城市污水处理厂污泥处理及农用资源化的研究
|
摘要
随着工业化进程的加快,环境污染问题日益严重。各城市污水处理厂的大量兴建,有效缓解了城市生活污水和工业废水对环境的污染。但污水处理过程中产生的大量污泥很容易对环境造成二次污染,因此研究污泥的处置十分必要,由于污泥中含有丰富的氮、磷、钾等营养元素,其资源化农用已经成为当今研究的热点。
由于不同污水处理厂产生的污泥情况不一样,本文对污泥的性质、特点等进行了分析,阐述了国内外污泥处置现状及研究进展,并对当今污泥农用的影响因素进行概述。
采用室内分析和田间生物试验,研究了热喷处理污泥及其复混肥的养分供应能力及它们在农地上施用对土壤肥力、青菜产量及其品质的影响。结果表明：热喷处理能有效杀灭污泥中病原物,除臭,并可使污泥中水溶性有机碳和速效氮磷含量分别提高78%、18%和36%。施用热喷处理的污泥及其复混肥可以提高青菜的产量、品质。施用热喷污泥制成的复混肥少但比等养分的无机复合肥多增产38%,而且青菜体内Vc和水溶性总糖等营养品质也有明显的提高。NO_3~-却只有无机复合肥处理的一半左右。污泥经热喷处理有利于提高污泥中养分的生物有效性,特别是热喷污泥制成的复混肥氮磷养分利用率显著高于无机复合肥。
施用热喷处理的污泥及其复混肥可以改善土壤肥力。施用热喷处理的污泥及其复混肥均可以提高土壤N素、P素、K素的含量。施用热喷污泥的土壤的有机质的含量比施用污泥的土壤有机质的含量增加明显。施用热喷处理的污泥及其复混肥可以提高作物对N素的利用率,施用热喷污泥后使青菜对N素的利用率比施用污泥后使青菜对N素的利用率的效果更高。施用污泥复混肥比施用热喷处理的污泥的效果好。施用污泥复混肥的青菜对N素的利用率比施用热喷污泥高,施用污泥复混肥的土壤含P量、速效K量比施用热喷污泥的高。
With the acceleration of the process of industrialization, the problem of environmental pollution has become increasingly worse.In recent years,many municipal sewage treatment plants have been built, which effectively alleviate the pollution of water environment caused by the discharge of municipal sewage and industrial wastewater. At the same time, a large amount of sewage sludge produced during the process of sewage treatment may result in second pollution to the environment. Therefore,the study on sewage sludge disposal is necessary,because there are high quality of nutrition elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and kalium, the agricultural utilization of sewage sludge has become an important topic in current research.
Because the sludges generated by different sewage treatment plants are different, the sludge properties, characteristics,etc.were analyzed, the status quo at home and abroad and research progress of disposal of sludge were illustrated, as well as the impact of today's Sludge overview of the factors.
Sewage sludge was pretreated by steam explosion and then developed into the organo-inorganic compound fertilizer through incorporating with a given amount of chemical fertilizers. The field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of pretreated sludge and the compound fertilizer on the no heading Chinese cabbage yield,soil fertility and nutrient bioavailability. The process of steam explosion can eliminate pathogen and disgusted odor in sewage sludge within a relative short time. The loss of total organic C,N and P of sewage sludge is negligible by steam-exploded treatment,but the dissolved organic C.available N and P in the pretreated sludge can be increased significantly by 78%,18% and 36%,respectively. Application of thermal spray processing of sludge and fertilizer can increase vegetable yield and quality.Compared to inorganic compound fertilizer on basis of equal nu-trient input,the application of the sludge compound fertilizer elevated vegetable yield by 38%.the bioavailablity of N and P and reduced nitrate content in plant by about 50%.The higher concentration of Vc and total sugar in the plants grown in the plots amended with sludge.pretreated sludge.and sludge compound fertilizer were also observed in this study.
Application of thermal spray processing of sludge and fertilizer can improve soil fertility. Application of thermal spray processing of sludge and fertilizer can enhance soil N prime,P prime, K prime content. Sewage sludge treated by thermal spraying to increase soil organic matter content than those of sludge treated by thermal spraying clear. Application of thermal spray processing of sludge and fertilizer can increase crop utilization of N elements,sludge treatment by thermal spraying of the N elements so that the utilization of vegetable than by the thermal spraying of sludge treatment, without the effect of higher.Application of sewage sludge fertilizer application of thermal spray treatment than the sludge effect is good. Application of sewage sludge fertilizer for vegetables and the utilization of elements of N application of thermal spray sludge than the high application of sewage sludge fertilizer in the soil containing the amount of P, available K than the high sludge application of thermal spray.
