基于最小限制水分范围评价不同耕作方式下农田黑土有机碳固定
|
摘要
本文以吉林省德惠市中层黑土上进行的保护性耕作长期定位试验小区土壤为研究对象，对比分析保护性耕作和常规耕作下的土壤物理特性、土壤有机碳含量（Soil organic carbon, SOC）、SOC矿化速率、土壤CO_2释放速率，通过最小限制水分范围（Least limiting water range, LLWR）相关参数的灵敏度分析和修正，分析影响黑土LLWR的土壤物理要素，进而利用LLWR评价不同耕作方式下土壤物理性状对黑土有机碳的影响。主要研究结论如下：
（1）通过灵敏度分析，确定了计算黑土LLWR所需的限定值即Ψ_(fc)=0.033MPa，Ψ_(wp)=1.5MPa，afp=20%，SR=3MPa，得到了上下限值的决定参数，改进了LLWR的计算方法，创建了分层法的计算方式。
（2）通过LLWR值与土壤物理要素的相关分析，得出土壤容重、硬度、孔隙度尤其是次大孔隙对LLWR影响较大的结论；尝试利用次大孔隙替代土壤容重计算LLWR，并且与利用土壤容重计算的LLWR值进行了对比分析。
（3）不同耕作方式对土壤物理特性的影响表现为免耕与秋翻相比增大了耕层0-20cm的土壤容重，增加了表层土壤硬度，对土壤硬度的影响主要表现在2.5-17.5cm深度之间，冻融前后土壤硬度变化显著（p<0.05）。不同含水量条件下，冻融前后不同耕作和轮作方式的土壤硬度变化幅度介于47.2%-100.9%之间，而在相同含水量情况下变化幅度则为16.1%-44.1%。免耕减小了土壤总孔隙度，增大了0-5cm和20-30cm的>100μm大孔隙，减小了耕层5-20cm的100-30μm次大孔隙，两种处理不同深度的中孔隙和微孔隙数量相近。不同耕作方式对不同粒级的土壤粒度均没有显著影响（p>0.05）。
（4）免耕较秋翻显著增加了表层0-5cm的SOC含量，表下层SOC含量小于秋翻。免耕处理SOC分层率大于秋翻。采用等质量方法计算的SOC储量（0-30cm）免耕小于秋翻，采用等深度方法计算两种耕作处理的SOC储量（0-30cm）没有明显差异。
（5）不同耕作方式下土壤CO_2通量表现出了明显的季节性变化规律。相同轮作方式下免耕SOC矿化速率低于秋翻，然而在相同耕作方式下，玉米-大豆轮作的SOC矿化速率明显高于玉米连作（p<0.05）。
（6）LLWR与SOC矿化速率、土壤CO_2释放速率均呈正相关，利用次大孔隙替代土壤容重计算的LLWR可以更灵敏的反映土壤的固碳能力。
（7）土壤物理要素中容重、硬度、孔隙度对黑土有机碳固定的影响程度较大，土壤容重、硬度增加、次大孔隙减小会导致LLWR变小。修正后的LLWR数值变化可以更加客观判断哪种耕作方式利于农田黑土有机碳的固定。
Based on a conservation tillage experiment on a black soil in Dehui, JilinProvince, this study selected soil physical properties, soil organic carbon (SOC)content, specific soil organic carbon mineralization rates (RESPsp), soil CO_2effluxrate and through the process of sensitivity analysis and calibration of least limitingwater range (LLWR) related parametres to analysis soil physical elements that affectthe LLWR in black soil, and then study the impacts of soil physical properties on SOCbased on LLWR. The main results of the research were as follows：
(1) By sensitivity analysis, defining LLWR related parameters of black soil, thatis Ψ_(fc)=0.033MPa，Ψ_(wp)=1.5MPa，afp=20%，SR=3MPa. It has been obtained theparameter of upper and lower limit and improved calculation method, introducingstratification calculation method.
(2)By the correlation analysis between LLWR values and soil physical properties,it has been obtained that soil bulk density, soil penetration resistance and soil porosityespecially small macropores affected LLWR greatly. It has been attempted to usesmall macropores instead of soil bulk density to calculate LLWR and then made acomparative analysis with the LLWR value calculated from soil bulk density.
(3)The impact of different tillage practices on soil physical properties isexpressed as follows. No tillage (NT) increased soil bulk density in0-20cm depth.NT increased soil penetration resistance of surface layer and its remarkable effectoccurred in the depth of2.5to17.5cm. Soil penetration resistance was obviously lessafter than before the freezing-thawing cycle (p<0.05). Soil penetration resistancechanges in amplitude before and after freezing-thawing cycle under different tillageand rotation practices with different soil water contents is between47.2%-100.9%,while changes in amplitude in the case of the same water content is between16.1%-44.1%. Compared with Mould plough (MP), NT decreased total soil porosity,resulted in10%to16%increase of large macropores at0-5cm and20-30cm depths,while led to decrease in small macropores in5-20cm layer. The amounts of meso-and micro-pores at different depths under two tillage practices were similar. Differenttillage practices had no significant effects on different size fractions of soil particle(p>0.05).
(4)NT significantly increased SOC at the top0-5cm, but showed a reduction at5-30cm depths. NT practices resulted in remarkable SOC stratification ratio to MP. The SOC stocks (0-30cm) were less under NT than under MP for equivalent soilmass based calculation. There was no significant difference in SOC stocks (0-30cm)under two tillage practices using equivalent soil depth method.
(5)The soil CO_2flux under different tillage practices showed a significantseasonal variation. SOC RESPsp was lower under NT than MP in the same rotationpractices, while SOC RESPsp in corn-soybean was significantly greater thancontinous corn rotation practices (p<0.05).
(6)There was a positive correlation between LLWR and RESPsp or soil CO_2efflux rate. Using small macropores instead of soil bulk density to calculate LLWRcould be more sensitivity to reflect the soil carbon sequestration capacity.
(7)Among soil physical factors, bulk density, penetration resistance and porosityhad a greater impact on soil carbon sequestration. Soil bulk density and penetrationresistance increased, small macropores decreased could lead to the reduction ofLLWR. Revised LLWR values can be used to determine which tillage practicesconducive to SOC sequestration more objectively in black soil.
（1）通过灵敏度分析，确定了计算黑土LLWR所需的限定值即Ψ_(fc)=0.033MPa，Ψ_(wp)=1.5MPa，afp=20%，SR=3MPa，得到了上下限值的决定参数，改进了LLWR的计算方法，创建了分层法的计算方式。
（2）通过LLWR值与土壤物理要素的相关分析，得出土壤容重、硬度、孔隙度尤其是次大孔隙对LLWR影响较大的结论；尝试利用次大孔隙替代土壤容重计算LLWR，并且与利用土壤容重计算的LLWR值进行了对比分析。
（3）不同耕作方式对土壤物理特性的影响表现为免耕与秋翻相比增大了耕层0-20cm的土壤容重，增加了表层土壤硬度，对土壤硬度的影响主要表现在2.5-17.5cm深度之间，冻融前后土壤硬度变化显著（p<0.05）。不同含水量条件下，冻融前后不同耕作和轮作方式的土壤硬度变化幅度介于47.2%-100.9%之间，而在相同含水量情况下变化幅度则为16.1%-44.1%。免耕减小了土壤总孔隙度，增大了0-5cm和20-30cm的>100μm大孔隙，减小了耕层5-20cm的100-30μm次大孔隙，两种处理不同深度的中孔隙和微孔隙数量相近。不同耕作方式对不同粒级的土壤粒度均没有显著影响（p>0.05）。
（4）免耕较秋翻显著增加了表层0-5cm的SOC含量，表下层SOC含量小于秋翻。免耕处理SOC分层率大于秋翻。采用等质量方法计算的SOC储量（0-30cm）免耕小于秋翻，采用等深度方法计算两种耕作处理的SOC储量（0-30cm）没有明显差异。
（5）不同耕作方式下土壤CO_2通量表现出了明显的季节性变化规律。相同轮作方式下免耕SOC矿化速率低于秋翻，然而在相同耕作方式下，玉米-大豆轮作的SOC矿化速率明显高于玉米连作（p<0.05）。
（6）LLWR与SOC矿化速率、土壤CO_2释放速率均呈正相关，利用次大孔隙替代土壤容重计算的LLWR可以更灵敏的反映土壤的固碳能力。
（7）土壤物理要素中容重、硬度、孔隙度对黑土有机碳固定的影响程度较大，土壤容重、硬度增加、次大孔隙减小会导致LLWR变小。修正后的LLWR数值变化可以更加客观判断哪种耕作方式利于农田黑土有机碳的固定。
Based on a conservation tillage experiment on a black soil in Dehui, JilinProvince, this study selected soil physical properties, soil organic carbon (SOC)content, specific soil organic carbon mineralization rates (RESPsp), soil CO_2effluxrate and through the process of sensitivity analysis and calibration of least limitingwater range (LLWR) related parametres to analysis soil physical elements that affectthe LLWR in black soil, and then study the impacts of soil physical properties on SOCbased on LLWR. The main results of the research were as follows：
(1) By sensitivity analysis, defining LLWR related parameters of black soil, thatis Ψ_(fc)=0.033MPa，Ψ_(wp)=1.5MPa，afp=20%，SR=3MPa. It has been obtained theparameter of upper and lower limit and improved calculation method, introducingstratification calculation method.
