别为“渝西经济带”和“沿长江经济带”。明显的热岛效应中心位于铜梁北部与合川西南部交界处；此外,沿长江一带的经济发达区域属于高温区；而低温区、弱低温区、亚低温区则主要分布于研究区域东南部的南川、万盛以及綦江等中低山区域。2000-2008年间,研究区域各温度级别整体呈现出稳中微变的状况：高温区和中温区略有上升、弱高温区稍有下降,低温区和亚低温区基本稳定,这说明了2000-2008年期间,研究区域城市热岛效应并无明显变化。
4、生态安全空间格局及时空变化
本文采用“本底-压力-状态-响应”模型构建了重庆市“一小时经济圈”生态安全综合评价的24个指标体系,并运用层次分析法确定了各因子的权重。从研究区全局来看,两时间段的生态质量差异以东北-西南方向为分界线,生态质量较好的区域基本分布于该分界线右侧的长寿、涪陵、江津等地,而生态质量较差的区域基本分布于该分界线左侧的潼南、大足、铜梁、荣昌以及永川等地。研究区域生态安全评价平均分在2000年为62.95,在2008年为64.73。
2000年生态安全评价值呈类似的金字塔的正态分布,峰值分别是60、65和69,到2008年,研究区域生态安全评价值在预警、较不安全和不安全区域,评价值呈现多峰值的分布模式；在较安全和安全区域,评价值呈现梯形上升趋势。整体上来看,安全区域面积呈现明显上升趋势。
本文将研究区域生态安全质量变化值划分为七个,可以发现：研究区域生态安全质量整体上呈上升的趋势,显著变好面积远远大于显著变差的面积；略微变差和明显变差区域所占比例之和为19.13%,而略微变好和明显变好区域面积比例之和为43.2%,说明研究区域在2000-2008年生态治理效果明显。
生态安全研究是一个复杂的系统工程,最终目的是最大可能地使自然资源乃至整个生态系统得到可持续利用,为实现人类经济社会的可持续发展提供生态安全保障。研究如何实现区域及其周边地区的自然资源在人口、社会经济和生态环境三个约束条件下稳定、协调、有序和永续利用是生态安全研究的有效方法。
Ecological security is vital to national security and social stability, with the same importance as national defense, economic security and financial security. It is also the precondition and basis of rapid and stable economic development or even sustainable development. With the rapid population growth and economic development, the conflict of human and land relations becomes increasingly intense because the expanded extent and intensification of human activities disturb environment. The negative effects are as follows:environment degradation and ecological destruction caused by excessive development and overuse of natural resources; loss of living space for human being's survival and development; growing population attacked by ecological disaster and extreme environmental events. As a result, it is possible to endanger the stability of society and threaten the security of regional and national development. Fortunately, people's consciousness on environment protection has been aroused by long-term gaming of ecological security and economic development. Friendly and harmonious eco-environment can sustain the development of economy, society and nature. Both the human survival and social economic development needs more ecological land to ensure ecological security, which require high standards in ecological protection and construction. Thus much attention will be put on ecological security in the long run. However, there lack systematic theories and methodologies of ecological security study, and especially lacks long-term experience of the study in China. Existing researches have been conducted on regional (such as dry area in the western China) or urban ecological security, based on related theories including landscape ecology, conservation biology, disturbance biology, restoration ecology, biological economics, compound ecosystem theory and ecological ethics and so on. Nevertheless, most studies focus on the theories and concepts of ecological security instead of assessment, early-warning and adjustment of ecological security. Consequently, the fruits and application of ecological security studies in China lag behind those in the Western countries.
In order to fill in the gaps, this dissertation aims at further the study of ecological security, taking a case of Chongqing Municipality. Chongqing is located in the upper branch of Yangtze River and the center of Three Gorge Reservoir, which indicate that ecological security in the municipality is important for whether local places or the whole nation. On the one hand, the Chongqing's ecological security is the requirement for the national strategy positioning since its unique function in the national development. On the other hand, it is necessary in ecological security and sustainable development for the middle and lower branches of Yangtze River and Three Gorge Reservoir. Chongqing is characterized by diverse landforms and distinct regional difference, which results in the variations of ecological and economic functions in different zones. Especially, the metropolitan area as'one-hour economic circle'is named after the one hour accessibility by public transportation, including 23 districts and counties around the urban built-up-area of Chongqing. This area is featured by highly intense conflict of economic development and ecological security, as well as prompt land use/cover change, considering its function as industrial and urban center. Thus'one-hour economic circle'was selected as a case in this study. The main data sourced from time series of remotely sensed images. Supervised classification and manual interpretation methods were employed to map land use/cover change. Based on the database, classical statistics, spatial analysis of Geographic Information System and geo-statistics were used in the study of ecological security which was reflected by land use change, soil and water erosion dynamics, urban heat island between 2000 and 2008. The comprehensive assessing model and its index system were established in'one-hour economic circle'for the purpose of exploring spatial pattern and evolving trend of ecological security, which aimed at providing suggestions for the better of regional ecological security.
