掺杂焦碳及纳米氧化铁吸附生态环境水体中重金属试验研究
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摘要
重金属污染已经成为目前危害显著的水污染问题之一,例如砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)和铬(Cr)等,这些元素因居民生活用水排放,以及一些工业企业不顾国家相关政策而进行非法排放导致的,类似的报道在电视报纸上均长期多次报道过,但目前来看这样的排放还没有得到有效的遏制,对环境和生态造成了严重的污染,直接影响了人类和生态动植物的生存健康。目前治理重金属污染水体方法众多,其中吸附法是一种传统经典方法。活性炭和氧化铁材料是经典的吸附材料,具有原料来源广泛、价格低廉、使用方便的优势。迄今,已有许多采用活性炭和氧化铁材料分离、吸附重金属的报道,但是直接采用这些原材料处理重金属污染废水还存在吸附量较小、材料不成形、不利于流态化处理等问题。
基于上述材料目前存在的问题,考虑到纳米材料以其优越的理化性能已经被应用于催化、分离、光电等领域,本文选用对重金属有较好吸附富集能力的焦碳和纳米氧化铁材料作为基体,采用镧系元素掺杂技术,希望得到分离富集性能更好的重金属吸附材料。主要研究内容和结果如下：
1.镧、铈掺杂焦碳的制备及其对铜、铅、锌、铬、镉的吸附研究结果表明：铈掺杂焦碳对铜、铅、锌、铬、镉的吸附效果比未掺杂焦碳吸附效果平均高约30%左右。镧掺杂焦碳对痕量金属离子铜、铅、锌、铬和镉的吸附效果比未掺杂焦碳吸附效果平均高约40%左右。实验结果计算得到若以100mg/L作为金属离子浓度,去除一吨水所需镧掺杂焦碳为10kg,可见掺杂焦碳用于处理重金属污染水是可行的,可以作为传统方法的补充和完善。焦碳(铈)对混合铜、铅、锌、铬、镉离子的吸附实验表明,各元素间存在一定的竞争吸附关系。总的来说,镧、铈掺杂焦碳对痕量铜、铅、锌、铬、镉的吸附能力比未掺杂焦碳均有提高,部分元素吸附有显著提高。
2.镧、铈掺杂纳米氧化铁的制备及其对痕量砷、汞的吸附性能研究表明：IR、SEM、XRD、BET等分析表征表明,稀土元素镧、铈成功地掺杂到纳米氧化铁基体上。与未改性的纳米氧化铁相比较,镧或铈改性的纳米氧化铁对砷、汞的吸附均有明显提高。掺杂稀土元素镧、铈的纳米氧化铁对痕量砷、汞的吸附符合准二级动力学方程。铈改性、镧改性及未改性的纳米氧化铁对砷的最大吸附量分别可达到28.33、28.49、22.22mg/g,与相应的理论吸附容量相符,同时得到三种材料对砷吸附过程准二级吸附速率常数。未改性的纳米氧化铁对砷、汞吸附反应的标准摩尔焓变分别为10.20(砷)kJ/mol、7.53(汞)kJ/mol;铈改性纳米氧化铁对砷、汞吸附反应的标准摩尔焓变分别为16.74.11.60kJ/mol;镧改性的纳米氧化铁对砷、汞的吸附反应的标准摩尔焓变分别为11.36.10.17kJ/mol.说明在20至500C之间,三种纳米氧化铁材料对砷、汞的吸附过程都是吸热过程。
3.镧、铈掺杂纳米氧化铁对痕量铅、铬的吸附容量及吸附动力学的研究表明：镧掺杂纳米氧化铁的吸附铅离子的能力显著增强,比掺杂焦碳对铅的吸附容量更大。稀土改性后,纳米氧化铁的吸附铬离子的能力显著增强,其中铈改性的纳米氧化铁对铅的吸附容量最大,但低于镧掺杂焦碳对Cr吸附效果。在25℃的水溶液中各种纳米氧化铁吸附铅离子的动力学方程都符合准二级方程,并且都能很快的达到吸附平衡。
综上所述,本研究制备的新型掺杂材料具有原材料价廉易得、操作简单、成本低廉、制备工艺易于放大等优点。改性后的焦碳和纳米氧化铁材料对几种重要的重金属离子的吸附性能明显提高,吸附过程快速。为高效吸附材料的合成或制备提供了有价值的参考途径,并为重金属污染废水的有效处理提供了可供选择的新材料和有意义的参考数据。
The pollution of heavy metals has become one of the most considerable problems of water pollution, such as As Hg Pb and Cr elements, these elements are cause by water emissions including residential water emissions, in particular, the result of illegal discharges of a number of industrial enterprises regardless of national policy,such reports frequently reported on TV and newspaper,but such emissions has never been effectively curbed, which have caused serious pollution to the environment and ecosystem,and have caused direct impact on human and ecological health of animal and plant. Activated carbon and iron oxide adsorbent materials are classic materials, have the advantages of wide range of sources of raw materials, low cost, easy to use. Today, There are many reported applications of activated carbon and iron oxide materials to separation, adsorption of heavy metals. However, there are problems of directly using of these materials for heavy metals in polluted wastewater treatment,such as small adsorption capacity, fix difficult and hard to deal with fluidization process.
