植物材料和水分管理对稻田土壤pH和碳氮矿化的影响
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摘要
本论文选取我国南方的3种水稻土(浙江龙游的红砂田、黄筋泥田和浙江嘉兴的黄斑田)土壤和3种植物秸秆(紫云英、水稻、小麦)作为研究材料,采用实验室恒温培养的方法,通过测定土壤pH、NH4+、NO3-、C02、MBC、DOC、 DON等指标,分别研究了添加不同植物材料和不同水分处理(控水、干湿交替、淹水)等因素及其组合对不同初始pH土壤的酸碱性、微生物数量和活性及有机质矿化等的影响,进而对土壤酸化机理及其与土壤碳氮矿化的关系进行了较为系统和具体的分析与探讨,获得了以下主要研究结果：
(1)添加秸秆明显提高了初始土壤pH不同的酸性水稻土的pH值,土壤pH在3天内快速增加,3天之后在红砂田和黄筋泥田土壤中继续缓慢增加,而在黄斑田土壤中则随培养时间而减小。土壤酸碱缓冲性能较强的黄筋泥田土壤,添加有机物料后其pH变化的幅度较小。添加有机物料对土壤pH的影响程度为初始pH较低土壤大于初始pH较高土壤。土壤碱度的变化受植物材料碱度的影响,其中紫云英大于水稻和小麦秸秆。土壤pH的增加与碱度的增加呈正相关。pH与添加植物材料的C/N比呈显著负相关。
(2)添加植物材料后,3种水分处理中淹水使得酸性土壤的pH上升幅度最大。对黄斑田土壤,干湿交替处理对提升土壤pH的效果与淹水处理相似。对黄筋泥田,干湿交替处理并添加紫云英可以减少pH的波动。对黄斑田,干湿交替处理使其碱度增加较多,且持续时间较长。添加紫云英后,黄筋泥田相比黄斑田,淹水处理碱度增加幅度越大,持续时间最长。碱度和pH变化呈极显著正相关(p<0.01)。
(3)添加植物材料增加土壤微生物量,其中紫云英>水稻>小麦。土壤微生物量的变化经历了一个先增加、后减少的动态过程,在第3天达到最大,然后随培养时间而减少,14天后变化不大。从添加3种有机物料后3种土壤微生物量的平均值来看,黄斑田土壤的MBC最高,红砂田最低。土壤微生物量和有机质含量呈极显著正相关,且3种土壤中土壤微生物量C/N比与土壤pH变化均呈极显著正相关(R2=0.87,p<0.01)。紫云英的C/N比为16.8,添加到土壤后易于分解矿化,而水稻和小麦的C/N比分别为39.9和75.3,易发生无机氮的固定。添加植物材料后,微生物在调节土壤有机物质矿化和碱度产生等方面起主导作用,进而导致土壤pH的增加。在添加紫云英的黄斑田和黄筋泥田两种土壤中,干湿交替和淹水处理抑制了土壤微生物的活性,3种水分处理下MBC的大小顺序为CW>W-D>WS。在3种水分处理下,MBC的波动规律均是先增加再减小。添加有机物料后,黄斑田土壤的MBC均高于黄筋泥田土壤,且2种土壤的MBC均显著高于未添加紫云英的土壤。培养末期,控水处理的MBC下降最多,而此时干湿交替处理的MBC高于淹水处理。
(4)添加秸秆提高了土壤呼吸速率和累计CO2释放量,通常在第3天土壤呼吸速率达到最高,然后随着培养时间的推移而减小。就土壤而言,黄斑田土壤的呼吸速率最高,红砂田土壤最低。添加秸秆后,增加了土壤的呼吸及C02的排放量,且添加紫云英的高于水稻和小麦秸秆。DOC在植物残体的初始分解过程中起到了重要作用,从第1天到第3天,DOC含量快速减小,DOC中有机阴离子的分解对初期土壤pH的上升起主要作用。土壤DON的浓度与植物材料N浓度和超额阳离子呈正相关,与C/N比呈负相关。NH4+浓度在添加紫云英的红砂田和黄筋泥田土壤中随培养时间而增加,而在黄斑田土壤中却随培养时间而减小。在3种土壤中添加水稻和小麦秸秆,初期NO3-N的浓度比不添加的对照土壤低。紫云英促进了NH4-N释放,提高了N03-N浓度,水稻和小麦秸秆则促进了NH4-N固定、降低了NO3-N浓度。研究还表明,在添加紫云英的3种土壤中,NH4-N浓度最高；3种土壤NH4-N浓度的顺序为红砂田>黄筋泥田>黄斑田。
(5)对于添加紫云英的黄斑田和黄筋泥田2种土壤,控水处理下2种土壤的DOC均剧烈下降,干湿交替和淹水处理可延缓DOC含量的下降。在干湿交替和淹水处理下,酸性较弱、初始有机质含量较高土壤的DOC含量明显高于酸性较强的土壤。添加紫云英后,在控水和淹水处理下,初始有机质含量较高的黄斑田和红砂田土壤的呼吸速率和累计CO2释放量均显著高于初始有机质含量较低的土壤(黄筋泥田)(p<0.01)。对相同土壤而言,淹水处理下累计C02释放量低于控水处理,淹水处理下的厌氧条件限制了微生物的活动。