The main results are as follows:
1. The characters of land use change
First, cultivated land in this area decreased but dominated in all land use types between 2000 and 2008, since the ratio of cultivated land area to the total land area changed from 65.44%to 61.07%, with a decrease of 20.47% and 1251.14 km2. The conversion between paddy field and dryland amounted over 50%, and the amount of other land use types converted to dryland was in the first or second rank in all conversion types. The increased forestland came from original pasture, cultivated land, rural residential and industrial land. The increment of residential land and industrial land were mainly converted from unused land with a maximum conversion rate of 106.05% and a minimum of 0.32%. The comprehensive land use dynamics was as high as 0.96% in the period. The absolute change value of K coefficients ranked in descending trend:residential land and industrial land, pasture, unused land, paddy field, dryland, forestland, waterbody.
Second, other land use types apart from forestland and pasture largely distributed in the areas with altitude below 800 m. The conversion rate of land use types is higher in low-altitude areas than high-altitude areas. The conversion of paddy field to dryland occurred in Nanchuan, Qijiang and Wansheng, and the conversion of paddy field to residential land and industrial land took place in the main center of Chongqing. The loss of dryland mainly distributed in Changshou, Fuling and Yongchuan. Dryland converted to forestland on the edge of the mountains including Jinyun Mountain, Zhongliang Mountain, Tongluo Moutain. The land use degree began to decrease in Shapingba, Nan'an, Yuzhong, Yubei in the main center, while it increased in Yongchuan, Jiangjing, Fuling, Nanchuan in the outer counties.
2. The characters of soil and water erosion
The types of soil erosion in the study area were dominated by micro, slight and moderate erosion. Soil erosion had been effectively controlled in most counties by the implementation of controlling projects in that severe soil erosion converted to slight one. The ratio of micro, slight and moderate eroded land area to the total area increased from 93.56% in 2000 to 95.24% in 2008, among which the ratio of micro erosion increased by 18.99%, though the ratio of slight one decreased by 3.86%, that of moderate one decreased by 13.46%, that of intense one by 1.64%, that of severely intense one by 0.03%, and that of extremely intense one by 0.01%. The spatial results showed that soil erosion was controlled in nine districts of the main center, since most of slight erosion had been converted to micro one. At the same period, extremely and intense erosion were converted into moderate and slight one in Dazhu, Tongnan, Beiei.
Soil erosion took place mainly below 1500 m in altitude, and its intensification varied in different altitude. The ratio of eroded area to the total area was more than 95% below 1500 m, among which the ratio was over than 70% for 200-500 m and 500-800 m as a result of intensive human activities and the major types of erosion were moderate, intense, serenely intense and extremely intense one. The area higher than 1500 m covered with high-density vegetation and had only micro or slight erosion. Most of intense erosion located in the area of 200-500m in 2000, and it located in the area of 500-800 m in 2008, which resulted in less erosion in the area below 500 m. The extremely intense erosion increased in the area of 200-500 m and was up to 52.54%. In terms of sloping grade, the area with soil erosion increased with ascending erosion intensification between 0°and 5°; the area with all kinds of soil erosion had no big difference for 5-8°and 8-15°; the area with intense and extremely intense soil erosion located over 15°. The area of extremely intense erosion decreased from 3.417 km2 in 2000 to 0.71km2 in 2008 for the whole study area, but it increased by 11% for the area in 0°-5°and by 5% for the area in 25°and above. The area of extremely intense erosion decreased from 83.57% to 75.14% in 8-15°in the period, and decreased by 10.32% in 15-25°.