(2)By the correlation analysis between LLWR values and soil physical properties,it has been obtained that soil bulk density, soil penetration resistance and soil porosityespecially small macropores affected LLWR greatly. It has been attempted to usesmall macropores instead of soil bulk density to calculate LLWR and then made acomparative analysis with the LLWR value calculated from soil bulk density.
(3)The impact of different tillage practices on soil physical properties isexpressed as follows. No tillage (NT) increased soil bulk density in0-20cm depth.NT increased soil penetration resistance of surface layer and its remarkable effectoccurred in the depth of2.5to17.5cm. Soil penetration resistance was obviously lessafter than before the freezing-thawing cycle (p<0.05). Soil penetration resistancechanges in amplitude before and after freezing-thawing cycle under different tillageand rotation practices with different soil water contents is between47.2%-100.9%,while changes in amplitude in the case of the same water content is between16.1%-44.1%. Compared with Mould plough (MP), NT decreased total soil porosity,resulted in10%to16%increase of large macropores at0-5cm and20-30cm depths,while led to decrease in small macropores in5-20cm layer. The amounts of meso-and micro-pores at different depths under two tillage practices were similar. Differenttillage practices had no significant effects on different size fractions of soil particle(p>0.05).
(4)NT significantly increased SOC at the top0-5cm, but showed a reduction at5-30cm depths. NT practices resulted in remarkable SOC stratification ratio to MP. The SOC stocks (0-30cm) were less under NT than under MP for equivalent soilmass based calculation. There was no significant difference in SOC stocks (0-30cm)under two tillage practices using equivalent soil depth method.
(5)The soil CO_2flux under different tillage practices showed a significantseasonal variation. SOC RESPsp was lower under NT than MP in the same rotationpractices, while SOC RESPsp in corn-soybean was significantly greater thancontinous corn rotation practices (p<0.05).
(6)There was a positive correlation between LLWR and RESPsp or soil CO_2efflux rate. Using small macropores instead of soil bulk density to calculate LLWRcould be more sensitivity to reflect the soil carbon sequestration capacity.
(7)Among soil physical factors, bulk density, penetration resistance and porosityhad a greater impact on soil carbon sequestration. Soil bulk density and penetrationresistance increased, small macropores decreased could lead to the reduction ofLLWR. Revised LLWR values can be used to determine which tillage practicesconducive to SOC sequestration more objectively in black soil.
引文
Abid M, Lal R. Tillage and drainage on soil quality: I. Aggregate stability, carbon andnitrogen pools. Soil&Tillage Research,2008,100:89-98.
Al-Kaisi M M, Yin X H. Tillage and crop residue effects on soil carbon and carbondioxide emission in corn–soybean rotations. Journal of Environmental Quality,2005,34:437-445.
Al-Kaisi M M, Yin X H, Licht M A. Soil carbon and nitrogen changes as influnencedby tillage and cropping systems in some Iowa soils. Soil&Tillage Research,2005,105:635-647.
Archer J R, Smith P D. The relation between bulk density, available water capacity,and air capacity of soils. Journal of Soil Science,1972,34,475-780.
Asgarzadeh H, Mosaddeghi M R, Mahboubi A A, et al. Soil water availability forplants as quantified by conventional available water, least limiting water rangeand integral water capacity. Plant and Soil,2010,335:229-244.
Ball-Coelho B R, Roy R C, Swanton C J. Tillage alters corn root distribution incoarse-textured soil. Soil&Tillage Research,1998,45:249-273.
Balota E L, Colozzi Filho A, Andrade D S, et al. Long-term tillage and crop rotationeffects on microbial biomass and C and N mineralization in a Brazilian Oxisol.Soil&Tillage Research,2004,77:137-145.
Barzegar A R, Mossavi M H, Asoodar M A, et al. Root mass distribution of winterwheat as influenced by different tillage systems in semi arid region. AgronomyJournal,2004,3:223-228.
Batjes N H. Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world. European Journal ofSoil Science,1996,47:151-163.
Bauer P J, Frederick J R, Novak J M, et al. Soil CO2flux from a norfolk loamy sandafter25years of conventional and conservation tillage Soil&Tillage Research,2006,90:205-211.
Bayer C, Mielniczuk J, Amado T J C, et al. Organic matter storage in a sandy clayloam Acrisol affected by tillage and cropping systems in southern Brazi. Soil&Tillage Research,2000,54:101-109.
Bengough A G, Mullins C E. Mechanical impedance to root growth: a review ofexperimental techniques and root growth responses. Journal of Soil Science,1990,41:341-358.
Benjamin J G, Nielsen D C, Vigil M F. Quantifying effects of soil conditions on plantgrowth and crop production. Geoderma,2003,116:137-148.
Betz C L, Allmaras R R, Copeland S M, et al. Least limiting water range: traffic andlong-term tillage influences in a Webster soil. Soil Science Society of AmericaJournal,1998,62,1384-1393.
Beutler A N, Centurion J F, Da Silva A P. Soil resistance to penetration and leastlimiting water range for soybean yield in a Haplustox from Brazil. BrazilianArchives of Biology and Technology,2005,48(6):863-871.
Boivin P, Sch ffer B, Sturny W. Quantifying the relationship between soil organiccarbon and soil physical properties using shrinkage modelling. European Journalof Soil Science,2009,60(2):265-275.
Carlos M P, Luis H B, Jan W H. Contribution of water content and bulk density tofield soil penetration resistance as measured by a combined conepenetrometer-TDR probe. Soil&Tillage Research,2001,60(1):35-42.
Cassel D K, Ratliff L F, Ritchie J T. Models for estimating in-situ potential extractablewater using soil physical and chemical soil properties. Soil Science Society ofAmerica Journal,1983,47:764-769.
Cassel D K, Nielsen D R. Field Capacity and Available Water Capacity. In: Klute A.(Editor). Methods of Soil Analysis: Part I. Physical and Mineralogical Methods,2en edn. Soil Science society of America, Inc: Madison, Wisconsin, USA,1986,901.
Carter M R, Angers D A, Topp G C. Characterizing equilibrium physical conditionnear the surface of a fine sandy loam under conservation tillage in a humidclimate. Journal of Soil Science,1999,164:101-110.
Cavazza L A, Patruno E C. Field capacity in soils with a yearly oscillating water table.Biosystems Engineering,2007,98:364-370.
Chan K Y, HeenanD P, Oates A. Soil carbon fractions and rela-tionship to soil qualityunder different tillage and stubble management. Soil&Tillage Research,2002,63:133-139.
Chang C, Lindwall C W. Effect of long-term minimum tillage practices on somephysical properties of a Chernozemic clay loam. Canadian Journal of SoilScience,1989,69:443-449.
Christopher S, Lal R, Mishra U. Long-term no-tillage effects on carbon sequestrationin the Midwestern U.S. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2009,73:207-216.
Cornish P S. Soil macrostructure and root growth of establishing seedlings. Plant andSoil,1993,151,119-126.
Costantini A, So H B, Doley D. Early Pinuscari baea var. hondurensis rootdevelopment: I. Influence of matric suction. Australian Journal of ExperimentalAgriculture,1996,36,839-846.
Dam R F, Mehdi B B, Burgess M S E, et al. Soil bulk density and crop yield undereleven consecutive years of corn with different tillage and residue practices in asandy loam soil in central Canada. Soil&Tillage Research,2005,84:41-53.
Dao T H. Tillage and crop residue effects on carbon dioxide evolution and carbonstorage in a Paleustoll. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1998,62:250-256.
Da Silva A P, Kay B D, Perfect E. Characterization of the least limiting water range ofsoils. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58(6):1775-1781.
Da Silva A P, Kay B D. The sensitivity of shoot growth of corn to the least limitingwater range of soils. Plant and Soil,1996,184(2):322-329.
Da Silva A P, Kay B D. Estimating the least limiting water range of soils fromproperties and management. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1997,61(3):877-883.
Da Silva A P, Kay B D. Linking process capability analysis and least limiting waterrange for assessing soil physical quality. Soil&Tillage Research,2004,79,167-174.
De Neve S, Hofman G. Influence of soil compaction on carbon and nitrogenminerlization of soil organic matter and crop residues. Biology and Fertility ofSoils,2000,30:544-549.
Díaz-Zorita M. Effect of deep-tillage and nitrogen fertilization interactions on drylandcorn (Zea mays L.) productivity. Soil&Tillage Research,2000,54:11-19.
Díaz-Zorita M, Grove J H. Duration of tillage management affects carbon andphosphorus stratification in phosphatic Paleudalfs. Soil&Tillage Research,2002,66(2):165-174.
Doran S A, Parkin K B. Short-term responses of soil physical properties to corntillage-planting systems in a humid maritime climate. Soil&Tillage Research,1994,54:171-178.
Douglas J T, Jarvis M G, Howse K R, et al. Structure of a silty soil in relation tomanagement. Journal of Soil Science,1986,37:137-151.