由于不同污水处理厂产生的污泥情况不一样,本文对污泥的性质、特点等进行了分析,阐述了国内外污泥处置现状及研究进展,并对当今污泥农用的影响因素进行概述。
采用室内分析和田间生物试验,研究了热喷处理污泥及其复混肥的养分供应能力及它们在农地上施用对土壤肥力、青菜产量及其品质的影响。结果表明：热喷处理能有效杀灭污泥中病原物,除臭,并可使污泥中水溶性有机碳和速效氮磷含量分别提高78%、18%和36%。施用热喷处理的污泥及其复混肥可以提高青菜的产量、品质。施用热喷污泥制成的复混肥少但比等养分的无机复合肥多增产38%,而且青菜体内Vc和水溶性总糖等营养品质也有明显的提高。NO_3~-却只有无机复合肥处理的一半左右。污泥经热喷处理有利于提高污泥中养分的生物有效性,特别是热喷污泥制成的复混肥氮磷养分利用率显著高于无机复合肥。
施用热喷处理的污泥及其复混肥可以改善土壤肥力。施用热喷处理的污泥及其复混肥均可以提高土壤N素、P素、K素的含量。施用热喷污泥的土壤的有机质的含量比施用污泥的土壤有机质的含量增加明显。施用热喷处理的污泥及其复混肥可以提高作物对N素的利用率,施用热喷污泥后使青菜对N素的利用率比施用污泥后使青菜对N素的利用率的效果更高。施用污泥复混肥比施用热喷处理的污泥的效果好。施用污泥复混肥的青菜对N素的利用率比施用热喷污泥高,施用污泥复混肥的土壤含P量、速效K量比施用热喷污泥的高。
With the acceleration of the process of industrialization, the problem of environmental pollution has become increasingly worse.In recent years,many municipal sewage treatment plants have been built, which effectively alleviate the pollution of water environment caused by the discharge of municipal sewage and industrial wastewater. At the same time, a large amount of sewage sludge produced during the process of sewage treatment may result in second pollution to the environment. Therefore,the study on sewage sludge disposal is necessary,because there are high quality of nutrition elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and kalium, the agricultural utilization of sewage sludge has become an important topic in current research.
Because the sludges generated by different sewage treatment plants are different, the sludge properties, characteristics,etc.were analyzed, the status quo at home and abroad and research progress of disposal of sludge were illustrated, as well as the impact of today's Sludge overview of the factors.
Sewage sludge was pretreated by steam explosion and then developed into the organo-inorganic compound fertilizer through incorporating with a given amount of chemical fertilizers. The field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of pretreated sludge and the compound fertilizer on the no heading Chinese cabbage yield,soil fertility and nutrient bioavailability. The process of steam explosion can eliminate pathogen and disgusted odor in sewage sludge within a relative short time. The loss of total organic C,N and P of sewage sludge is negligible by steam-exploded treatment,but the dissolved organic C.available N and P in the pretreated sludge can be increased significantly by 78%,18% and 36%,respectively. Application of thermal spray processing of sludge and fertilizer can increase vegetable yield and quality.Compared to inorganic compound fertilizer on basis of equal nu-trient input,the application of the sludge compound fertilizer elevated vegetable yield by 38%.the bioavailablity of N and P and reduced nitrate content in plant by about 50%.The higher concentration of Vc and total sugar in the plants grown in the plots amended with sludge.pretreated sludge.and sludge compound fertilizer were also observed in this study.
Application of thermal spray processing of sludge and fertilizer can improve soil fertility. Application of thermal spray processing of sludge and fertilizer can enhance soil N prime,P prime, K prime content. Sewage sludge treated by thermal spraying to increase soil organic matter content than those of sludge treated by thermal spraying clear. Application of thermal spray processing of sludge and fertilizer can increase crop utilization of N elements,sludge treatment by thermal spraying of the N elements so that the utilization of vegetable than by the thermal spraying of sludge treatment, without the effect of higher.Application of sewage sludge fertilizer application of thermal spray treatment than the sludge effect is good. Application of sewage sludge fertilizer for vegetables and the utilization of elements of N application of thermal spray sludge than the high application of sewage sludge fertilizer in the soil containing the amount of P, available K than the high sludge application of thermal spray.
引文
[1]刘晓星.目前全国仍有近80%的县城未建污水处理厂[N].中国环境报,2009-7-21.
[2]赵庆样.污泥资源化技术[M].北京：北学工业出版社,2002.
[3]孟庆云,沙丽,曾志英.我国城市污水厂污泥、沼气产量与综合利用现状及前景[J].中国市政工程,1999,6(4)：50～55.
[4]何品晶,陈正夫,邵立明等.污水厂污泥低温热化学转化过程机理研究[J].中国环境科学,1998,18(1)：39～42.
[5]深崛政喜.污泥处理与展望[J].再生与利用,1995,18(67)：66～69.
[6]李国鼎,金琦,杨基宏等.固体废物处理与资源化[M].北京：清华大学出版社,1990,120-158.