3. Spatial-temporal characters of urban heat island change
The overall distribution of urban heat island was described as'Three zones and two belts', that is, The Main Center Zone, The Northwest Zone and The Northeast Zone in Chongqing, as well as The West Economic Belt, The Yangtze River Belt. The prominent urban heat island located in the boundary between the north of Tongliang and the southwest of Hechuan. The high land surface temperature zone was found in the economic developed area along the River. The low, inferiorly low and secondly low temperature distributed in the southeast of Chongqing, including the middle and low altitude mountains in Nanchuan, Wansheng and Qijiang. All kinds of temperature area were stable in the study area between 2000 and 2008. The high or middle temperature area increased slightly, and inferiorly high temperature area decreased slightly, but the low and secondly low temperature area seldom changed. This reflects that there had no apparent change in urban heat island effect in the period.
4. Spatial-temporal change of ecological security pattern
Ecological security assessment employed 24 indices based on'background-pressure-status response' model in'one-hour economic circle' of Chongqing. The weights of these indices were obtained using Analytic Hierarchy Process method. The quality of environment was divided by the line along the northeast and southwest in the period. The area in the right of the line had better quality of environment, such as Changshou, Fuling and Jiangjin, but the area in the left was in the contrast such as Tongnan, Dazhu, Tongliang, Rongchang, Yongchuan. The average value assessed was 62.95 in 2000 and 64.73 in 2008, respectively.
Ecological security values seemed like the normal distribution in 2000, with peak values of 60,65 and 69, whereas it distributed as multi-peak pattern in the early-warning zone, less secure zone and not secure zone in 2008, and rose in trapezoid shape in more secure zone or secure zone. Above all, the area with security increased apparently.
The value of ecological security change was divided into seven zones. The results show that the overall value increased. The reasons for this were that the area with improved value exceeded that with deteriorated value; the area with slightly and notable deteriorated value occupied 19.13% of the total area; and the area with slightly and notable improved value accounted for 43.2% of the total. This reflected positive effects of environmental improvement between 2000 and 2008.
Study on ecological security requires complex and systematic methods. The ultimate goal of this kind of study is to realize sustainable use of nature resources and the whole ecosystem as far as possible, and eventually to lay foundation for sustainable development of society and economy. The ecological security study should be effective only if natural resources in regional and surrounding areas can be used in a stable, harmonious, ordered and sustainable way, under the constrains of population growth, social economic development and eco-environment protection.
重庆地处长江上游,三峡库区,生态区位十分重要,不仅对本地区生态安全具有举轻若重的作用,也对全国生态安全具有重大影响。一方面,重庆长江上游生态战略地位的维持已被提到国家战略需求的高度,在国家生态安全和国民经济社会中具有不可替代的作用和地位,另一方面,是维护三峡库区和长江中下游生态安全的重要屏障,对促进中下游地区经济社会健康持续发展起着重要作用。重庆地貌形态复杂多样,地域分异格局明显,不同区域的生态-经济功能存在差异,以主城为核心,在交通1小时可通达的范围内,涵盖23个区县的“一小时经济圈”,是重庆市工业化与城市化发展中心区,也是经济发展与生态安全博弈最激烈,土地利用/覆盖变化最显著区域。因此,本文基于重庆市“一小时经济圈”详实的、多时相的RS数据源,采用监督分类和目视解译相结合的方法,建立研究区基础数据库,并借鉴经典统计方法、GIS空间分析方法、地理统计学等方法,分析了研究区2000-2008年的土地利用变化、水土流失动态变化、城市热岛效应等主要生态安全因子变化特征,构建重庆市“一小时经济圈”生态安全综合评价指标体系与评价模型,探讨该区域生态安全空间格局及发展态势,以期能为实现本区域的生态安全提供参考依据。得到主要结论如下：
1、土地利用动态变化特征
从土地利用数量结构来看：研究时段内耕地资源均处主导优势,2000、2008分别占总面积的65.44%和61.07%，但减少1251.14km2,变化率达-20.47%,流失明显；水田-旱地交互转化突出,转化率均超过50%以上,各土地类转化为旱地的概率均较大；林地主要来源于草地、耕地和居民点及工矿用地,居民点及工矿用地主要源于未利用地,且变化幅度最大达106.05%，最小的水域降幅仅0.32%；土地利用变化速度较快,其综合土地利用动态度达到0.96%,K绝对值变化强度依次为：居民点及工矿用地>草地>未利用地>水田>旱地>林地>水域。