Drury C F, Zhang T Q, Kay B D. The non-limiting and least limiting water ranges forsoil nitrogen mineralization. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2003,67(5):1388-1404.
Duan X W, Xie Y, Liu G, et al. Field capacity in black soil region, Northeast China.Chinese Geographical Science,2010,20(5):406-413.
Ehlers W W, Kopke F, Hesse F, et al. Penetration resistance and root growth of oats intilled and untilled loess soil. Soil&Tillage Research,1983,3,261-275.
Ellert B H, Bettany J R. Calculation of organic matter and nutrients stored in soilsunder contrasting management regimes. Canadian Journal of Soil Science,1995:529-538.
Ferreras L A, Costa J L, Garcia F O, Pecorari.C. Effect of no-tillage on some physicalproperties of a structural degraded Petrocalcic Paleudoll of the southen “Pampa”of Argentina. Soil&Tillage Research,2000,54:31-39.
Fidalski J, Tormena C A, Da Silva A P. Least limiting water range and physicalquality of soil under groundcover management systems in citrus. Sci. Agric,2010,67(4):448-453.
Franzluebbers A J, Hons F M, Zuberer D A. Tillage induced seasonal changes in soilphysical properties affecting soil CO2evolution under intensive cropping. Soil&Tillage Research,1995,34:41-60.
Franzluebbers A J, Arshad M A. Particulate organic carbon content and potentialmineralization as affected by tillage and texture. Soil Science Society of AmericaJournal,1997,61:1382-1386.
Franzluebbers A J. Soil organic matter stratification ratio as an indicator of soil quality.Soil&Tillage Research,2002,66(2):95-106.
Franzluebbers A J, Schomberg H H, Endale D M. Surface-soil responses toparaplowing of long-term no-tillage cropland in the Southern Piedmont USA.Soil&Tillage Research,2007,96(1):303-315.
Gebregiorgis M F, Savage M J. Field, laboratory and estimated soil-water contentlimits. Water SA,2006,32:155-162.
Givi J, Prasher S O, Patel R M. Evaluation of pedotransfer functions in predicting thesoil water contents at field capacity and wilting point. Agricultural WaterManagement,2004,70:83-96.
Gomez J A, Giraledz J V, Fereres E. Effects of tillage method on soil physicalproperties,infiltration and yield in an olice orchard. Soil&Tillage Research,1999,52:167-175.
Grable A R, Siemer E G. Effects of bulk density, aggregate size, and soil water suctionon oxygen diffusion, redox potential elongation of corn roots. Soil ScienceSociety of America Journal,1968,32:180-186.
Grace J. Understanding and managing the global carbon cycle. Journal of Ecology,2004,92:189-202.
Haise H R, Haas H J, Jensen L R. Soil moisture studies of some great plain soils II.Field capacity as related to1/3atmosphere percentage, and “minimum point” asrelated to15-and26-atmosphere percentage. Soil Science Society of AmericaJournal,1955,34:20-25.
Hamblin A P. The influence of soil structure on water movement, crop root growthand water uptake. Advances in Agronomy,1985,38,95-158.
Heinonen R. Multakerroksen kosteussuhteista suomen maalajeissa(Summary:Moisture conditions in Finnish topsoils). Agricultural Research CentreDepartment of Soil Science. Agrogeological Publications,1954,62(in Finnish).
Hendrix P F, Han C R, Groffman P M. Soil respiration in conventional and no-tillageagroecosystems under different winter cover crop rotations. Soil&TillageResearch,1988,12:135-148.
Hill R L, Horton R, Cruse R M. Tillage effects on soil water retention and pore sizedistribution of two Mollisols. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1985,49:1264-1270.
Hillel D. Environmental Soil Physics. New York: Academic Press,1998,464-468.
Horn R, Domzal H, Slowniska-Jurkiewicz A, et al. Soil compaction processes andtheir effects on the structure of arable soils and the environment. Soil&TillageResearch,1995,35:23-36.
Horn R, Baumgartl T. Dynamic properties of soils. In: Sumner, M.E.(Ed.), Handbookof Soil Science. CRC Press,2000, BocaRaton.
Hutchinson J J, Campbell C A, Desjardins R L. Some perspectives on carbonsequestration in agriculture. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2007,142:288-302.
Ilstedt U, Nordgren A, Malmer A. Optimum soil water for soil respiration before andafter amendment with glucose in humid tropical acrisols and a boreal mor layer.Soil Biology&Soil Biochemistry,2000,32:1591-1599.
Imhoff S, Ghiberto P J, Grioni A. Porosity characterization of Argiudolls underdifferent management systems in the Argentine Flat Pampa. Geoderma,2010,158(2):268-274.
IPCC. Climate Change2007: the Physical Science Basis. IPCC Secretariat, Geneva,Switzerland.
Jabro J D, Evans R G, Kim Y. Estimating in situ soil-water retention and field watercapacity in two contrasting soil textures. Irrigation Science,2009,27:223-229.
Jensen L S, McQueen D J, Ross D J, et al. Effects of soil compaction onN-mineralization and microbal-C and laboratory simulation. Soil&TillageResearch,1996,38(2):189-202.
Johnston, A. Soil organic matter effects on soils and crops. Soil Use and Management,1986,2:97-105.
Karlen M A, Tanaka D L, Wienhol B J. Tillage and cropping effects on soil qualityindicators in the northern Great Plains. Soil&Tillage Research,1997,78:131-141.
Kaufmann M, Tobias S, Schulin R. Comparison of critical limits for crop plantgrowth based on different indicators for the state of soil compaction. Journal ofPlant Nutrition and Soil Science,2010,173,573-583.
Kay B D. Rates of change of soil structure under different cropping systems. Advancein Soil Science,1990,12:1-52.
Kay B D, VandenBygaart A J. Conservation tillage and depth stratification of porosityand soil organic matter. Soil&Tillage Research,2002,66:107-118.
Kirkegaard J A, Angus J F, Gardner P A. Reduce growth and yield of wheat withconservation cropping I: field studies in the first year of the cropping phase.Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1994,45:511-528.
Kirkham M B. Principles of Soil and Plant Water Relations. San Diego: ElsevierAcademic Press,2005,101-110.
Krzic M, Fortin M C, Bomke A A. Short-term responses of soil physical properties tocorn tillage-planting systems in a humid maritime climate. Soil&TillageResearch,2000,54:171-178.
Lal R. Encyclopedia of Soil Science. Boca Raton: Taylor&Francis,2006,218-222.
Lapen D R, Topp G C, Gregorich E G, et al. Least limiting water range: indicators ofsoil quality and corn production, eastern Ontario, Canada. Soil&TillageResearch,2004a,78:151-170.
Lapen D R, Topp G C, Edwards M E, et al. Combination cone penetrationresistance/water content instrumentation to evaluate cone penetration-watercontent relationships in tillage research. Soil&Tillage Research,2004b,79(1):51-62.
Letey J. Relationship between soil physical properties and crop productions.Advances in Soil Science,1985,1:277-294.
Liebig M A, Jones A J, Doran J W, et al. Potential soil respiration and relationship tosoil properties in ridge tillage. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1995,59:1430-1435.
Liebig M A, Tanaka D L, Wienhol B J. Tillage and cropping effects on soil qualityindicators in the northern Great Plains. Soil&Tillage Research,2004,78:131-141.
Lipiec J, Simota C. Role of soil and climate factors influencing crop responses to soilcompaction in central and eastern Europe. p.365–390. In Soane B D and vanOuwerkerk (ed.) Soil compaction in crop production. Elsevier Sciencedirect,1995, Amsterdam.
Leao T P, Da Silva A P, Imhoff S. Least limiting water range: a potential indicator ofchanges in near-surface soil physical quality after the conversion of BrazilianSavanna into pasture. Soil&Tillage Research,2006,88:279-285.
Logsdon S D, Karlen D L. Bulk density as a soil quality indicator during conversionto no-tillage. Soil&Tillage Research,2004,78:143-149.
Maclean A H, Yager T U. Available water capacities of Zambian soils in relation topressure plate measurements particle size analysis. Journal of Soil Science,1972,113:23-29.
Madejón E, Murillo J M, Moreno F, et al. Effect of long-term conservation tillage onsoil biochemical properties in Mediterranean Spanish areas. Soil&TillageResearch,2009,105,55-62.
Mahboubi A A, Lal R, Faussey N R. Twenty-eight years of tillage effects on twosoils in Ohio. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1993,57:506-512.
Maja K, Marie-Claude F, Arthur A B. Short-term responses of soil physical propertiesto corn tillage-planting systems in a humid maritime climate. Soil&TillageResearch,2000,54:171-178.
Martino D L, Shaykewich C F. Root penetration profiles of wheat and barley asaffected by soil penetration resistance in field conditions. Canadian Journal ofSoil Science,1994,74,193-200.
McGarry D, Bridge B J, Radford B J. Contrasting soil physical properties after zeroand traditional tillage of an alluvial soil in the semi-arid subtropics. Soil&Tillage Research,2000,53:105-115.
McKeague J A, Eilers R G, Thomasson A J, et al. Tentative assessment of soil surveyapproaches to the characterization and interpretation of air-water properties ofsoils. Geoderma,1984,34,69-100.