[7]U.SEPS.Biosolids Generation[J].Use and Disposal in the United States.September 1999.
[8]赵亚乾,R.D.Davis.英国污泥处置现状及其发展概述[J].给水排水,1998,24(9)：25～29.
[9]R.D.Davis, J.E.Hall.Production,Treatoment and Disposal of Wastewater Sludge in Europe from a UK Perspectire[J]European Water Pollution Control,1997,7(2):67～71.
[10]张建频.上海市城市污泥处理与处置方法探讨[J].中国土木工程学会排水委员会,2003,3：82～83.
[11]丁亚兰.国内外废水处理工程工程设计实例[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2000,43.
[12]王凯军,贾立敏.城市污水生物处理新技术开发与应用[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2001,484.
[13]薛栋森,美国污水污泥的研究和利用概况[J].国外农业环境保护,1991,1：31～33.
[14]付融冰,杨海真,甘明强.中国城市污水厂污泥处理现状及其进展[J].环境科学与技术,2004,5(24)：108～109.
[15]余杰,田宁宁,王凯军.我国污泥处理!处置技术政策探讨[J].中国给水排水,2005,21(8)：84～85.
[16]United States EnVironmental Proteetion Ageney.Land application of sewage sludge aguide for land aPPliers on the requirements of the federal standards for the use or disposal of sewage Sludge (40 CFR Part 50EPA/831-B-93-002b) Washington[C].Office of Enforeement and ComPlianeeAssuranee,1994.
[17]李嫒.焚烧工艺在污水厂污泥处理中的应用[J].中国环保产业,2004,1：31～33.
[18]BrainHemphill, Fluidbed technology for sludge destruetion[J].Water/Engine ering&Management,1988,12:37～40.
[19]曾庭华.污泥在流化床中的焚烧特性及其二次污染研究[D].浙江大学博士学位论文,1997.
[20]GillianHS.Sludge Disposal:the future of high-tech sludge incineration[J].Waster Management,1999,3:41～42.
[21]周夏海.斯图加特污水处理厂污泥焚烧工艺研究[D].北京工业大学硕士学位论文, 2003，5～11.
[22]李媛.流化床焚烧炉污泥处理特性及污染机理研究[D].北京工业大学硕士学位论文,2003，2-3.
[23]赵庆祥.污泥处理的新途径燃料化[J].化工环保,1998,8(3)：3-6.
[24]奉华.城市污水污泥的焚烧研究[D].清华大学硕士学位论文,2001.
[25]李一铆.污泥焚烧炉隔热衬里的施工及投运[M].化工设计通讯,1992,18(4)：59.
[26]何品晶,顾国维,李笃中等.城市污泥处理与利用[M]．北京：科学出版社,2003.
[27]杨小文,杜英豪.污泥处理与资源化利用方案选择[J].中国给水排水,2002,4：31-34.
[28]MacNieol,R.D.,Beckett,.PH..The distribution of hevaemeatl between the Prinei [J].Pleeom Ponenst of digesetd sewage sludge 1989,23(2):199-206.
[29]曹秀芹,陈珊.污水处理厂污泥处理存在的问题分析[J]．北京建筑工程学院学报,2002,18(1)：1～4.
[30]高廷耀,顾国维.水污染控制工程(第二版)[M].高等教育出版社,1999.
[31]赵庆祥编著.污泥资源化技术[M].化学工业出版社,2002,3～12.
[32]何品品,顾国维,李鹜中等编著.城市污泥处理与利用[M].科学出版社,2003,39～54.
[33]尹军,陈宙,土鹤立编著.城市污水的资源化再生及热能回收利用[M].化学工业出版社,2003,178-190.
[34]Schiewer S,Voslky B.Modeling of the proton-metalion exchange in biosorpting[J]. EnwironSci Techno.1995,29:349-358.
[35]高吉喜,曹洪法,舒伶民.我国城市固体废弃物现状与其处理处置规划探讨[J].环境污染与防治,1994,16(4)：30～33.
[36]中国国家环境保护局《2000年中国环境年鉴》
[37]李全喜同志在2009年天津市城市建设工作会议上的讲话[EB／OL].新晨报2009-2-22.
[38]Hailong Wang.Mark tomer.guidelines for utilization of sewage sludge effluent onto and-Technical document(external review draft) [J].New Zealand Land Treatment Collective,1999,1～50.
[39]赵丽君张大群陈宝柱.关于天津市城市污水污泥处理与处置的技术研究与探索[J]天津水工业工程设各有限公司2000,9.
[40]EPA Process design manual for sludge treatment and disposal.Center for environmental research Information technology transfer.[M] U. S.A.1979
[41]谷平,王嗜译.污泥作肥料安全吗[J].国外科技动态1999,6：17-19
[42]王敦球.污水污泥资源化利用研究[D].重庆大学硕士学位论文,2000.