从土地利用空间变化来看：研究时段内除了林地、草地外,其它地类主要分布在海拔800m以下,且低海拔区各地类转化幅度较高海拔区大；水田流失为早地的区域位于南川、綦江和万盛,主城区水田主要转为居民点及工矿用地,旱地主要流失区域主要位于长寿、涪陵和永川,“三大山脉”(缙云山、中梁山、铜锣山)边缘地带的旱地主要转为林地；土地利用程度呈现一个明显的发展态势,沙坪坝、南岸、渝中、江北、渝北等主城区的土地利用程度进入一个衰退期,而永川,江津,涪陵,南川等“外围层”区县进入了发展上升期。
2、水土流失动态变化特征
研究区土壤侵蚀类型均以微度侵蚀、轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀为主,且随着防治工程的强化,大部分区县水土流失状况得到有效控制,土壤侵蚀类型呈现由高级向低级转化的良好趋势。微度、轻度和中度侵蚀面积之和占总面积比例由2000年的93.56%提高到2008年95.24%，其中微度侵蚀面积增加18.99%，而轻度、中度、强度、极强度及剧烈侵蚀面积分别减少了3.86%、13.46%、1.64%、0.03%、0.01%。从空间看,两时段内主城九区水土流失变化最明显,主要侵蚀类型由2000的轻度侵蚀转为2008年的微度侵蚀,同时大足、潼南与北碚地区由剧烈与强度侵蚀带转为了中度或轻度侵蚀带。
从地形因子梯度特征来看：水土流失主要发生于海拔1500m以下,强弱呈垂直分布特征。1500m以下面积比超过95%,尤其在200m-500m和500m-800m的人类活动剧烈地带最广,超过70%,且主要分布中度侵蚀、强度侵蚀、剧烈侵蚀、极强度侵蚀类型,而1500m以上地区植被发育较为良好,多为微度侵蚀或轻度侵蚀。2008年剧烈侵蚀主要分布带由2000年的200m-500m区域变为500m-800m区域,且500m以下区域急剧减少,极强度侵蚀类型在200m-500m区域增加,达52.54%。从坡度梯级看,0-5。梯度间,各土壤侵蚀类型面积随着侵蚀强度级增大而增大,5-8°和8-15°梯度间,各侵蚀类型面积比例较为接近,15°以上,主要分布强度侵蚀和极强度侵蚀类型。研究时段内,剧烈侵蚀类型面积从3.417 km~2急剧减少至0.71km~2,而在0-5°和25°以上却明显增加近11和5个百分点。分布8°以上的极强度侵蚀面积从83.57%减少至75.14%,且15°以上减少10.32%。
3、城市热岛效应时空变化特征
研究区域城市热岛效应呈现“三区、两带”状分布。“三区”即三大区域,分别为“主城团聚体”、“渝西北团聚体”和“渝东北团聚体”,“两带”即两大经济带,分别为“渝西经济带”和“沿长江经济带”。明显的热岛效应中心位于铜梁北部与合川西南部交界处；此外,沿长江一带的经济发达区域属于高温区；而低温区、弱低温区、亚低温区则主要分布于研究区域东南部的南川、万盛以及綦江等中低山区域。2000-2008年间,研究区域各温度级别整体呈现出稳中微变的状况：高温区和中温区略有上升、弱高温区稍有下降,低温区和亚低温区基本稳定,这说明了2000-2008年期间,研究区域城市热岛效应并无明显变化。
4、生态安全空间格局及时空变化
本文采用“本底-压力-状态-响应”模型构建了重庆市“一小时经济圈”生态安全综合评价的24个指标体系,并运用层次分析法确定了各因子的权重。从研究区全局来看,两时间段的生态质量差异以东北-西南方向为分界线,生态质量较好的区域基本分布于该分界线右侧的长寿、涪陵、江津等地,而生态质量较差的区域基本分布于该分界线左侧的潼南、大足、铜梁、荣昌以及永川等地。研究区域生态安全评价平均分在2000年为62.95,在2008年为64.73。
2000年生态安全评价值呈类似的金字塔的正态分布,峰值分别是60、65和69,到2008年,研究区域生态安全评价值在预警、较不安全和不安全区域,评价值呈现多峰值的分布模式；在较安全和安全区域,评价值呈现梯形上升趋势。整体上来看,安全区域面积呈现明显上升趋势。
本文将研究区域生态安全质量变化值划分为七个,可以发现：研究区域生态安全质量整体上呈上升的趋势,显著变好面积远远大于显著变差的面积；略微变差和明显变差区域所占比例之和为19.13%,而略微变好和明显变好区域面积比例之和为43.2%,说明研究区域在2000-2008年生态治理效果明显。
生态安全研究是一个复杂的系统工程,最终目的是最大可能地使自然资源乃至整个生态系统得到可持续利用,为实现人类经济社会的可持续发展提供生态安全保障。研究如何实现区域及其周边地区的自然资源在人口、社会经济和生态环境三个约束条件下稳定、协调、有序和永续利用是生态安全研究的有效方法。
Ecological security is vital to national security and social stability, with the same importance as national defense, economic security and financial security. It is also the precondition and basis of rapid and stable economic development or even sustainable development. With the rapid population growth and economic development, the conflict of human and land relations becomes increasingly intense because the expanded extent and intensification of human activities disturb environment. The negative effects are as follows:environment degradation and ecological destruction caused by excessive development and overuse of natural resources; loss of living space for human being's survival and development; growing population attacked by ecological disaster and extreme environmental events. As a result, it is possible to endanger the stability of society and threaten the security of regional and national development. Fortunately, people's consciousness on environment protection has been aroused by long-term gaming of ecological security and economic development. Friendly and harmonious eco-environment can sustain the development of economy, society and nature. Both the human survival and social economic development needs more ecological land to ensure ecological security, which require high standards in ecological protection and construction. Thus much attention will be put on ecological security in the long run. However, there lack systematic theories and methodologies of ecological security study, and especially lacks long-term experience of the study in China. Existing researches have been conducted on regional (such as dry area in the western China) or urban ecological security, based on related theories including landscape ecology, conservation biology, disturbance biology, restoration ecology, biological economics, compound ecosystem theory and ecological ethics and so on. Nevertheless, most studies focus on the theories and concepts of ecological security instead of assessment, early-warning and adjustment of ecological security. Consequently, the fruits and application of ecological security studies in China lag behind those in the Western countries.