(6)添加紫云英后,在淹水和干湿交替处理下,黄斑田土壤的DON显著高于黄筋泥田土壤(p<0.01)。在酸性较强、初始有机氮含量较低的土壤中添加紫云英,控水处理下DON的含量最高。在酸性较弱、初始有机氮含量较高的土壤中添加紫云英,淹水处理的DON含量高于控水处理,干湿交替处理下DoN的含量波动较大,但总体上高于控水处理。在黄筋泥田土壤中添加紫云英,控水处理下NO3-N含量高于干湿交替处理和淹水处理。因此,控水处理对提高黄筋泥田土壤pH的作用低于干湿交替和淹水处理。同样,控水处理下黄斑田土壤的NO3-N浓度与土壤pH的降低有一致的关系。频繁的干湿交替可以增加酸性水稻土的N矿化。在淹水条件下,添加紫云英的黄筋泥田土壤中的NH4-N浓度高于黄斑田土壤,酸性较强、初始有机氮较低的土壤添加紫云英对于土壤NH4-N的增加作用较高；酸性较弱、初始有机氮较高的土壤,添加的紫云英在土壤中的矿化相对较弱。
A Psammaquent and a Plinthudult soil were collected from Longyou County and a Paleudalfs soil was collected from Jiaxing in Zhejiang Province, in the south of China. Chinese milk vetch, wheat straw and rice straw were used in this study. These plant materials were collected from mature plants in the field. Air-dried soils added with plant residues were incubated under the laboratory conditions. Three water treatments were used:control water (CW), wetting-drying cycles (W-D), and water submergence (WS). By measuring the soil pH, NH4+, NO3-, CO2, MBC, DOM, DON and other indicators, the effects of plant residues and water regimes on soil acidification were characterized and the mechanisms of the soil acidification and other aspects were systematically explored and discussed. The main results are as follows:
(1)Addtion of plant straws significantly increased pH of acidic paddy soils with the different initial pH during the initial three days. After3days, soil pH increased in Psammaquent and Plinthudult soils and decreased in Paleudalfs as incubation time increased. The magnitude of soil pH change was less in the soil with higher buffer capacity. The effect of plant residues on soil pH change was longer and stronger in soils with lower initial soil pH than with higher initial soil pH. Alkalinity production was affected by the type of the residues, being higher in Chinese milk vetch than in wheat straw and rice straw. Soil pH increase was positively correlated with alkalinity and negatively correlated with C/N ratio of the residues.