[43]国家环境保护局.水污染防治及城市污水资源化技术[M].北京：科学出版社,1997,601-607.
[44]赵丽君.天津纪庄子污水处理厂运行回顾[J].给水排水,1995,1：17.
[45]吴启堂,林毅,曾海思.城市污泥作复合肥粘结剂的研究[J].中国给水排水,1992,8(4)：20～22.
[46]薛文源.城市污水污泥处理与处置的途径[J].中国给水排水,1992,8(1)：41-45.
[47]Tyagi R D, Couillard D, Tran F T. Heavy metals removal from anaerobiocally digested sludge by chemical and microbiological methods [J].Environ pollut,1988,50:295～316.
[48]乔显亮,骆永明,吴胜春.污泥的土地利用及其环境影响[J].土壤,2000,2：79～85.
[49]周立祥,沈其荣,陈同斌.重金属及养分元素在城市污泥主要组分中的分配及其化学形态[J].环境科学学报,2000,20(3)：269-274.
[50]李端,周少奇,陈晓武.城市污泥的贡金属生物活性及其控制[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2003,7(4)：60-64.
[51]赵丽君,张大群,陈宝柱.污泥处理与处置技术的进展[J].中国给水排水,2001,6：23-25.
[52]王敦球,解庆林,李金城等.城市污水污泥农用资源化研究[J].重庆环境科学,1999,22(6)：50-52.
[53]乔显亮,骆永明.我国部分城市污泥化学组成及其农用标准初探[J].土壤,2001,4：205-209.
[54]朱南文.城市污水厂污泥农用处置相关的处理技术研究[D].同济大学博士学位论文,2000.
[55]扬新海,张辰.上海市石洞日城市污水处理厂污泥十化焚烧工程[J].给水排水,2003,29(9)：19～22.
[56]田宁宁,土凯军,柯建明.剩余污泥好氧堆肥生产有机复混肥的肥分及效益分析[J].城市环境与城市生态,2001,14(1)：9-11.
[57]S.P.Mcgrath,F.J.Zhao,Dunhamm A.R,Crosland and K.Coleman.Journal of Environmental Quality. [J]2000,29:875～883.
[58]YM.Luo and Peter Christic.International Journal of Environmental and analytical Chemistry. [J]1998,72(1):59-75.
[59]A.C.Chang,Hac-nam Hyun and A.L.Page.Journal of Environmental Quality. [J] 1998, 26:11-19.
[60]叶子瑞.国内外污泥处置和竹理现状[J].环境卫生工程,2002,2：85-88.
[61]陈宏.土壤汞、镉、铅植物可利用性的化学调控研究[D].西南农业大学硕士论文,2000.
[62]王慎强,陈怀满,司友斌.我国土壤环境保护研究的回顾与展望[J].土壤,1999,5：255～260.
[63]陈怀满.土壤-植物系统中的重金属元素[M].北京：科学出版社,1996,1-34.
[64]许嘉琳,杨居荣.陆地生态系统中的重金属[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,1995,34-37,60～68.
[65]傅显华,吴启堂.不同物料对叶菜吸收铜铅的影响[J].农业环境保护,1995,14(4)：145-149.
[66]Li J,Wu YY, Historical change of Boll metal background values In select areas of China. [M] water Air and Soil Pollulion, proceedings of an International conference, Orlando, Florida,1991,57～58,755～761.
[67]高太忠,李景印.土壤重金属污染研究与治理现状[J].土壤与环境,1999,8(2)：137～140.
[68]宋菲,郭玉文,刘孝义等.镉、锌、铅复合污染对菠菜的影响[J].农业环境保护,1996, 15(1)：9～14.
[69]高梁.土壤污染及其防治措施[J].农业环境保护,1992,11(6)：272～273.
[70]任旭喜.土壤重金属污染及防治对策研究[J].环境保护科学,1999,25(6)：31～33.
[71]叶文虎.可持续发展引论[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2000.
[72]高振民主编.土壤-植物系统污染生态研究[M].中国科学技术出版社,1986.
[73]李慧君,殷宪强,谷胜意等.污泥及污泥堆肥对改善土壤物理性质的探讨[J].陕西农业科学,2004,1：29～31.
[74]周立祥,胡霭堂,戈乃玢.城市生活污泥农田利用对土壤肥力性状的影响[J].土壤通报,1994,25(3)：126～129.
[75]付克强,王殿武,李贵宝等.城市污泥与湖泊底泥土地利用对土壤—植物系统中养分及重金属Cd、Pb的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(4)：62～66.
[76]陈同斌,李艳霞,金燕等.城市污泥复合肥的肥效及其对小麦重金属吸收的影响[J].生态学报,2002,22(5)：643～648.