In order to fill in the gaps, this dissertation aims at further the study of ecological security, taking a case of Chongqing Municipality. Chongqing is located in the upper branch of Yangtze River and the center of Three Gorge Reservoir, which indicate that ecological security in the municipality is important for whether local places or the whole nation. On the one hand, the Chongqing's ecological security is the requirement for the national strategy positioning since its unique function in the national development. On the other hand, it is necessary in ecological security and sustainable development for the middle and lower branches of Yangtze River and Three Gorge Reservoir. Chongqing is characterized by diverse landforms and distinct regional difference, which results in the variations of ecological and economic functions in different zones. Especially, the metropolitan area as'one-hour economic circle'is named after the one hour accessibility by public transportation, including 23 districts and counties around the urban built-up-area of Chongqing. This area is featured by highly intense conflict of economic development and ecological security, as well as prompt land use/cover change, considering its function as industrial and urban center. Thus'one-hour economic circle'was selected as a case in this study. The main data sourced from time series of remotely sensed images. Supervised classification and manual interpretation methods were employed to map land use/cover change. Based on the database, classical statistics, spatial analysis of Geographic Information System and geo-statistics were used in the study of ecological security which was reflected by land use change, soil and water erosion dynamics, urban heat island between 2000 and 2008. The comprehensive assessing model and its index system were established in'one-hour economic circle'for the purpose of exploring spatial pattern and evolving trend of ecological security, which aimed at providing suggestions for the better of regional ecological security.
The main results are as follows:
1. The characters of land use change
First, cultivated land in this area decreased but dominated in all land use types between 2000 and 2008, since the ratio of cultivated land area to the total land area changed from 65.44%to 61.07%, with a decrease of 20.47% and 1251.14 km2. The conversion between paddy field and dryland amounted over 50%, and the amount of other land use types converted to dryland was in the first or second rank in all conversion types. The increased forestland came from original pasture, cultivated land, rural residential and industrial land. The increment of residential land and industrial land were mainly converted from unused land with a maximum conversion rate of 106.05% and a minimum of 0.32%. The comprehensive land use dynamics was as high as 0.96% in the period. The absolute change value of K coefficients ranked in descending trend:residential land and industrial land, pasture, unused land, paddy field, dryland, forestland, waterbody.
Second, other land use types apart from forestland and pasture largely distributed in the areas with altitude below 800 m. The conversion rate of land use types is higher in low-altitude areas than high-altitude areas. The conversion of paddy field to dryland occurred in Nanchuan, Qijiang and Wansheng, and the conversion of paddy field to residential land and industrial land took place in the main center of Chongqing. The loss of dryland mainly distributed in Changshou, Fuling and Yongchuan. Dryland converted to forestland on the edge of the mountains including Jinyun Mountain, Zhongliang Mountain, Tongluo Moutain. The land use degree began to decrease in Shapingba, Nan'an, Yuzhong, Yubei in the main center, while it increased in Yongchuan, Jiangjing, Fuling, Nanchuan in the outer counties.