Medeiros J C, Da Silva A P, Cerri C E P, et al. Linking physical quality and CO2emissions under long-term no-till and conventional-till in a subtropical soil inBrazil. Plant and Soil,2011,338:5-15.
Mielke L W, Wilhelm W W, Richards K A, et al. Soil physical characteristics ofreduced tillage in a wheat fallow system. Transactions of the ASAE,1984,27:1724-1728.
Milton V, Rainer H, Dalvan J R. Soil compressibility and penetrability of an Oxisolfrom southern Brazil, as affected by long-term tillage systems. Soil&TillageResearch,2007,92:104-113.
Minasny B, McBratney A B. Integral energy as a measure of soil-water availability.Plant and Soil,2003,249:253-262.
Miretti M C, Imhoff S, Da Silva A P, et al. Soil structure degradation in patches ofalfalfa fields. Sci. Agric,2010,67(5):604-610.
Moreno F, Murillo J M, Pelegrn F, et al. Long-term impact of conservation tillage onstratification ratio of soil organic carbon and loss of total and active CaCO3. Soil&Tillage Research,2006,85:86-93.
Olibone D, Encide-Olibone A P, Rosolem C A. Least limiting water range andcrop yields as affected by crop rotations and tillage. Soil Use and Management,2010,26(4):485-493.
Oliver W M, Shipitalo M J, Traina S J. Role of lumbricus terrestris (L.) burrows onquality of infiltrating water. Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2006,24:1555-1561.
Omonode R A, Vyn T J, Smith D R, et al. Soil carbon dioxide and methane fluxesfrom long-term tillage systems in continuous corn and corn-soybean rotations.Soil&Tillage Research,2007,95:182~195
Osunbitan J A, Oyedele D J, Adekalu K O. Tillage effects on bulk density, hydraulicconductivity and strength of a loamy sand soil in southwestern Nigeria. Soil&Tillage Research,2005,82:57-64.
Oussible M, Crookston R K, Larson W E. Subsurface compaction reduces the rootand shoot growth and grain yield of wheat. Agronomy Journal,1992,84:34-38.
Ozpinar S, Cay A. Effect of different tillage systems on the quality and cropproductivity of a clay–loam soil in semi-arid north-western Turkey. Soil&Tillage Research,2006,88:95-106.
Paustian K, Six J, Elliott E T, et al. Management options for reducing CO2emissionsfrom agricultural soils. Biogeochemistry,2000,48(1):147-163.
Pengthamkeerati P, Motavalli P P, Kremer R J, et al. Soil carbon dioxide efflux from aclaypan soil affected by surface compaction and applications of poultry litter.Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2005,109:75-86.
Pengthamkeerati P, Motavalli P P, Kremer R J. Soil microbial activity and functionaldiversity changed by compaction, poultry litter and cropping in a claypan soil.Applied Soil Ecology,2011,48:71-80.
Post W M, Kwon K C. Soil carbon sequestration and land-use change: processes andpotential. Global Change Biology,2000,6:317-327.
Reeve M J, Smith P D, Thomasson A J. The effect of density on water retentionproperties of field soils. Journal of Soil Science,1973,24,355-367.
Reynolds W D, Bowman B T, Drury C F, et al. Indicators of good soil physical quality:density and storage parameters. Geoderma,2002,110,131-146.
Rice C W, Garcia F O. Biologically active pools of carbon and nitrogen in tallgrassprairie soil. p.1994,201–208. In J.W. Doran et al.(ed.) Defining soil quality fora sustainable environment. SSSA Special Publications.35. SSSA and ASA,Madison, WI.
Richards L A, Weaver L R. Fifteen atmosphere percentage as related to the permanentwilting point. Journal of Soil Science,1944,56:331-339.
Sadras V O, Milroy S P. Soil-water thresholds for the responses of leaf expansion andgas exchange: A review. Field Crops Research,1996,47:253-266.
Sakine O, Anil C. Effect of different tillage systems on the quality and cropproductivity of a clay–loam soil in semi-arid north-western Turkey. Soil&Tillage Research,2006,88:95-106.
Sally D, Douglas L, Karlen L. Bulk density as a soil quality indicator duringconversion to no-tillage. Soil&Tillage Research,2004,78:143-149.
Schjonning P, Rasmussen K J. Soil strength and soil pore characteristics for directdrilled and ploughed soils. Soil&Tillage Research,2000,57:69-82.
Scott H D. Soil Physics: Agricultural and Environmental Applications. Iowa: IowaState University Press,2000,350-352．
Shestak C J, Busse M D. Compaction alters physical but not biological indices of soilhealth. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2005,69:236-246.
Singh C P, Singh K P, Tripathi S K. Soil organic matter and water-stable aggregatesunder different tillage and residue conditions in a tropical dryland agroecosystem.Applied Soil Ecology,2006,16:229-241.
Six J, Paustian K, Elliott E T, et al. Soil structure and organic matter: I. Distribution ofaggregate-size classes and aggregate-associated carbon. Soil Science Society ofAmerica Journal,2000,64:671-689.
Six J, Conant R T, Paul E A, et al. Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter:Implications for C-saturation of soils. Plant and Soil,2002,241:155-176.
Smith R G, Januchowski S, Gross K L. Earthworms and weed seed distribution inannual crops. Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2005,108:363-367.
Strong D T, De Wever H, Merckx R, et al. Spatial location of carbon decompositionin the soil pore system. European Journal of Soil Science,2004,55:739-750.
Taboada M A, Micucci F G, Cosentino D J, et al. Comparison of compaction inducedby conventional and zero tillage in two soils of the Rolling Pampa of Argentina.Soil&Tillage Research,1998,49:57-63.
Taylor H M, Roberson G M, Parker Jr J J. Soil strength-root penetration relations formedium to coarse-textured soil materials. Journal of Soil Science,1966,102,18-22.
Theodorou C, Cameron J N, Bowen G D. Growth of roots of different Pinus radiatagenotypes in soil at different strength and aeration. Aust. For,1991,54,52-55.
Topp G C, Galganov Y T, Wires K C, et al. Nonlimiting water range(NLWR):anapproach for assessing soil structure. Soil Quality Evaluation Program, TechnicalReport No.2. Agriculture and Agri-Food, Canada,1994,36pp.
Torbert H A, Wood C W. Effects of soil compaction and space on soil microbialactivity and N losses. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,1992,13:1321-1331.
Tormena C A, Da Silva A P, Libardi P L. Soil physical quality of a Brazilian Oxisolunder two tillage systems using the least limiting water range approach. Soil&Tillage Research,1999,52(2):223-232.
Usowicz B, Lipiec J, Ferrero A. Prediction of soil thermal conductivity based onpenetration resistance and water content or air-filled porosity. InternationalJournal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2006,49:5010-5017.
Ussiri D A N, Lal R. Long-term tillage effects on soil carbon storage and carbondioxide emissions in continuous corn cropping system from an alfisol in Ohio.Soil&Tillage Research,2009,104:39-47.
VandenBygaart A J, Protz R, Tomlin A D. Changes in pore structure in a no-tillhronosequence of silt loam soils, southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of SoilScience,1999,79:149-160.
Varvel G E, Wilhelm W W. No-tillage increases soil profile carbon and nitrogenunder long-term rainfed cropping systems. Soil&Tillage Research,2011,114:28-36.
Wahl N A, Bens B, Buczko U. Effects of conventional and conservation tillage on soilhydraulic properties of a silty-loamy soil. Physical and Chemistry of the Earth,2004,29:821-829.
Wall A, Heiskanen J. Water-retention characteristics and related physical propertiesof soil on afforested agricultural land in Finland. Forest Ecology andManagement,2003,186,21-32.
Wall A, Heiskanen J. Soil-water content and air-filled porosity affect height growth ofScots pine in afforested arable land in Finland. Forest Ecology and Management,2009,257,1751-1756.
Williams S M, Weil R R. Crop cover root channels may alleviate soil compactioneffects on soybean crop. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2004,68,1403-1409.
Wu L S, Feng G L, Letey J, et al. Soil management effects on the nonlimiting waterrange. Geoderma,2003,114:401-414.
Xu J L, Nieber J L, Gupta S C. Compaction effect on the gas diffusion coefcient insoils. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1992,56,1743-1750.
Yang X M, Kay B D. Impacts of tillage practices on total, loose, and occludedparticulate, and humified organic C fractions in soils within a field in southernOntario. Canadian Journal of Soil Science,2001,81:149-156.
Yang X M, Drury C F, Reynolds W D, et al. Impacts of long-term and recentlyimposed tillage practices on the vertical distribution of soil organic carbon. Soil&Tillage Research,2008,100:120-124.
Yang X M, Drury C F, Wander M M, et al. Evaluating the effect of tillage on carbonsequestration using the minimum detectable difference concept. Pedosphere,2008,18(4):421-430.
Yavuzcan H G. Wheel traffic impact on soil conditions as influenced by tillagesystem in Central Anatolia. Soil&Tillage Research,2000,54:129-138.
Yoo G, Nissen T M, Wander M M. Use of physical properties to predict the effects oftillage practices on organic matter dynamics in three Illinois soils. Journal ofEnvironmental Quality,2006a,35:1576-1583.