[77]郭兰,米尔芳,田若涛等.城市污泥和污泥与垃圾堆肥的农田施用对土壤性质的影响[J].农业环境保护,1994,13(5)：204～209.
[78]Cheng H F,Xu W P,Liu J L.Application of composted sewage sludge(CSS)as a soil amendment for turf grass growth[J].Ecological engineering,2007,29:96～104.
[79]Ojeda G.,Alcaniz J M,Ortiz O.Runoff and losses by erosion in soils amended with sewage sludge[J].Land Degradation and Development,2003,14(6):563～573.
[80]Casado-Vela J,Selles S,Navarro J.Evaluation of composted sewage sludge as nutritional source for horticultural soils[J].Waste Management,2006,26:946-952.
[81]杨林章,毛景东.污泥在农业上的合理应用[J].土壤学进展,1995,23(6)：43～47.
[82]阎双堆.污泥垃圾复混肥对油菜及土壤的影响[J].土壤学报,2006,43(3)：524～527.
[83]叶静,岳巍,郑纪慈.污泥复合肥在海涂棉花上的效应[J].浙江农业科学,2003,(6)：333～335.
[84]Tore Krogstad,Trine A.Sogn,Asmund Asdal.Influence of chemical and biologically stabilized sewage sludge on plant-available phosphorous in soil[J].Ecological Engineering,2005,25:51-60.
[85]Steven Criquet,Armelle Braud,Sylvie Ne'ble.Short-term effects of sewage sludge application on phosphatase activities and vailable P fractions in Mediterranean soils[J].Soil Biology andBiochemistry,2007,39:921～929.
[86]Parat C,Chaussod R,Leveque J,et al.Long-term effects of metal-containing farmyard manure and sewage sludge on soil organic matter in a fluvisol[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2005,37:673～679.
[87]Inmaculada P,Carmen A,Carlos G,et al.Effect of water deficit on microbial characteristics in soil amended with sewage sludge or inorganic fertilizer under laboratory conditions[J].Bioresource Technology,2007,98:29-37.
[88]谭启玲,胡承孝,周后建等.城市污泥中的重金属形态及其对潮土酶活性的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2002,21(1)：36-39.
[89]Guerra P,Ahumada I,Carrasco A.Effect of biosolid incorporation to mollisol soils on Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn fractionation and relationship with their bioavailability[J].Chemosphere,2007,68(11):2021-2027.
[90]Viera R F,de Souza Silva C M M.Soil amendment with sewage sludge and its impact on soil microflora[J].Brazilian Journal Microbiology,2003,34:56～58.
[91]姜城,杨金,陈振天等.污泥、污泥复合肥农业应用的初步研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,1996,18(2)：46～50.
[92]Kizilkaya R,Bayrakli B,Effects of N-enriched sewage sludge on soil enzyme activities[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2005,30(3):192-202.
[93]马利民,陈玲,吕彦等.污泥土地利用对土壤中重金属形态的影响[J].生态环境2004,13(2)：151～153.
[94]后藤茂子,茅野充男,山岸顺子等.长期施用污泥导致重金属在土壤中蓄积[J].水土保持科技情报,1999,3：1～4.
[95]Craig G C,Andy I B,Steven C F,et al.Seven years of biosolids versus inorganic nitrogen applications of tall fescue[J]Journal of Environmental Quality,2001,30:2188-2194.
[96]Walter I,Martnez F,Cala V.Heavy metal speciation and phytotoxic effects of three representative sewage sludges for agricultural uses[J].Environmental Pollution,2006,139:507～514.
[97]Gao S D,Walker W J,Dahlgren R A,et al.Simultaneous sorption of Cd,Cu,Ni,Zn,Pb and Cr on soils treated with sewage sludge supernatant[J].Water,Air and Soil Pollution,1997,93:331～ 345.
[98]周立祥,胡霭堂,戈乃玢等.城市污泥土地利用研究[J].生态学报,1999,19(2)：185～193.
[99]杨国栋,石晓枫.含铬皮革废水污灌和施用含铬污泥时铬在土壤环境中的残留[J].农业环境保护,1999,18(1)：28～30.
[100]王新,周启星.污泥堆肥土地利用对树木生长和土壤环境的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(1)：174～177.
[101]李国学.施用污泥堆肥对土壤和青菜重金属积累特性的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,1998,3(1)：113～118.
[102]史瑞和编.土壤农化分析(第二版)[M].农业出版社,1992.
[103]郭媚兰等.太原市污水污泥农业利用研究[J].农业环境保护,1993,12(6)：258～262.
[2]赵庆样.污泥资源化技术[M].北京：北学工业出版社,2002.
[3]孟庆云,沙丽,曾志英.我国城市污水厂污泥、沼气产量与综合利用现状及前景[J].中国市政工程,1999,6(4)：50～55.
