不同控制条件下堆肥过程中腐殖质的转化机制研究
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摘要
为了系统探索不同控制条件下堆肥过程中腐殖质的转化规律和机制。布置了系列堆肥试验,研究了在不同季节条件下翻堆频率和覆盖条件、不同通风量和通风方式、不同化学添加剂等对堆肥过程中腐殖质转化规律的影响。并研究了堆肥施入土壤后对作物以及土壤腐殖质的影响进行了初步研究。通过元素分析、红外光谱以及GC-MS分析技术研究了堆肥过程中腐殖质的结构特征。主要研究结果如下：
(1)堆肥过程显著提高了胡敏酸态碳、氮占腐殖质态碳、氮的比重。温暖季节可挥发性物质的降解率要高于寒冷季节。堆肥70d以后,寒冷季节腐殖质碳(HS-C)占TOC的比重及增加幅度均要高于温暖季节。翻堆处理能显著降低堆肥过程中胡敏酸的E4/E6值。
(2)过高的通风量将导致堆体热量和水分的大量散失。堆体可挥发性物质降解主要集中在升温期和高温阶段。间歇式通风堆肥处理相比于连续式通风处理,HS-C占TOC的比重的变化幅度明显要大,但连续式通风处理在堆肥过程中胡敏酸态氮(HA-N)与富里酸态氮(FA-N)比值要高于间歇式通风处理。堆肥结束时,强制通风处理富里酸碳氮比高于不通风堆肥处理,同时通风显著降低了堆肥过程中胡敏酸E4/E6值。
(3)化学添加剂可降低挥发性物质的降解率,其中过磷酸钙+氯化镁处理不仅降低了可挥发性物质的损失,同时也降低了腐殖质中胡敏酸的含量,但可显著提高堆肥全氮中腐殖质态氮(HS-N)的比例。堆肥过程中腐殖质态氮占堆肥全氮的比重与铵态氮含量呈正相关。胡敏酸碳与富里酸碳比值(HR=HA-C/FA-C)和胡敏酸碳与腐殖质碳比值(HP=HA-C/HS-C)在堆肥的升温期和高温期变化比较剧烈。相比蘑菇渣和锯末堆肥处理,玉米秸秆堆肥处理更有利于有机碳的腐殖化作用。
(4)腐熟堆肥施入到土壤,对玉米产量的影响主要是通过影响玉米的穗行数和行粒数来实现,同时腐熟堆肥比化肥处理更有利于土壤有机质的积累。施用堆肥明显增加土壤中全氮的含量,增加幅度最大为过磷酸钙添加量为15%的堆肥。土壤富里酸碳(FA-C)在两年轮作后各处理都出现了不同程度的下降,土壤中胡敏酸的含量有显著增加。
(5)胡敏酸和富里酸结构的变化主要集中在堆肥的后腐熟化阶段。胡敏酸芳构化程度高于富里酸,堆肥过程中胡敏酸属于Rp型,相比较于土壤的胡敏酸还比较“稚嫩”。70d条垛式堆肥结束后,富里酸的结构主要以苯酚、烷烃、甲酯、酰胺为主,胡敏酸的结构含有烷烃、苯、苯酚、脂类、酰胺等,其中主要以脂类为主并含有大量的酰胺类物质。
In order to systematically explore humus transformation mechanisms during composting under different controlled conditions. Lots of composting experiments were arranged. The impact of turning frequency and coverage conditions under different seasons, different ventilation rate and way, and different chemical additives on transformation of humus during the composting process has been systematically studied, and also the impact on crop and soil humus after compost applied to the soil was studied. Structural characteristics of humus in the composting had been studied by elemental analysis, FT-IR and GC-MS analysis technology. The main research conclusions are as follows:
(1) The composting significantly improved the humic acid carbon, nitrogen accounted for the proportion of the humus carbon, nitrogen. Volatile substances degradation rate in warm season was higher than in the cold season. After70days composting, humus carbon (HS-C) accounted for the proportion of TOC and the rate of increase in cold season were both higher than in the warm season. Turning could significantly reduce the E4/E6valueof humic acid.