Yoo G, Spomer L A, Wander M M. Regulation of carbo nmineralization rates by soilstructure and water in an agricultural field and a prairie-like soil. Geoderma,2006b,135,16-25.
Yoo G, Wander M M. Influence of tillage practices on soil structural controls overcarbon mineralization. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,70(2):651-659.
Zou C, Sands R, Buchan G, et al. Least limiting water range: a potential indicator ofphysical quality of forest soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research,2000,38,947-958.
Zou C, Penfold C, Sands R, et al. Effects of soil air-filled porosity, soil matricpotential and soil strength on primary root growth of radiata pine seedlings. Plantand Soil,2001,236,105-115.
陈全胜，李凌浩，韩兴国，等.水热条件对锡林河流域典型草原退化群落土壤呼吸的影响.植物生态学报，2003，27（2）：202-209.
黄昌勇.土壤学.北京：中国农业出版社，2000：127-128.
贾书刚，杨学明，王淑平.新型直压式手动原状土取土钻的设计及应用.土壤学报，1995，32（1）：108-111.
焦彩强，王益权，刘军，等.关中地区耕作方法与土壤紧实度时空变异及其效应分析.干旱地区农业研究，2009，27（3）：7-12.
李浩.土壤机械组成及容重对水分特征参数影响模拟试验研究-以黄土为例.西北农林科技大学博士学位论文，2009.
李鸿博，史馄.不同植物过程土坡剖面有机碳含量和含水量研究.大连铁道学院学报，2005，26（1）：92-95.
李华兴，卢维盛，刘远金，等.不同耕作方法对水稻生长和土壤生态的影响.应用生态学报，2001，12（4）：553-556.
李素英，李晓兵，符娜，等.内蒙古典型草原区土壤硬度与土壤水分的空间变化分析-以锡林浩特为例.干旱区地理，2007，30（2）：196-202.
李文凤，张晓平，梁爱珍，等.免耕对黑土蚯蚓数量和土壤密度的影响.农业系统科学与综合研究，2007，23（4）：489-493.
李文凤，张晓平，梁爱珍，等.不同耕作方式下黑土的渗透特性和优先流特征.应用生态学报，2008，19（7）：1506-1510.
梁爱珍，张晓平，杨学明，等.耕作方式对耕层黑土有机碳库储量的短期影响.中国农业科学，2006，39（6）：1287-1293.
梁爱珍.东北黑土有机碳的恢复潜力及其机理研究.中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所博士学位论文，2008.
林大仪.土壤学试验指导.北京：中国林业出版社，2004：66，68，78.
柳建国，何园球，陈长青，等.红壤旱地四种春夏作物水势比较研究.土壤通报，2007，38（5）：863-866.
刘目兴，刘连友，孙炳彦，等.耕作地表土块状况及其对近地表风场的影响.干
旱地区农业研究，2006，26（1）：12-17.
鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.北京：中国农业科技出版社，1998，276-282.
潘根兴.中国土壤有机碳库及其演变与应对气候变化.气候变化研究进展，2008，4（5）：282-289.
全国明，章家恩，严会超，等.免耕对稻田土壤肥力的影响研究进展.中国农学通报，2005，21（9）：266-269，278.
邵明安.土壤物理与生态环境建设研究文集.西安：陕西科学技术出版社，2000
邵明安，王九全，黄明斌.土壤物理学.北京：高等教育出版社，2006，143-144.
时秀焕，张晓平，梁爱珍，等.利用最小限制水分范围评价短期免耕对黑土有机碳矿化的影响.中国农业科学，2010，43（20）：4207-4213.
王昌全，魏成明，李廷强，等.不同免耕方式对作物产量和土壤理化性状的影响.四川农业大学学报，2001，19（2）：152-154.
王殿武，褚达华.少、免耕对旱地土壤物理性状的影响.河北农业大学学报，1992，15（2）：28-33.
王恩姮，赵雨森，陈祥伟.典型黑土耕作区土壤结构对季节性冻融的响应.应用生态学报，2010，21（7）：1744-1750.
王娇月，宋长春，王宪伟，等.冻融作用对土壤有机碳库及微生物的影响研究进展.冰川冻土，2011，33（2）：442-452.
夏建强，章明奎，徐建民.林地开垦后对不同质地红壤碳氮和磷库的影响.土壤通报，2005，36（2）：185-189.
谢云，段兴武，刘宝元，等.东北黑土区主要黑土土种的容许土壤流失量.地理学报，2011，66（7）：940-952.
辛平，黄高宝，张国盛，等.耕作方式对表层土壤饱和导水率及紧实度的影响.甘肃农业大学学报，2005，40（2）：203-207.
杨金玲，张甘霖，赵玉国，等.城市土壤压实对土壤水分特征的影响-以南京市为例.土壤学报，2006，43（1）：33-38.
杨晓娟，李春俭.机械压实对土壤质量、作物生长、土壤生物及环境的影响.中国农业科学，2008，41（7）：2008-2015.
于贵瑞，王绍强，陈泮勤，等.碳同位素技术在土壤碳循环研究中的应用.地球科学进展，2005，20（5）：568-577.
张海林，秦耀东，朱文珊.耕作措施对土壤物理性状的影响.土壤，2003，2：140-144.
张晓平，李文凤，梁爱珍，等.中层黑土不同耕作方式下玉米和大豆产量及经济效益分析.中国生态农业学报，2008，16（4）：858-864.
郑庆福，刘艇，赵兰坡，等.东北黑土耕层土壤黏粒矿物组成的区域差异及其演化.土壤学报，2010，47（4）：734-746.
周虎，吕贻忠，杨志臣，等.保护性耕作对华北平原土壤团聚体特征的影响.中国农业科学，2007，40（9）：1973-1979.
周文佐，刘高焕，潘剑君.土壤有效含水量的经验估算研究.干旱区资源与环境，2003，17（4）：88-95.
庄文化，冯浩，吴普特，等.2种高分子保水材料对土壤持水能力的影响.中国水土保持科学，2008，6（3）：81-87.
Al-Kaisi M M, Yin X H. Tillage and crop residue effects on soil carbon and carbondioxide emission in corn–soybean rotations. Journal of Environmental Quality,2005,34:437-445.
Al-Kaisi M M, Yin X H, Licht M A. Soil carbon and nitrogen changes as influnencedby tillage and cropping systems in some Iowa soils. Soil&Tillage Research,2005,105:635-647.
Archer J R, Smith P D. The relation between bulk density, available water capacity,and air capacity of soils. Journal of Soil Science,1972,34,475-780.
Asgarzadeh H, Mosaddeghi M R, Mahboubi A A, et al. Soil water availability forplants as quantified by conventional available water, least limiting water rangeand integral water capacity. Plant and Soil,2010,335:229-244.
Ball-Coelho B R, Roy R C, Swanton C J. Tillage alters corn root distribution incoarse-textured soil. Soil&Tillage Research,1998,45:249-273.
Balota E L, Colozzi Filho A, Andrade D S, et al. Long-term tillage and crop rotationeffects on microbial biomass and C and N mineralization in a Brazilian Oxisol.Soil&Tillage Research,2004,77:137-145.
Barzegar A R, Mossavi M H, Asoodar M A, et al. Root mass distribution of winterwheat as influenced by different tillage systems in semi arid region. AgronomyJournal,2004,3:223-228.
Batjes N H. Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world. European Journal ofSoil Science,1996,47:151-163.
Bauer P J, Frederick J R, Novak J M, et al. Soil CO2flux from a norfolk loamy sandafter25years of conventional and conservation tillage Soil&Tillage Research,2006,90:205-211.
Bayer C, Mielniczuk J, Amado T J C, et al. Organic matter storage in a sandy clayloam Acrisol affected by tillage and cropping systems in southern Brazi. Soil&Tillage Research,2000,54:101-109.
Bengough A G, Mullins C E. Mechanical impedance to root growth: a review ofexperimental techniques and root growth responses. Journal of Soil Science,1990,41:341-358.
Benjamin J G, Nielsen D C, Vigil M F. Quantifying effects of soil conditions on plantgrowth and crop production. Geoderma,2003,116:137-148.
Betz C L, Allmaras R R, Copeland S M, et al. Least limiting water range: traffic andlong-term tillage influences in a Webster soil. Soil Science Society of AmericaJournal,1998,62,1384-1393.
Beutler A N, Centurion J F, Da Silva A P. Soil resistance to penetration and leastlimiting water range for soybean yield in a Haplustox from Brazil. BrazilianArchives of Biology and Technology,2005,48(6):863-871.
Boivin P, Sch ffer B, Sturny W. Quantifying the relationship between soil organiccarbon and soil physical properties using shrinkage modelling. European Journalof Soil Science,2009,60(2):265-275.
Carlos M P, Luis H B, Jan W H. Contribution of water content and bulk density tofield soil penetration resistance as measured by a combined conepenetrometer-TDR probe. Soil&Tillage Research,2001,60(1):35-42.
Cassel D K, Ratliff L F, Ritchie J T. Models for estimating in-situ potential extractablewater using soil physical and chemical soil properties. Soil Science Society ofAmerica Journal,1983,47:764-769.