(2)Net pH increase was found in two soils upon addition of CM vetch under WS. It was found that the net increase of soil pH relative to its control soil was much higher inPlinthudult soil after addition of CM vetch under WS, and the effect of W-D on net pH increase in Paleudalf soil was similar to WS treatment after addition of CM vetch. Under W-D, soil pH change with incubation time was relatively small by addition of CM vetch in Paleudalf soil. It was observed that the net increase of soil alkalinity after addition of CM vetch under W-D relative to its control soil was much higher and the effect was much longer in Paleudalf soil. Thus, W-D should also be used for managing pH. It was observed that the net increase of soil alkalinity relative to its control soil was much higher in Plinthudult soil after addition of CM vetch under WS. Alkalinity had significant positive correlation with pH changes (p<0.01).
(3)Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) dramatically increased following by incorporation of the plant materials. The residue type had a significant effect on MBC with the order of CM vetch> rice straw> wheat straw. It increased with incubation time, reached the maximum at day3, then decreased and became relatively stable from day14. On average, highest MBC was observed in Paleudalfs soil while lowest was observed in Psammaquent soil. MBC was significantly positively correlated with organic matter content, and the soil microbial biomass C/N was significantly correlated with soil pH changes (R2=0.87, p<0.01). In this experiment, the C/N ratio of CM vetch, rice straw, and wheat straw was16.8,39.9, and75.3, respectively. The addition of CM vetch resulted in net N mineralization while addition of wheat and rice straws resulted in net immobilization. Which was related to the C/N ratio of plant materials. Obviously, microbes played main roles in mineralization and mediated alkalinity production after incorporation of the plant materials, and soil pH was thereby increased. The addition of CM vetch restrained the activity of the microbes in W-D and WS. However, the addition of CM vetch dramatically increased MBC in all the water treatments, the increase being greatest under CW while smallest under WS. Amount of MBC concentrations were initially increased, reached the maximum, and then decreased. The amount of MBC concentrations was always higher in Paleudalfs than in Plinthudult under the water treatments. At the end of incubation, the decrease of MBC was the highest in CW, and MBC content was higher in W-D than in WS.
(4)Addition of plant straws increased the accumulative CO2emission. Soil respiration rate rapidly increased. It was usually highest at the third day, and then decreased with time of incubation. Respiration rate was highest in Paleudalfs and lowest in Psammaquent. Addition of plant straws increased soil respiration and thereby increased the emission of CO2.The order of the effect of plant residues on soil respiration rate followed:Chines Milk vetch (CM vetch)> Rice straw(RSt)> Wheat straw(WSt). From the first day to the third day, DOC concentration rapidly decreased, and the organic anions in the DOC made a contribution to the increase of soil pH especialy at the initial age. DON concentration was positively correlated with N concentration and excess cations, and was negatively correlated with C/N. In Psammaquent and Plinthudult soils, with addition of CM vetch, NH4+concentration increased with time of incubation. CM vetch promoted NH4-N release and increased NO3-N concentration. Rice and wheat straws promoted NH4-N fixation and decreased NO3-N concentration. Results indicated that the NH4+concentration was highest in soils with addition of CM vetch, the order of NH4+concentration was:Psammaquent> Plinthudult> Paleudalfs.
(5) In CW, DOC concentrations decreased with time of incubation in two soils with CM vetch added. WS and W-D were better than CW in terms of slowing down the decrease of DOC concentrations. DOC concentrations were much higher in less acidic soils rich in basic organic matter than in more acidic soils of lower basic organic matter in WS and W-D. After addition of CM vetch in the two soils, the respiration rate and cumulative CO2were higher in the soil of rich in basic organic mater in CW and WS (p<0.01). The amounts of cumulative CO2slowly increased in WS than in CW, indicating that the WS condition limited microbial decomposition.
(6)With CM vetch added and under W-D and WS conditions, DON concentrations were always higher in Paleudalfs than in Plinthudult soil (p<0.01). In more acidic soils with lower basic N, DON concentrations were highest in CW. In less acidic soils with higher basic N, DON concentrations were higher in WS than in C W. The DON concentration increased in a fluctuating pattern in W-D and it was higher in W-D than in CW. For different water treatments and soil types added with CM vetch, the NO3-N concentrations followed the order of CW> W-D> WS. Thus, pH in Plinthudult soil increased less in CW than in W-D and WS. For the same reasons, NO3-N had a great contribution to soil pH decrease in Paleudalfs under CW. In W-D, frequent wetting-drying cycles could increase N mineralization in acidic paddy soils. With CM vetch added, NH4-N concentration was higher in Plinthudult than in Paleudalfs soil, and NH4-N increase was higher in more acidic soil with lower basic N in WS while the NH4-N increase was lower in less acidic soil with higher basic N in WS.