(2) Excessive ventilation rate resulted in a large number of heat and moisture loss during composting. Volatile substances degradation occurred mainly in the heating and thermophilic phase. Intermittent ventilation compared to continuous ventilation, the variation of HS-C accounted for the proportion of TOC was much larger, but the ratio of humic acid nitrogen (HA-N) and fulvic acid nitrogen (FA-N) under continuous ventilationand was higher than the intermittent ventilation. After composting, the C/N of fulvic acid under forced ventilation treatments was higher than non-ventilation treatment, and ventilation significantly reduced the humic acid E4/E6value.
(3) Chemical additives could reduce the degradation rate of the volatile substances during the composting, and superphosphate+magnesium chloride treatment not only reduced the loss of volatile substances, but also reduced the content of humic acid in the humus, however, it can significantly improved the porportion of humus nitrogen (HS-N) in the total nitrogen. The humus nitrogen accounted for the proportion of the total nitrogen in the compost was positively correlated with the content of ammonium nitrogen. The ratio of humic acid carbon and fulvic acid carbon (HR=HA-C/FA-C) and the ratio of humic acid carbon and humus carbon (HP=HA-C/HS-C) changed intensely in the heating and thermophilic phase. Compared to mushroom compost and sawdust compost, corn straw compost was more favorable to humification of organic carbon.
(4) When compost applied to the soil, it affected the corn yield by corn rows per ear and kernels per row, and it was more conducive to the accumulation of soil organic matter compared with fertilizer treatment. Compost treatments significantly increased the content of soil total nitrogen, the greatest increase happened in the adding superphosphate15%treatment. Content of soil fulvic acid carbon (FA-C) after two-years rotation were different degrees of decline, but a significant increase in the content of soil humic acid.
(5) The changes in the structure of humic acid and fulvic acid mainly happened in maturity stage. The aromatization extent of humic acid was higher than fulvic acid, the type of humic acid was Rp in the composting process, and still was relatively immature compared to soil humic acid After70days windrow composting, the structure of fulvic acid included phenol, alkanes, methyl ester, amide. Structure of humic acid contained alkanes, benzene, phenol, lipids, amides, and mainly was lipids and amides.
(1)堆肥过程显著提高了胡敏酸态碳、氮占腐殖质态碳、氮的比重。温暖季节可挥发性物质的降解率要高于寒冷季节。堆肥70d以后,寒冷季节腐殖质碳(HS-C)占TOC的比重及增加幅度均要高于温暖季节。翻堆处理能显著降低堆肥过程中胡敏酸的E4/E6值。
(2)过高的通风量将导致堆体热量和水分的大量散失。堆体可挥发性物质降解主要集中在升温期和高温阶段。间歇式通风堆肥处理相比于连续式通风处理,HS-C占TOC的比重的变化幅度明显要大,但连续式通风处理在堆肥过程中胡敏酸态氮(HA-N)与富里酸态氮(FA-N)比值要高于间歇式通风处理。堆肥结束时,强制通风处理富里酸碳氮比高于不通风堆肥处理,同时通风显著降低了堆肥过程中胡敏酸E4/E6值。
(3)化学添加剂可降低挥发性物质的降解率,其中过磷酸钙+氯化镁处理不仅降低了可挥发性物质的损失,同时也降低了腐殖质中胡敏酸的含量,但可显著提高堆肥全氮中腐殖质态氮(HS-N)的比例。堆肥过程中腐殖质态氮占堆肥全氮的比重与铵态氮含量呈正相关。胡敏酸碳与富里酸碳比值(HR=HA-C/FA-C)和胡敏酸碳与腐殖质碳比值(HP=HA-C/HS-C)在堆肥的升温期和高温期变化比较剧烈。相比蘑菇渣和锯末堆肥处理,玉米秸秆堆肥处理更有利于有机碳的腐殖化作用。
(4)腐熟堆肥施入到土壤,对玉米产量的影响主要是通过影响玉米的穗行数和行粒数来实现,同时腐熟堆肥比化肥处理更有利于土壤有机质的积累。施用堆肥明显增加土壤中全氮的含量,增加幅度最大为过磷酸钙添加量为15%的堆肥。土壤富里酸碳(FA-C)在两年轮作后各处理都出现了不同程度的下降,土壤中胡敏酸的含量有显著增加。
(5)胡敏酸和富里酸结构的变化主要集中在堆肥的后腐熟化阶段。胡敏酸芳构化程度高于富里酸,堆肥过程中胡敏酸属于Rp型,相比较于土壤的胡敏酸还比较“稚嫩”。70d条垛式堆肥结束后,富里酸的结构主要以苯酚、烷烃、甲酯、酰胺为主,胡敏酸的结构含有烷烃、苯、苯酚、脂类、酰胺等,其中主要以脂类为主并含有大量的酰胺类物质。