Cassel D K, Nielsen D R. Field Capacity and Available Water Capacity. In: Klute A.(Editor). Methods of Soil Analysis: Part I. Physical and Mineralogical Methods,2en edn. Soil Science society of America, Inc: Madison, Wisconsin, USA,1986,901.
Carter M R, Angers D A, Topp G C. Characterizing equilibrium physical conditionnear the surface of a fine sandy loam under conservation tillage in a humidclimate. Journal of Soil Science,1999,164:101-110.
Cavazza L A, Patruno E C. Field capacity in soils with a yearly oscillating water table.Biosystems Engineering,2007,98:364-370.
Chan K Y, HeenanD P, Oates A. Soil carbon fractions and rela-tionship to soil qualityunder different tillage and stubble management. Soil&Tillage Research,2002,63:133-139.
Chang C, Lindwall C W. Effect of long-term minimum tillage practices on somephysical properties of a Chernozemic clay loam. Canadian Journal of SoilScience,1989,69:443-449.
Christopher S, Lal R, Mishra U. Long-term no-tillage effects on carbon sequestrationin the Midwestern U.S. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2009,73:207-216.
Cornish P S. Soil macrostructure and root growth of establishing seedlings. Plant andSoil,1993,151,119-126.
Costantini A, So H B, Doley D. Early Pinuscari baea var. hondurensis rootdevelopment: I. Influence of matric suction. Australian Journal of ExperimentalAgriculture,1996,36,839-846.
Dam R F, Mehdi B B, Burgess M S E, et al. Soil bulk density and crop yield undereleven consecutive years of corn with different tillage and residue practices in asandy loam soil in central Canada. Soil&Tillage Research,2005,84:41-53.
Dao T H. Tillage and crop residue effects on carbon dioxide evolution and carbonstorage in a Paleustoll. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1998,62:250-256.
Da Silva A P, Kay B D, Perfect E. Characterization of the least limiting water range ofsoils. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58(6):1775-1781.
Da Silva A P, Kay B D. The sensitivity of shoot growth of corn to the least limitingwater range of soils. Plant and Soil,1996,184(2):322-329.
Da Silva A P, Kay B D. Estimating the least limiting water range of soils fromproperties and management. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1997,61(3):877-883.
Da Silva A P, Kay B D. Linking process capability analysis and least limiting waterrange for assessing soil physical quality. Soil&Tillage Research,2004,79,167-174.
De Neve S, Hofman G. Influence of soil compaction on carbon and nitrogenminerlization of soil organic matter and crop residues. Biology and Fertility ofSoils,2000,30:544-549.
Díaz-Zorita M. Effect of deep-tillage and nitrogen fertilization interactions on drylandcorn (Zea mays L.) productivity. Soil&Tillage Research,2000,54:11-19.
Díaz-Zorita M, Grove J H. Duration of tillage management affects carbon andphosphorus stratification in phosphatic Paleudalfs. Soil&Tillage Research,2002,66(2):165-174.
Doran S A, Parkin K B. Short-term responses of soil physical properties to corntillage-planting systems in a humid maritime climate. Soil&Tillage Research,1994,54:171-178.
Douglas J T, Jarvis M G, Howse K R, et al. Structure of a silty soil in relation tomanagement. Journal of Soil Science,1986,37:137-151.
Drury C F, Zhang T Q, Kay B D. The non-limiting and least limiting water ranges forsoil nitrogen mineralization. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2003,67(5):1388-1404.
Duan X W, Xie Y, Liu G, et al. Field capacity in black soil region, Northeast China.Chinese Geographical Science,2010,20(5):406-413.
Ehlers W W, Kopke F, Hesse F, et al. Penetration resistance and root growth of oats intilled and untilled loess soil. Soil&Tillage Research,1983,3,261-275.
Ellert B H, Bettany J R. Calculation of organic matter and nutrients stored in soilsunder contrasting management regimes. Canadian Journal of Soil Science,1995:529-538.
Ferreras L A, Costa J L, Garcia F O, Pecorari.C. Effect of no-tillage on some physicalproperties of a structural degraded Petrocalcic Paleudoll of the southen “Pampa”of Argentina. Soil&Tillage Research,2000,54:31-39.
Fidalski J, Tormena C A, Da Silva A P. Least limiting water range and physicalquality of soil under groundcover management systems in citrus. Sci. Agric,2010,67(4):448-453.
Franzluebbers A J, Hons F M, Zuberer D A. Tillage induced seasonal changes in soilphysical properties affecting soil CO2evolution under intensive cropping. Soil&Tillage Research,1995,34:41-60.
Franzluebbers A J, Arshad M A. Particulate organic carbon content and potentialmineralization as affected by tillage and texture. Soil Science Society of AmericaJournal,1997,61:1382-1386.
Franzluebbers A J. Soil organic matter stratification ratio as an indicator of soil quality.Soil&Tillage Research,2002,66(2):95-106.
Franzluebbers A J, Schomberg H H, Endale D M. Surface-soil responses toparaplowing of long-term no-tillage cropland in the Southern Piedmont USA.Soil&Tillage Research,2007,96(1):303-315.
Gebregiorgis M F, Savage M J. Field, laboratory and estimated soil-water contentlimits. Water SA,2006,32:155-162.
Givi J, Prasher S O, Patel R M. Evaluation of pedotransfer functions in predicting thesoil water contents at field capacity and wilting point. Agricultural WaterManagement,2004,70:83-96.
Gomez J A, Giraledz J V, Fereres E. Effects of tillage method on soil physicalproperties,infiltration and yield in an olice orchard. Soil&Tillage Research,1999,52:167-175.
Grable A R, Siemer E G. Effects of bulk density, aggregate size, and soil water suctionon oxygen diffusion, redox potential elongation of corn roots. Soil ScienceSociety of America Journal,1968,32:180-186.
Grace J. Understanding and managing the global carbon cycle. Journal of Ecology,2004,92:189-202.
Haise H R, Haas H J, Jensen L R. Soil moisture studies of some great plain soils II.Field capacity as related to1/3atmosphere percentage, and “minimum point” asrelated to15-and26-atmosphere percentage. Soil Science Society of AmericaJournal,1955,34:20-25.
Hamblin A P. The influence of soil structure on water movement, crop root growthand water uptake. Advances in Agronomy,1985,38,95-158.
Heinonen R. Multakerroksen kosteussuhteista suomen maalajeissa(Summary:Moisture conditions in Finnish topsoils). Agricultural Research CentreDepartment of Soil Science. Agrogeological Publications,1954,62(in Finnish).
Hendrix P F, Han C R, Groffman P M. Soil respiration in conventional and no-tillageagroecosystems under different winter cover crop rotations. Soil&TillageResearch,1988,12:135-148.
Hill R L, Horton R, Cruse R M. Tillage effects on soil water retention and pore sizedistribution of two Mollisols. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1985,49:1264-1270.
Hillel D. Environmental Soil Physics. New York: Academic Press,1998,464-468.
Horn R, Domzal H, Slowniska-Jurkiewicz A, et al. Soil compaction processes andtheir effects on the structure of arable soils and the environment. Soil&TillageResearch,1995,35:23-36.
Horn R, Baumgartl T. Dynamic properties of soils. In: Sumner, M.E.(Ed.), Handbookof Soil Science. CRC Press,2000, BocaRaton.
Hutchinson J J, Campbell C A, Desjardins R L. Some perspectives on carbonsequestration in agriculture. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2007,142:288-302.
Ilstedt U, Nordgren A, Malmer A. Optimum soil water for soil respiration before andafter amendment with glucose in humid tropical acrisols and a boreal mor layer.Soil Biology&Soil Biochemistry,2000,32:1591-1599.
Imhoff S, Ghiberto P J, Grioni A. Porosity characterization of Argiudolls underdifferent management systems in the Argentine Flat Pampa. Geoderma,2010,158(2):268-274.
IPCC. Climate Change2007: the Physical Science Basis. IPCC Secretariat, Geneva,Switzerland.
Jabro J D, Evans R G, Kim Y. Estimating in situ soil-water retention and field watercapacity in two contrasting soil textures. Irrigation Science,2009,27:223-229.
Jensen L S, McQueen D J, Ross D J, et al. Effects of soil compaction onN-mineralization and microbal-C and laboratory simulation. Soil&TillageResearch,1996,38(2):189-202.
Johnston, A. Soil organic matter effects on soils and crops. Soil Use and Management,1986,2:97-105.
Karlen M A, Tanaka D L, Wienhol B J. Tillage and cropping effects on soil qualityindicators in the northern Great Plains. Soil&Tillage Research,1997,78:131-141.
Kaufmann M, Tobias S, Schulin R. Comparison of critical limits for crop plantgrowth based on different indicators for the state of soil compaction. Journal ofPlant Nutrition and Soil Science,2010,173,573-583.
Kay B D. Rates of change of soil structure under different cropping systems. Advancein Soil Science,1990,12:1-52.
Kay B D, VandenBygaart A J. Conservation tillage and depth stratification of porosityand soil organic matter. Soil&Tillage Research,2002,66:107-118.
Kirkegaard J A, Angus J F, Gardner P A. Reduce growth and yield of wheat withconservation cropping I: field studies in the first year of the cropping phase.Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1994,45:511-528.