(1)添加秸秆明显提高了初始土壤pH不同的酸性水稻土的pH值,土壤pH在3天内快速增加,3天之后在红砂田和黄筋泥田土壤中继续缓慢增加,而在黄斑田土壤中则随培养时间而减小。土壤酸碱缓冲性能较强的黄筋泥田土壤,添加有机物料后其pH变化的幅度较小。添加有机物料对土壤pH的影响程度为初始pH较低土壤大于初始pH较高土壤。土壤碱度的变化受植物材料碱度的影响,其中紫云英大于水稻和小麦秸秆。土壤pH的增加与碱度的增加呈正相关。pH与添加植物材料的C/N比呈显著负相关。
(2)添加植物材料后,3种水分处理中淹水使得酸性土壤的pH上升幅度最大。对黄斑田土壤,干湿交替处理对提升土壤pH的效果与淹水处理相似。对黄筋泥田,干湿交替处理并添加紫云英可以减少pH的波动。对黄斑田,干湿交替处理使其碱度增加较多,且持续时间较长。添加紫云英后,黄筋泥田相比黄斑田,淹水处理碱度增加幅度越大,持续时间最长。碱度和pH变化呈极显著正相关(p<0.01)。
(3)添加植物材料增加土壤微生物量,其中紫云英>水稻>小麦。土壤微生物量的变化经历了一个先增加、后减少的动态过程,在第3天达到最大,然后随培养时间而减少,14天后变化不大。从添加3种有机物料后3种土壤微生物量的平均值来看,黄斑田土壤的MBC最高,红砂田最低。土壤微生物量和有机质含量呈极显著正相关,且3种土壤中土壤微生物量C/N比与土壤pH变化均呈极显著正相关(R2=0.87,p<0.01)。紫云英的C/N比为16.8,添加到土壤后易于分解矿化,而水稻和小麦的C/N比分别为39.9和75.3,易发生无机氮的固定。添加植物材料后,微生物在调节土壤有机物质矿化和碱度产生等方面起主导作用,进而导致土壤pH的增加。在添加紫云英的黄斑田和黄筋泥田两种土壤中,干湿交替和淹水处理抑制了土壤微生物的活性,3种水分处理下MBC的大小顺序为CW>W-D>WS。在3种水分处理下,MBC的波动规律均是先增加再减小。添加有机物料后,黄斑田土壤的MBC均高于黄筋泥田土壤,且2种土壤的MBC均显著高于未添加紫云英的土壤。培养末期,控水处理的MBC下降最多,而此时干湿交替处理的MBC高于淹水处理。
(4)添加秸秆提高了土壤呼吸速率和累计CO2释放量,通常在第3天土壤呼吸速率达到最高,然后随着培养时间的推移而减小。就土壤而言,黄斑田土壤的呼吸速率最高,红砂田土壤最低。添加秸秆后,增加了土壤的呼吸及C02的排放量,且添加紫云英的高于水稻和小麦秸秆。DOC在植物残体的初始分解过程中起到了重要作用,从第1天到第3天,DOC含量快速减小,DOC中有机阴离子的分解对初期土壤pH的上升起主要作用。土壤DON的浓度与植物材料N浓度和超额阳离子呈正相关,与C/N比呈负相关。NH4+浓度在添加紫云英的红砂田和黄筋泥田土壤中随培养时间而增加,而在黄斑田土壤中却随培养时间而减小。在3种土壤中添加水稻和小麦秸秆,初期NO3-N的浓度比不添加的对照土壤低。紫云英促进了NH4-N释放,提高了N03-N浓度,水稻和小麦秸秆则促进了NH4-N固定、降低了NO3-N浓度。研究还表明,在添加紫云英的3种土壤中,NH4-N浓度最高；3种土壤NH4-N浓度的顺序为红砂田>黄筋泥田>黄斑田。
(5)对于添加紫云英的黄斑田和黄筋泥田2种土壤,控水处理下2种土壤的DOC均剧烈下降,干湿交替和淹水处理可延缓DOC含量的下降。在干湿交替和淹水处理下,酸性较弱、初始有机质含量较高土壤的DOC含量明显高于酸性较强的土壤。添加紫云英后,在控水和淹水处理下,初始有机质含量较高的黄斑田和红砂田土壤的呼吸速率和累计CO2释放量均显著高于初始有机质含量较低的土壤(黄筋泥田)(p<0.01)。对相同土壤而言,淹水处理下累计C02释放量低于控水处理,淹水处理下的厌氧条件限制了微生物的活动。
(6)添加紫云英后,在淹水和干湿交替处理下,黄斑田土壤的DON显著高于黄筋泥田土壤(p<0.01)。在酸性较强、初始有机氮含量较低的土壤中添加紫云英,控水处理下DON的含量最高。在酸性较弱、初始有机氮含量较高的土壤中添加紫云英,淹水处理的DON含量高于控水处理,干湿交替处理下DoN的含量波动较大,但总体上高于控水处理。在黄筋泥田土壤中添加紫云英,控水处理下NO3-N含量高于干湿交替处理和淹水处理。因此,控水处理对提高黄筋泥田土壤pH的作用低于干湿交替和淹水处理。同样,控水处理下黄斑田土壤的NO3-N浓度与土壤pH的降低有一致的关系。频繁的干湿交替可以增加酸性水稻土的N矿化。在淹水条件下,添加紫云英的黄筋泥田土壤中的NH4-N浓度高于黄斑田土壤,酸性较强、初始有机氮较低的土壤添加紫云英对于土壤NH4-N的增加作用较高；酸性较弱、初始有机氮较高的土壤,添加的紫云英在土壤中的矿化相对较弱。