In order to systematically explore humus transformation mechanisms during composting under different controlled conditions. Lots of composting experiments were arranged. The impact of turning frequency and coverage conditions under different seasons, different ventilation rate and way, and different chemical additives on transformation of humus during the composting process has been systematically studied, and also the impact on crop and soil humus after compost applied to the soil was studied. Structural characteristics of humus in the composting had been studied by elemental analysis, FT-IR and GC-MS analysis technology. The main research conclusions are as follows:
(1) The composting significantly improved the humic acid carbon, nitrogen accounted for the proportion of the humus carbon, nitrogen. Volatile substances degradation rate in warm season was higher than in the cold season. After70days composting, humus carbon (HS-C) accounted for the proportion of TOC and the rate of increase in cold season were both higher than in the warm season. Turning could significantly reduce the E4/E6valueof humic acid.
(2) Excessive ventilation rate resulted in a large number of heat and moisture loss during composting. Volatile substances degradation occurred mainly in the heating and thermophilic phase. Intermittent ventilation compared to continuous ventilation, the variation of HS-C accounted for the proportion of TOC was much larger, but the ratio of humic acid nitrogen (HA-N) and fulvic acid nitrogen (FA-N) under continuous ventilationand was higher than the intermittent ventilation. After composting, the C/N of fulvic acid under forced ventilation treatments was higher than non-ventilation treatment, and ventilation significantly reduced the humic acid E4/E6value.
(3) Chemical additives could reduce the degradation rate of the volatile substances during the composting, and superphosphate+magnesium chloride treatment not only reduced the loss of volatile substances, but also reduced the content of humic acid in the humus, however, it can significantly improved the porportion of humus nitrogen (HS-N) in the total nitrogen. The humus nitrogen accounted for the proportion of the total nitrogen in the compost was positively correlated with the content of ammonium nitrogen. The ratio of humic acid carbon and fulvic acid carbon (HR=HA-C/FA-C) and the ratio of humic acid carbon and humus carbon (HP=HA-C/HS-C) changed intensely in the heating and thermophilic phase. Compared to mushroom compost and sawdust compost, corn straw compost was more favorable to humification of organic carbon.
(4) When compost applied to the soil, it affected the corn yield by corn rows per ear and kernels per row, and it was more conducive to the accumulation of soil organic matter compared with fertilizer treatment. Compost treatments significantly increased the content of soil total nitrogen, the greatest increase happened in the adding superphosphate15%treatment. Content of soil fulvic acid carbon (FA-C) after two-years rotation were different degrees of decline, but a significant increase in the content of soil humic acid.
(5) The changes in the structure of humic acid and fulvic acid mainly happened in maturity stage. The aromatization extent of humic acid was higher than fulvic acid, the type of humic acid was Rp in the composting process, and still was relatively immature compared to soil humic acid After70days windrow composting, the structure of fulvic acid included phenol, alkanes, methyl ester, amide. Structure of humic acid contained alkanes, benzene, phenol, lipids, amides, and mainly was lipids and amides.
引文
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