Kirkham M B. Principles of Soil and Plant Water Relations. San Diego: ElsevierAcademic Press,2005,101-110.
Krzic M, Fortin M C, Bomke A A. Short-term responses of soil physical properties tocorn tillage-planting systems in a humid maritime climate. Soil&TillageResearch,2000,54:171-178.
Lal R. Encyclopedia of Soil Science. Boca Raton: Taylor&Francis,2006,218-222.
Lapen D R, Topp G C, Gregorich E G, et al. Least limiting water range: indicators ofsoil quality and corn production, eastern Ontario, Canada. Soil&TillageResearch,2004a,78:151-170.
Lapen D R, Topp G C, Edwards M E, et al. Combination cone penetrationresistance/water content instrumentation to evaluate cone penetration-watercontent relationships in tillage research. Soil&Tillage Research,2004b,79(1):51-62.
Letey J. Relationship between soil physical properties and crop productions.Advances in Soil Science,1985,1:277-294.
Liebig M A, Jones A J, Doran J W, et al. Potential soil respiration and relationship tosoil properties in ridge tillage. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1995,59:1430-1435.
Liebig M A, Tanaka D L, Wienhol B J. Tillage and cropping effects on soil qualityindicators in the northern Great Plains. Soil&Tillage Research,2004,78:131-141.
Lipiec J, Simota C. Role of soil and climate factors influencing crop responses to soilcompaction in central and eastern Europe. p.365–390. In Soane B D and vanOuwerkerk (ed.) Soil compaction in crop production. Elsevier Sciencedirect,1995, Amsterdam.
Leao T P, Da Silva A P, Imhoff S. Least limiting water range: a potential indicator ofchanges in near-surface soil physical quality after the conversion of BrazilianSavanna into pasture. Soil&Tillage Research,2006,88:279-285.
Logsdon S D, Karlen D L. Bulk density as a soil quality indicator during conversionto no-tillage. Soil&Tillage Research,2004,78:143-149.
Maclean A H, Yager T U. Available water capacities of Zambian soils in relation topressure plate measurements particle size analysis. Journal of Soil Science,1972,113:23-29.
Madejón E, Murillo J M, Moreno F, et al. Effect of long-term conservation tillage onsoil biochemical properties in Mediterranean Spanish areas. Soil&TillageResearch,2009,105,55-62.
Mahboubi A A, Lal R, Faussey N R. Twenty-eight years of tillage effects on twosoils in Ohio. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1993,57:506-512.
Maja K, Marie-Claude F, Arthur A B. Short-term responses of soil physical propertiesto corn tillage-planting systems in a humid maritime climate. Soil&TillageResearch,2000,54:171-178.
Martino D L, Shaykewich C F. Root penetration profiles of wheat and barley asaffected by soil penetration resistance in field conditions. Canadian Journal ofSoil Science,1994,74,193-200.
McGarry D, Bridge B J, Radford B J. Contrasting soil physical properties after zeroand traditional tillage of an alluvial soil in the semi-arid subtropics. Soil&Tillage Research,2000,53:105-115.
McKeague J A, Eilers R G, Thomasson A J, et al. Tentative assessment of soil surveyapproaches to the characterization and interpretation of air-water properties ofsoils. Geoderma,1984,34,69-100.
Medeiros J C, Da Silva A P, Cerri C E P, et al. Linking physical quality and CO2emissions under long-term no-till and conventional-till in a subtropical soil inBrazil. Plant and Soil,2011,338:5-15.
Mielke L W, Wilhelm W W, Richards K A, et al. Soil physical characteristics ofreduced tillage in a wheat fallow system. Transactions of the ASAE,1984,27:1724-1728.
Milton V, Rainer H, Dalvan J R. Soil compressibility and penetrability of an Oxisolfrom southern Brazil, as affected by long-term tillage systems. Soil&TillageResearch,2007,92:104-113.
Minasny B, McBratney A B. Integral energy as a measure of soil-water availability.Plant and Soil,2003,249:253-262.
Miretti M C, Imhoff S, Da Silva A P, et al. Soil structure degradation in patches ofalfalfa fields. Sci. Agric,2010,67(5):604-610.
Moreno F, Murillo J M, Pelegrn F, et al. Long-term impact of conservation tillage onstratification ratio of soil organic carbon and loss of total and active CaCO3. Soil&Tillage Research,2006,85:86-93.
Olibone D, Encide-Olibone A P, Rosolem C A. Least limiting water range andcrop yields as affected by crop rotations and tillage. Soil Use and Management,2010,26(4):485-493.
Oliver W M, Shipitalo M J, Traina S J. Role of lumbricus terrestris (L.) burrows onquality of infiltrating water. Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2006,24:1555-1561.
Omonode R A, Vyn T J, Smith D R, et al. Soil carbon dioxide and methane fluxesfrom long-term tillage systems in continuous corn and corn-soybean rotations.Soil&Tillage Research,2007,95:182~195
Osunbitan J A, Oyedele D J, Adekalu K O. Tillage effects on bulk density, hydraulicconductivity and strength of a loamy sand soil in southwestern Nigeria. Soil&Tillage Research,2005,82:57-64.
Oussible M, Crookston R K, Larson W E. Subsurface compaction reduces the rootand shoot growth and grain yield of wheat. Agronomy Journal,1992,84:34-38.
Ozpinar S, Cay A. Effect of different tillage systems on the quality and cropproductivity of a clay–loam soil in semi-arid north-western Turkey. Soil&Tillage Research,2006,88:95-106.
Paustian K, Six J, Elliott E T, et al. Management options for reducing CO2emissionsfrom agricultural soils. Biogeochemistry,2000,48(1):147-163.
Pengthamkeerati P, Motavalli P P, Kremer R J, et al. Soil carbon dioxide efflux from aclaypan soil affected by surface compaction and applications of poultry litter.Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2005,109:75-86.
Pengthamkeerati P, Motavalli P P, Kremer R J. Soil microbial activity and functionaldiversity changed by compaction, poultry litter and cropping in a claypan soil.Applied Soil Ecology,2011,48:71-80.
Post W M, Kwon K C. Soil carbon sequestration and land-use change: processes andpotential. Global Change Biology,2000,6:317-327.
Reeve M J, Smith P D, Thomasson A J. The effect of density on water retentionproperties of field soils. Journal of Soil Science,1973,24,355-367.
Reynolds W D, Bowman B T, Drury C F, et al. Indicators of good soil physical quality:density and storage parameters. Geoderma,2002,110,131-146.
Rice C W, Garcia F O. Biologically active pools of carbon and nitrogen in tallgrassprairie soil. p.1994,201–208. In J.W. Doran et al.(ed.) Defining soil quality fora sustainable environment. SSSA Special Publications.35. SSSA and ASA,Madison, WI.
Richards L A, Weaver L R. Fifteen atmosphere percentage as related to the permanentwilting point. Journal of Soil Science,1944,56:331-339.
Sadras V O, Milroy S P. Soil-water thresholds for the responses of leaf expansion andgas exchange: A review. Field Crops Research,1996,47:253-266.
Sakine O, Anil C. Effect of different tillage systems on the quality and cropproductivity of a clay–loam soil in semi-arid north-western Turkey. Soil&Tillage Research,2006,88:95-106.
Sally D, Douglas L, Karlen L. Bulk density as a soil quality indicator duringconversion to no-tillage. Soil&Tillage Research,2004,78:143-149.
Schjonning P, Rasmussen K J. Soil strength and soil pore characteristics for directdrilled and ploughed soils. Soil&Tillage Research,2000,57:69-82.
Scott H D. Soil Physics: Agricultural and Environmental Applications. Iowa: IowaState University Press,2000,350-352．
Shestak C J, Busse M D. Compaction alters physical but not biological indices of soilhealth. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2005,69:236-246.
Singh C P, Singh K P, Tripathi S K. Soil organic matter and water-stable aggregatesunder different tillage and residue conditions in a tropical dryland agroecosystem.Applied Soil Ecology,2006,16:229-241.
Six J, Paustian K, Elliott E T, et al. Soil structure and organic matter: I. Distribution ofaggregate-size classes and aggregate-associated carbon. Soil Science Society ofAmerica Journal,2000,64:671-689.
Six J, Conant R T, Paul E A, et al. Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter:Implications for C-saturation of soils. Plant and Soil,2002,241:155-176.
Smith R G, Januchowski S, Gross K L. Earthworms and weed seed distribution inannual crops. Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2005,108:363-367.
Strong D T, De Wever H, Merckx R, et al. Spatial location of carbon decompositionin the soil pore system. European Journal of Soil Science,2004,55:739-750.
Taboada M A, Micucci F G, Cosentino D J, et al. Comparison of compaction inducedby conventional and zero tillage in two soils of the Rolling Pampa of Argentina.Soil&Tillage Research,1998,49:57-63.
Taylor H M, Roberson G M, Parker Jr J J. Soil strength-root penetration relations formedium to coarse-textured soil materials. Journal of Soil Science,1966,102,18-22.
Theodorou C, Cameron J N, Bowen G D. Growth of roots of different Pinus radiatagenotypes in soil at different strength and aeration. Aust. For,1991,54,52-55.