A Psammaquent and a Plinthudult soil were collected from Longyou County and a Paleudalfs soil was collected from Jiaxing in Zhejiang Province, in the south of China. Chinese milk vetch, wheat straw and rice straw were used in this study. These plant materials were collected from mature plants in the field. Air-dried soils added with plant residues were incubated under the laboratory conditions. Three water treatments were used:control water (CW), wetting-drying cycles (W-D), and water submergence (WS). By measuring the soil pH, NH4+, NO3-, CO2, MBC, DOM, DON and other indicators, the effects of plant residues and water regimes on soil acidification were characterized and the mechanisms of the soil acidification and other aspects were systematically explored and discussed. The main results are as follows:
(1)Addtion of plant straws significantly increased pH of acidic paddy soils with the different initial pH during the initial three days. After3days, soil pH increased in Psammaquent and Plinthudult soils and decreased in Paleudalfs as incubation time increased. The magnitude of soil pH change was less in the soil with higher buffer capacity. The effect of plant residues on soil pH change was longer and stronger in soils with lower initial soil pH than with higher initial soil pH. Alkalinity production was affected by the type of the residues, being higher in Chinese milk vetch than in wheat straw and rice straw. Soil pH increase was positively correlated with alkalinity and negatively correlated with C/N ratio of the residues.
(2)Net pH increase was found in two soils upon addition of CM vetch under WS. It was found that the net increase of soil pH relative to its control soil was much higher inPlinthudult soil after addition of CM vetch under WS, and the effect of W-D on net pH increase in Paleudalf soil was similar to WS treatment after addition of CM vetch. Under W-D, soil pH change with incubation time was relatively small by addition of CM vetch in Paleudalf soil. It was observed that the net increase of soil alkalinity after addition of CM vetch under W-D relative to its control soil was much higher and the effect was much longer in Paleudalf soil. Thus, W-D should also be used for managing pH. It was observed that the net increase of soil alkalinity relative to its control soil was much higher in Plinthudult soil after addition of CM vetch under WS. Alkalinity had significant positive correlation with pH changes (p<0.01).