2. The characters of soil and water erosion
The types of soil erosion in the study area were dominated by micro, slight and moderate erosion. Soil erosion had been effectively controlled in most counties by the implementation of controlling projects in that severe soil erosion converted to slight one. The ratio of micro, slight and moderate eroded land area to the total area increased from 93.56% in 2000 to 95.24% in 2008, among which the ratio of micro erosion increased by 18.99%, though the ratio of slight one decreased by 3.86%, that of moderate one decreased by 13.46%, that of intense one by 1.64%, that of severely intense one by 0.03%, and that of extremely intense one by 0.01%. The spatial results showed that soil erosion was controlled in nine districts of the main center, since most of slight erosion had been converted to micro one. At the same period, extremely and intense erosion were converted into moderate and slight one in Dazhu, Tongnan, Beiei.
Soil erosion took place mainly below 1500 m in altitude, and its intensification varied in different altitude. The ratio of eroded area to the total area was more than 95% below 1500 m, among which the ratio was over than 70% for 200-500 m and 500-800 m as a result of intensive human activities and the major types of erosion were moderate, intense, serenely intense and extremely intense one. The area higher than 1500 m covered with high-density vegetation and had only micro or slight erosion. Most of intense erosion located in the area of 200-500m in 2000, and it located in the area of 500-800 m in 2008, which resulted in less erosion in the area below 500 m. The extremely intense erosion increased in the area of 200-500 m and was up to 52.54%. In terms of sloping grade, the area with soil erosion increased with ascending erosion intensification between 0°and 5°; the area with all kinds of soil erosion had no big difference for 5-8°and 8-15°; the area with intense and extremely intense soil erosion located over 15°. The area of extremely intense erosion decreased from 3.417 km2 in 2000 to 0.71km2 in 2008 for the whole study area, but it increased by 11% for the area in 0°-5°and by 5% for the area in 25°and above. The area of extremely intense erosion decreased from 83.57% to 75.14% in 8-15°in the period, and decreased by 10.32% in 15-25°.
3. Spatial-temporal characters of urban heat island change
The overall distribution of urban heat island was described as'Three zones and two belts', that is, The Main Center Zone, The Northwest Zone and The Northeast Zone in Chongqing, as well as The West Economic Belt, The Yangtze River Belt. The prominent urban heat island located in the boundary between the north of Tongliang and the southwest of Hechuan. The high land surface temperature zone was found in the economic developed area along the River. The low, inferiorly low and secondly low temperature distributed in the southeast of Chongqing, including the middle and low altitude mountains in Nanchuan, Wansheng and Qijiang. All kinds of temperature area were stable in the study area between 2000 and 2008. The high or middle temperature area increased slightly, and inferiorly high temperature area decreased slightly, but the low and secondly low temperature area seldom changed. This reflects that there had no apparent change in urban heat island effect in the period.
4. Spatial-temporal change of ecological security pattern
Ecological security assessment employed 24 indices based on'background-pressure-status response' model in'one-hour economic circle' of Chongqing. The weights of these indices were obtained using Analytic Hierarchy Process method. The quality of environment was divided by the line along the northeast and southwest in the period. The area in the right of the line had better quality of environment, such as Changshou, Fuling and Jiangjin, but the area in the left was in the contrast such as Tongnan, Dazhu, Tongliang, Rongchang, Yongchuan. The average value assessed was 62.95 in 2000 and 64.73 in 2008, respectively.
Ecological security values seemed like the normal distribution in 2000, with peak values of 60,65 and 69, whereas it distributed as multi-peak pattern in the early-warning zone, less secure zone and not secure zone in 2008, and rose in trapezoid shape in more secure zone or secure zone. Above all, the area with security increased apparently.
The value of ecological security change was divided into seven zones. The results show that the overall value increased. The reasons for this were that the area with improved value exceeded that with deteriorated value; the area with slightly and notable deteriorated value occupied 19.13% of the total area; and the area with slightly and notable improved value accounted for 43.2% of the total. This reflected positive effects of environmental improvement between 2000 and 2008.
Study on ecological security requires complex and systematic methods. The ultimate goal of this kind of study is to realize sustainable use of nature resources and the whole ecosystem as far as possible, and eventually to lay foundation for sustainable development of society and economy. The ecological security study should be effective only if natural resources in regional and surrounding areas can be used in a stable, harmonious, ordered and sustainable way, under the constrains of population growth, social economic development and eco-environment protection.
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