Topp G C, Galganov Y T, Wires K C, et al. Nonlimiting water range(NLWR):anapproach for assessing soil structure. Soil Quality Evaluation Program, TechnicalReport No.2. Agriculture and Agri-Food, Canada,1994,36pp.
Torbert H A, Wood C W. Effects of soil compaction and space on soil microbialactivity and N losses. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,1992,13:1321-1331.
Tormena C A, Da Silva A P, Libardi P L. Soil physical quality of a Brazilian Oxisolunder two tillage systems using the least limiting water range approach. Soil&Tillage Research,1999,52(2):223-232.
Usowicz B, Lipiec J, Ferrero A. Prediction of soil thermal conductivity based onpenetration resistance and water content or air-filled porosity. InternationalJournal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2006,49:5010-5017.
Ussiri D A N, Lal R. Long-term tillage effects on soil carbon storage and carbondioxide emissions in continuous corn cropping system from an alfisol in Ohio.Soil&Tillage Research,2009,104:39-47.
VandenBygaart A J, Protz R, Tomlin A D. Changes in pore structure in a no-tillhronosequence of silt loam soils, southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of SoilScience,1999,79:149-160.
Varvel G E, Wilhelm W W. No-tillage increases soil profile carbon and nitrogenunder long-term rainfed cropping systems. Soil&Tillage Research,2011,114:28-36.
Wahl N A, Bens B, Buczko U. Effects of conventional and conservation tillage on soilhydraulic properties of a silty-loamy soil. Physical and Chemistry of the Earth,2004,29:821-829.
Wall A, Heiskanen J. Water-retention characteristics and related physical propertiesof soil on afforested agricultural land in Finland. Forest Ecology andManagement,2003,186,21-32.
Wall A, Heiskanen J. Soil-water content and air-filled porosity affect height growth ofScots pine in afforested arable land in Finland. Forest Ecology and Management,2009,257,1751-1756.
Williams S M, Weil R R. Crop cover root channels may alleviate soil compactioneffects on soybean crop. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2004,68,1403-1409.
Wu L S, Feng G L, Letey J, et al. Soil management effects on the nonlimiting waterrange. Geoderma,2003,114:401-414.
Xu J L, Nieber J L, Gupta S C. Compaction effect on the gas diffusion coefcient insoils. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1992,56,1743-1750.
Yang X M, Kay B D. Impacts of tillage practices on total, loose, and occludedparticulate, and humified organic C fractions in soils within a field in southernOntario. Canadian Journal of Soil Science,2001,81:149-156.
Yang X M, Drury C F, Reynolds W D, et al. Impacts of long-term and recentlyimposed tillage practices on the vertical distribution of soil organic carbon. Soil&Tillage Research,2008,100:120-124.
Yang X M, Drury C F, Wander M M, et al. Evaluating the effect of tillage on carbonsequestration using the minimum detectable difference concept. Pedosphere,2008,18(4):421-430.
Yavuzcan H G. Wheel traffic impact on soil conditions as influenced by tillagesystem in Central Anatolia. Soil&Tillage Research,2000,54:129-138.
Yoo G, Nissen T M, Wander M M. Use of physical properties to predict the effects oftillage practices on organic matter dynamics in three Illinois soils. Journal ofEnvironmental Quality,2006a,35:1576-1583.
Yoo G, Spomer L A, Wander M M. Regulation of carbo nmineralization rates by soilstructure and water in an agricultural field and a prairie-like soil. Geoderma,2006b,135,16-25.
Yoo G, Wander M M. Influence of tillage practices on soil structural controls overcarbon mineralization. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,70(2):651-659.
Zou C, Sands R, Buchan G, et al. Least limiting water range: a potential indicator ofphysical quality of forest soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research,2000,38,947-958.
Zou C, Penfold C, Sands R, et al. Effects of soil air-filled porosity, soil matricpotential and soil strength on primary root growth of radiata pine seedlings. Plantand Soil,2001,236,105-115.
陈全胜，李凌浩，韩兴国，等.水热条件对锡林河流域典型草原退化群落土壤呼吸的影响.植物生态学报，2003，27（2）：202-209.
黄昌勇.土壤学.北京：中国农业出版社，2000：127-128.
贾书刚，杨学明，王淑平.新型直压式手动原状土取土钻的设计及应用.土壤学报，1995，32（1）：108-111.
焦彩强，王益权，刘军，等.关中地区耕作方法与土壤紧实度时空变异及其效应分析.干旱地区农业研究，2009，27（3）：7-12.
李浩.土壤机械组成及容重对水分特征参数影响模拟试验研究-以黄土为例.西北农林科技大学博士学位论文，2009.
李鸿博，史馄.不同植物过程土坡剖面有机碳含量和含水量研究.大连铁道学院学报，2005，26（1）：92-95.
李华兴，卢维盛，刘远金，等.不同耕作方法对水稻生长和土壤生态的影响.应用生态学报，2001，12（4）：553-556.
李素英，李晓兵，符娜，等.内蒙古典型草原区土壤硬度与土壤水分的空间变化分析-以锡林浩特为例.干旱区地理，2007，30（2）：196-202.
李文凤，张晓平，梁爱珍，等.免耕对黑土蚯蚓数量和土壤密度的影响.农业系统科学与综合研究，2007，23（4）：489-493.
李文凤，张晓平，梁爱珍，等.不同耕作方式下黑土的渗透特性和优先流特征.应用生态学报，2008，19（7）：1506-1510.
梁爱珍，张晓平，杨学明，等.耕作方式对耕层黑土有机碳库储量的短期影响.中国农业科学，2006，39（6）：1287-1293.
梁爱珍.东北黑土有机碳的恢复潜力及其机理研究.中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所博士学位论文，2008.
林大仪.土壤学试验指导.北京：中国林业出版社，2004：66，68，78.
柳建国，何园球，陈长青，等.红壤旱地四种春夏作物水势比较研究.土壤通报，2007，38（5）：863-866.
刘目兴，刘连友，孙炳彦，等.耕作地表土块状况及其对近地表风场的影响.干
旱地区农业研究，2006，26（1）：12-17.
鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.北京：中国农业科技出版社，1998，276-282.
潘根兴.中国土壤有机碳库及其演变与应对气候变化.气候变化研究进展，2008，4（5）：282-289.
全国明，章家恩，严会超，等.免耕对稻田土壤肥力的影响研究进展.中国农学通报，2005，21（9）：266-269，278.
邵明安.土壤物理与生态环境建设研究文集.西安：陕西科学技术出版社，2000
邵明安，王九全，黄明斌.土壤物理学.北京：高等教育出版社，2006，143-144.
时秀焕，张晓平，梁爱珍，等.利用最小限制水分范围评价短期免耕对黑土有机碳矿化的影响.中国农业科学，2010，43（20）：4207-4213.
王昌全，魏成明，李廷强，等.不同免耕方式对作物产量和土壤理化性状的影响.四川农业大学学报，2001，19（2）：152-154.
王殿武，褚达华.少、免耕对旱地土壤物理性状的影响.河北农业大学学报，1992，15（2）：28-33.
王恩姮，赵雨森，陈祥伟.典型黑土耕作区土壤结构对季节性冻融的响应.应用生态学报，2010，21（7）：1744-1750.
王娇月，宋长春，王宪伟，等.冻融作用对土壤有机碳库及微生物的影响研究进展.冰川冻土，2011，33（2）：442-452.
夏建强，章明奎，徐建民.林地开垦后对不同质地红壤碳氮和磷库的影响.土壤通报，2005，36（2）：185-189.
谢云，段兴武，刘宝元，等.东北黑土区主要黑土土种的容许土壤流失量.地理学报，2011，66（7）：940-952.
辛平，黄高宝，张国盛，等.耕作方式对表层土壤饱和导水率及紧实度的影响.甘肃农业大学学报，2005，40（2）：203-207.
杨金玲，张甘霖，赵玉国，等.城市土壤压实对土壤水分特征的影响-以南京市为例.土壤学报，2006，43（1）：33-38.
杨晓娟，李春俭.机械压实对土壤质量、作物生长、土壤生物及环境的影响.中国农业科学，2008，41（7）：2008-2015.
于贵瑞，王绍强，陈泮勤，等.碳同位素技术在土壤碳循环研究中的应用.地球科学进展，2005，20（5）：568-577.
张海林，秦耀东，朱文珊.耕作措施对土壤物理性状的影响.土壤，2003，2：140-144.
张晓平，李文凤，梁爱珍，等.中层黑土不同耕作方式下玉米和大豆产量及经济效益分析.中国生态农业学报，2008，16（4）：858-864.
郑庆福，刘艇，赵兰坡，等.东北黑土耕层土壤黏粒矿物组成的区域差异及其演化.土壤学报，2010，47（4）：734-746.
周虎，吕贻忠，杨志臣，等.保护性耕作对华北平原土壤团聚体特征的影响.中国农业科学，2007，40（9）：1973-1979.
周文佐，刘高焕，潘剑君.土壤有效含水量的经验估算研究.干旱区资源与环境，2003，17（4）：88-95.
庄文化，冯浩，吴普特，等.2种高分子保水材料对土壤持水能力的影响.中国水土保持科学，2008，6（3）：81-87.