[4]何品晶,陈正夫,邵立明等.污水厂污泥低温热化学转化过程机理研究[J].中国环境科学,1998,18(1)：39～42.
[5]深崛政喜.污泥处理与展望[J].再生与利用,1995,18(67)：66～69.
[6]李国鼎,金琦,杨基宏等.固体废物处理与资源化[M].北京：清华大学出版社,1990,120-158.
[7]U.SEPS.Biosolids Generation[J].Use and Disposal in the United States.September 1999.
[8]赵亚乾,R.D.Davis.英国污泥处置现状及其发展概述[J].给水排水,1998,24(9)：25～29.
[9]R.D.Davis, J.E.Hall.Production,Treatoment and Disposal of Wastewater Sludge in Europe from a UK Perspectire[J]European Water Pollution Control,1997,7(2):67～71.
[10]张建频.上海市城市污泥处理与处置方法探讨[J].中国土木工程学会排水委员会,2003,3：82～83.
[11]丁亚兰.国内外废水处理工程工程设计实例[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2000,43.
[12]王凯军,贾立敏.城市污水生物处理新技术开发与应用[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2001,484.
[13]薛栋森,美国污水污泥的研究和利用概况[J].国外农业环境保护,1991,1：31～33.
[14]付融冰,杨海真,甘明强.中国城市污水厂污泥处理现状及其进展[J].环境科学与技术,2004,5(24)：108～109.
[15]余杰,田宁宁,王凯军.我国污泥处理!处置技术政策探讨[J].中国给水排水,2005,21(8)：84～85.
[16]United States EnVironmental Proteetion Ageney.Land application of sewage sludge aguide for land aPPliers on the requirements of the federal standards for the use or disposal of sewage Sludge (40 CFR Part 50EPA/831-B-93-002b) Washington[C].Office of Enforeement and ComPlianeeAssuranee,1994.
[17]李嫒.焚烧工艺在污水厂污泥处理中的应用[J].中国环保产业,2004,1：31～33.
[18]BrainHemphill, Fluidbed technology for sludge destruetion[J].Water/Engine ering&Management,1988,12:37～40.
[19]曾庭华.污泥在流化床中的焚烧特性及其二次污染研究[D].浙江大学博士学位论文,1997.
[20]GillianHS.Sludge Disposal:the future of high-tech sludge incineration[J].Waster Management,1999,3:41～42.
[21]周夏海.斯图加特污水处理厂污泥焚烧工艺研究[D].北京工业大学硕士学位论文, 2003，5～11.
[22]李媛.流化床焚烧炉污泥处理特性及污染机理研究[D].北京工业大学硕士学位论文,2003，2-3.
[23]赵庆祥.污泥处理的新途径燃料化[J].化工环保,1998,8(3)：3-6.
[24]奉华.城市污水污泥的焚烧研究[D].清华大学硕士学位论文,2001.
[25]李一铆.污泥焚烧炉隔热衬里的施工及投运[M].化工设计通讯,1992,18(4)：59.
[26]何品晶,顾国维,李笃中等.城市污泥处理与利用[M]．北京：科学出版社,2003.
[27]杨小文,杜英豪.污泥处理与资源化利用方案选择[J].中国给水排水,2002,4：31-34.
[28]MacNieol,R.D.,Beckett,.PH..The distribution of hevaemeatl between the Prinei [J].Pleeom Ponenst of digesetd sewage sludge 1989,23(2):199-206.
[29]曹秀芹,陈珊.污水处理厂污泥处理存在的问题分析[J]．北京建筑工程学院学报,2002,18(1)：1～4.
[30]高廷耀,顾国维.水污染控制工程(第二版)[M].高等教育出版社,1999.
[31]赵庆祥编著.污泥资源化技术[M].化学工业出版社,2002,3～12.
[32]何品品,顾国维,李鹜中等编著.城市污泥处理与利用[M].科学出版社,2003,39～54.
[33]尹军,陈宙,土鹤立编著.城市污水的资源化再生及热能回收利用[M].化学工业出版社,2003,178-190.
[34]Schiewer S,Voslky B.Modeling of the proton-metalion exchange in biosorpting[J]. EnwironSci Techno.1995,29:349-358.
[35]高吉喜,曹洪法,舒伶民.我国城市固体废弃物现状与其处理处置规划探讨[J].环境污染与防治,1994,16(4)：30～33.
[36]中国国家环境保护局《2000年中国环境年鉴》
[37]李全喜同志在2009年天津市城市建设工作会议上的讲话[EB／OL].新晨报2009-2-22.
[38]Hailong Wang.Mark tomer.guidelines for utilization of sewage sludge effluent onto and-Technical document(external review draft) [J].New Zealand Land Treatment Collective,1999,1～50.
[39]赵丽君张大群陈宝柱.关于天津市城市污水污泥处理与处置的技术研究与探索[J]天津水工业工程设各有限公司2000,9.