(3)Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) dramatically increased following by incorporation of the plant materials. The residue type had a significant effect on MBC with the order of CM vetch> rice straw> wheat straw. It increased with incubation time, reached the maximum at day3, then decreased and became relatively stable from day14. On average, highest MBC was observed in Paleudalfs soil while lowest was observed in Psammaquent soil. MBC was significantly positively correlated with organic matter content, and the soil microbial biomass C/N was significantly correlated with soil pH changes (R2=0.87, p<0.01). In this experiment, the C/N ratio of CM vetch, rice straw, and wheat straw was16.8,39.9, and75.3, respectively. The addition of CM vetch resulted in net N mineralization while addition of wheat and rice straws resulted in net immobilization. Which was related to the C/N ratio of plant materials. Obviously, microbes played main roles in mineralization and mediated alkalinity production after incorporation of the plant materials, and soil pH was thereby increased. The addition of CM vetch restrained the activity of the microbes in W-D and WS. However, the addition of CM vetch dramatically increased MBC in all the water treatments, the increase being greatest under CW while smallest under WS. Amount of MBC concentrations were initially increased, reached the maximum, and then decreased. The amount of MBC concentrations was always higher in Paleudalfs than in Plinthudult under the water treatments. At the end of incubation, the decrease of MBC was the highest in CW, and MBC content was higher in W-D than in WS.
(4)Addition of plant straws increased the accumulative CO2emission. Soil respiration rate rapidly increased. It was usually highest at the third day, and then decreased with time of incubation. Respiration rate was highest in Paleudalfs and lowest in Psammaquent. Addition of plant straws increased soil respiration and thereby increased the emission of CO2.The order of the effect of plant residues on soil respiration rate followed:Chines Milk vetch (CM vetch)> Rice straw(RSt)> Wheat straw(WSt). From the first day to the third day, DOC concentration rapidly decreased, and the organic anions in the DOC made a contribution to the increase of soil pH especialy at the initial age. DON concentration was positively correlated with N concentration and excess cations, and was negatively correlated with C/N. In Psammaquent and Plinthudult soils, with addition of CM vetch, NH4+concentration increased with time of incubation. CM vetch promoted NH4-N release and increased NO3-N concentration. Rice and wheat straws promoted NH4-N fixation and decreased NO3-N concentration. Results indicated that the NH4+concentration was highest in soils with addition of CM vetch, the order of NH4+concentration was:Psammaquent> Plinthudult> Paleudalfs.
(5) In CW, DOC concentrations decreased with time of incubation in two soils with CM vetch added. WS and W-D were better than CW in terms of slowing down the decrease of DOC concentrations. DOC concentrations were much higher in less acidic soils rich in basic organic matter than in more acidic soils of lower basic organic matter in WS and W-D. After addition of CM vetch in the two soils, the respiration rate and cumulative CO2were higher in the soil of rich in basic organic mater in CW and WS (p<0.01). The amounts of cumulative CO2slowly increased in WS than in CW, indicating that the WS condition limited microbial decomposition.
(6)With CM vetch added and under W-D and WS conditions, DON concentrations were always higher in Paleudalfs than in Plinthudult soil (p<0.01). In more acidic soils with lower basic N, DON concentrations were highest in CW. In less acidic soils with higher basic N, DON concentrations were higher in WS than in C W. The DON concentration increased in a fluctuating pattern in W-D and it was higher in W-D than in CW. For different water treatments and soil types added with CM vetch, the NO3-N concentrations followed the order of CW> W-D> WS. Thus, pH in Plinthudult soil increased less in CW than in W-D and WS. For the same reasons, NO3-N had a great contribution to soil pH decrease in Paleudalfs under CW. In W-D, frequent wetting-drying cycles could increase N mineralization in acidic paddy soils. With CM vetch added, NH4-N concentration was higher in Plinthudult than in Paleudalfs soil, and NH4-N increase was higher in more acidic soil with lower basic N in WS while the NH4-N increase was lower in less acidic soil with higher basic N in WS.
引文
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