[40]EPA Process design manual for sludge treatment and disposal.Center for environmental research Information technology transfer.[M] U. S.A.1979
[41]谷平,王嗜译.污泥作肥料安全吗[J].国外科技动态1999,6：17-19
[42]王敦球.污水污泥资源化利用研究[D].重庆大学硕士学位论文,2000.
[43]国家环境保护局.水污染防治及城市污水资源化技术[M].北京：科学出版社,1997,601-607.
[44]赵丽君.天津纪庄子污水处理厂运行回顾[J].给水排水,1995,1：17.
[45]吴启堂,林毅,曾海思.城市污泥作复合肥粘结剂的研究[J].中国给水排水,1992,8(4)：20～22.
[46]薛文源.城市污水污泥处理与处置的途径[J].中国给水排水,1992,8(1)：41-45.
[47]Tyagi R D, Couillard D, Tran F T. Heavy metals removal from anaerobiocally digested sludge by chemical and microbiological methods [J].Environ pollut,1988,50:295～316.
[48]乔显亮,骆永明,吴胜春.污泥的土地利用及其环境影响[J].土壤,2000,2：79～85.
[49]周立祥,沈其荣,陈同斌.重金属及养分元素在城市污泥主要组分中的分配及其化学形态[J].环境科学学报,2000,20(3)：269-274.
[50]李端,周少奇,陈晓武.城市污泥的贡金属生物活性及其控制[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2003,7(4)：60-64.
[51]赵丽君,张大群,陈宝柱.污泥处理与处置技术的进展[J].中国给水排水,2001,6：23-25.
[52]王敦球,解庆林,李金城等.城市污水污泥农用资源化研究[J].重庆环境科学,1999,22(6)：50-52.
[53]乔显亮,骆永明.我国部分城市污泥化学组成及其农用标准初探[J].土壤,2001,4：205-209.
[54]朱南文.城市污水厂污泥农用处置相关的处理技术研究[D].同济大学博士学位论文,2000.
[55]扬新海,张辰.上海市石洞日城市污水处理厂污泥十化焚烧工程[J].给水排水,2003,29(9)：19～22.
[56]田宁宁,土凯军,柯建明.剩余污泥好氧堆肥生产有机复混肥的肥分及效益分析[J].城市环境与城市生态,2001,14(1)：9-11.
[57]S.P.Mcgrath,F.J.Zhao,Dunhamm A.R,Crosland and K.Coleman.Journal of Environmental Quality. [J]2000,29:875～883.
[58]YM.Luo and Peter Christic.International Journal of Environmental and analytical Chemistry. [J]1998,72(1):59-75.
[59]A.C.Chang,Hac-nam Hyun and A.L.Page.Journal of Environmental Quality. [J] 1998, 26:11-19.
[60]叶子瑞.国内外污泥处置和竹理现状[J].环境卫生工程,2002,2：85-88.
[61]陈宏.土壤汞、镉、铅植物可利用性的化学调控研究[D].西南农业大学硕士论文,2000.
[62]王慎强,陈怀满,司友斌.我国土壤环境保护研究的回顾与展望[J].土壤,1999,5：255～260.
[63]陈怀满.土壤-植物系统中的重金属元素[M].北京：科学出版社,1996,1-34.
[64]许嘉琳,杨居荣.陆地生态系统中的重金属[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,1995,34-37,60～68.
[65]傅显华,吴启堂.不同物料对叶菜吸收铜铅的影响[J].农业环境保护,1995,14(4)：145-149.
[66]Li J,Wu YY, Historical change of Boll metal background values In select areas of China. [M] water Air and Soil Pollulion, proceedings of an International conference, Orlando, Florida,1991,57～58,755～761.
[67]高太忠,李景印.土壤重金属污染研究与治理现状[J].土壤与环境,1999,8(2)：137～140.
[68]宋菲,郭玉文,刘孝义等.镉、锌、铅复合污染对菠菜的影响[J].农业环境保护,1996, 15(1)：9～14.
[69]高梁.土壤污染及其防治措施[J].农业环境保护,1992,11(6)：272～273.
[70]任旭喜.土壤重金属污染及防治对策研究[J].环境保护科学,1999,25(6)：31～33.
[71]叶文虎.可持续发展引论[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2000.
[72]高振民主编.土壤-植物系统污染生态研究[M].中国科学技术出版社,1986.
[73]李慧君,殷宪强,谷胜意等.污泥及污泥堆肥对改善土壤物理性质的探讨[J].陕西农业科学,2004,1：29～31.
[74]周立祥,胡霭堂,戈乃玢.城市生活污泥农田利用对土壤肥力性状的影响[J].土壤通报,1994,25(3)：126～129.
[75]付克强,王殿武,李贵宝等.城市污泥与湖泊底泥土地利用对土壤—植物系统中养分及重金属Cd、Pb的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(4)：62～66.
[76]陈同斌,李艳霞,金燕等.城市污泥复合肥的肥效及其对小麦重金属吸收的影响[J].生态学报,2002,22(5)：643～648.
[77]郭兰,米尔芳,田若涛等.城市污泥和污泥与垃圾堆肥的农田施用对土壤性质的影响[J].农业环境保护,1994,13(5)：204～209.
[78]Cheng H F,Xu W P,Liu J L.Application of composted sewage sludge(CSS)as a soil amendment for turf grass growth[J].Ecological engineering,2007,29:96～104.
[79]Ojeda G.,Alcaniz J M,Ortiz O.Runoff and losses by erosion in soils amended with sewage sludge[J].Land Degradation and Development,2003,14(6):563～573.
[80]Casado-Vela J,Selles S,Navarro J.Evaluation of composted sewage sludge as nutritional source for horticultural soils[J].Waste Management,2006,26:946-952.
[81]杨林章,毛景东.污泥在农业上的合理应用[J].土壤学进展,1995,23(6)：43～47.
[82]阎双堆.污泥垃圾复混肥对油菜及土壤的影响[J].土壤学报,2006,43(3)：524～527.
[83]叶静,岳巍,郑纪慈.污泥复合肥在海涂棉花上的效应[J].浙江农业科学,2003,(6)：333～335.
[84]Tore Krogstad,Trine A.Sogn,Asmund Asdal.Influence of chemical and biologically stabilized sewage sludge on plant-available phosphorous in soil[J].Ecological Engineering,2005,25:51-60.
[85]Steven Criquet,Armelle Braud,Sylvie Ne'ble.Short-term effects of sewage sludge application on phosphatase activities and vailable P fractions in Mediterranean soils[J].Soil Biology andBiochemistry,2007,39:921～929.
[86]Parat C,Chaussod R,Leveque J,et al.Long-term effects of metal-containing farmyard manure and sewage sludge on soil organic matter in a fluvisol[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2005,37:673～679.
[87]Inmaculada P,Carmen A,Carlos G,et al.Effect of water deficit on microbial characteristics in soil amended with sewage sludge or inorganic fertilizer under laboratory conditions[J].Bioresource Technology,2007,98:29-37.
[88]谭启玲,胡承孝,周后建等.城市污泥中的重金属形态及其对潮土酶活性的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2002,21(1)：36-39.
[89]Guerra P,Ahumada I,Carrasco A.Effect of biosolid incorporation to mollisol soils on Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn fractionation and relationship with their bioavailability[J].Chemosphere,2007,68(11):2021-2027.
[90]Viera R F,de Souza Silva C M M.Soil amendment with sewage sludge and its impact on soil microflora[J].Brazilian Journal Microbiology,2003,34:56～58.
[91]姜城,杨金,陈振天等.污泥、污泥复合肥农业应用的初步研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,1996,18(2)：46～50.
[92]Kizilkaya R,Bayrakli B,Effects of N-enriched sewage sludge on soil enzyme activities[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2005,30(3):192-202.
[93]马利民,陈玲,吕彦等.污泥土地利用对土壤中重金属形态的影响[J].生态环境2004,13(2)：151～153.
[94]后藤茂子,茅野充男,山岸顺子等.长期施用污泥导致重金属在土壤中蓄积[J].水土保持科技情报,1999,3：1～4.
[95]Craig G C,Andy I B,Steven C F,et al.Seven years of biosolids versus inorganic nitrogen applications of tall fescue[J]Journal of Environmental Quality,2001,30:2188-2194.
[96]Walter I,Martnez F,Cala V.Heavy metal speciation and phytotoxic effects of three representative sewage sludges for agricultural uses[J].Environmental Pollution,2006,139:507～514.
[97]Gao S D,Walker W J,Dahlgren R A,et al.Simultaneous sorption of Cd,Cu,Ni,Zn,Pb and Cr on soils treated with sewage sludge supernatant[J].Water,Air and Soil Pollution,1997,93:331～ 345.
[98]周立祥,胡霭堂,戈乃玢等.城市污泥土地利用研究[J].生态学报,1999,19(2)：185～193.
[99]杨国栋,石晓枫.含铬皮革废水污灌和施用含铬污泥时铬在土壤环境中的残留[J].农业环境保护,1999,18(1)：28～30.
[100]王新,周启星.污泥堆肥土地利用对树木生长和土壤环境的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(1)：174～177.
[101]李国学.施用污泥堆肥对土壤和青菜重金属积累特性的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,1998,3(1)：113～118.
[102]史瑞和编.土壤农化分析(第二版)[M].农业出版社,1992.
[103]郭媚兰等.太原市污水污泥农业利用研究[J].农业环境保护,1993,12(6)：258～262.