Based on those problems,considering nanomaterials its superior physical and chemical properties have been applied to fields as catalysis, separation, optoelectronics and so on, This paper selected coke and iron oxide materials as the matrix for their good ability of adsorption of heavy metals in wastewater,. used the modified technology with La and Ce, we hope to get better performance separation and enrichment of heavy metals adsorption materials. The main contents and results are as follows:
1. The results of rare earth doped coke adsorption of copper, lead, zinc, chromium, cadmium show:The Efficiency of Cerium modified coke increased by average of about30%comparing with the unmodified material.The adsorption of rare earth elements lanthanum-doped coke of trace metal ions Cu Pb Cr Cd show the lanthanum modified coke is better than the unmodified coke's adsorption efficiency,which increased average about40%. Calculated in terms of100mg/L as the concentration of metal ions in waste water by the experimental results, to removal of these elments in one ton of water need lanthanum modified coke10kilogram,so which means that modified coke can be used to treat heavy metal contaminated water is feasible, and can used as a supplement and improvement to method of traditional methods. Experiments of coexistence of multi-element show that there is a certain degree of competitive adsorption relationship between each element. Sum up, the results of rare earth doped coke adsorption of copper, lead, zinc, chromium, cadmium show:rare earth elements lanthanum, cerium doped coke adsorption of trace amounts of copper, lead, zinc, chromium, cadmium has greatly inproved than the undoped coke, while to some elements,the adsorption improved significantly.
2. Preparation of lanthanum, Cerium doped nano-iron oxide and the reaserch on adsorption of trace amounts of arsenic, mercury proved:analyse results of IR,SEM,XRD,BET and so on show that rare earth elements lanthanum,cerium are doped into iron oxide matrix successfully.Compare with undoped iron oxide,the modified nano iron oxide adsorption of mercury has been greatly improved. The adsorption of trace amounts of arsenic, mercury in simulated wastewater of nano iron oxide doped with rare earth elements lanthanum, cerium is accord with pseudo-second-order rate equation and the theoretical maximum amount of adsorption of arsenic of Cerium, lanthanum doped and undoped nano-iron oxide is28.33,28.49,22.22mg/g respectively, and the pseudo-second-order rate equation rates constant gained. Standard molar enthalpy change of reaction(ΔrHmθ) of unmodified nano iron oxide adsorption of arsenic, mercury is10.20,7.53kJ/mol respectively; Standard molar enthalpy change of reaction(ΔrHmθ) of cerium-modified nano iron oxide adsorption of arsenic, mercury is16.74,11.60kJ/mol; while Standard molar enthalpy change of reaction(ΔrHmθ) of lanthanum-modified nano iron oxide adsorption of arsenic, mercury is11.36,10.17kJ/mol respectively. Thus between20and50℃, the adsorption of arsenic, mercury of three nano-iron oxide is endothermic reaction.
3. Preparation of lanthanum, Cerium doped nano-iron oxide and the reaserch on adsorption of trace amounts of lead, chromium showed that the capacity of La-doped iron oxide adsorption of lead ions enhanced significantly, better than the adsorption capacity of the modified coke. Rare earth modified iron oxide adsorption of chromium ions enhanced significantly, then Ce-doped iron oxide adsorption capacity for lead is the best, but less than the La-doped coke adsorption of chromiu. At temperature of25℃,the kinetics of the various iron oxide adsorption of lead ions in aqueous solution are found to follow the pseudo-second-order rate equations, and can reach equilibrium quickly. At temperature of25℃,the kinetics of the various iron oxide adsorption of chromium ions in aqueous solution are found to accord with follow the pseudo-second-order rate equations, and can reach equilibrium quickly.
In summary, In this study, a new type of doped material has prepared with the advantages of cheap raw material, operation simple, low cost, easy preparation amplification, etc. Modified coke and iron oxide materials adsorption performance on several important heavy metal ion has improved significantly, and the adsorption process is fast. It provide a valuable reference for efficient adsorbent material preparation, and provide a choice of new materials and meaningful reference data for treatment on many important heavy metals incontaminated wastewater.
基于上述材料目前存在的问题,考虑到纳米材料以其优越的理化性能已经被应用于催化、分离、光电等领域,本文选用对重金属有较好吸附富集能力的焦碳和纳米氧化铁材料作为基体,采用镧系元素掺杂技术,希望得到分离富集性能更好的重金属吸附材料。主要研究内容和结果如下：
1.镧、铈掺杂焦碳的制备及其对铜、铅、锌、铬、镉的吸附研究结果表明：铈掺杂焦碳对铜、铅、锌、铬、镉的吸附效果比未掺杂焦碳吸附效果平均高约30%左右。镧掺杂焦碳对痕量金属离子铜、铅、锌、铬和镉的吸附效果比未掺杂焦碳吸附效果平均高约40%左右。实验结果计算得到若以100mg/L作为金属离子浓度,去除一吨水所需镧掺杂焦碳为10kg,可见掺杂焦碳用于处理重金属污染水是可行的,可以作为传统方法的补充和完善。焦碳(铈)对混合铜、铅、锌、铬、镉离子的吸附实验表明,各元素间存在一定的竞争吸附关系。总的来说,镧、铈掺杂焦碳对痕量铜、铅、锌、铬、镉的吸附能力比未掺杂焦碳均有提高,部分元素吸附有显著提高。
2.镧、铈掺杂纳米氧化铁的制备及其对痕量砷、汞的吸附性能研究表明：IR、SEM、XRD、BET等分析表征表明,稀土元素镧、铈成功地掺杂到纳米氧化铁基体上。与未改性的纳米氧化铁相比较,镧或铈改性的纳米氧化铁对砷、汞的吸附均有明显提高。掺杂稀土元素镧、铈的纳米氧化铁对痕量砷、汞的吸附符合准二级动力学方程。铈改性、镧改性及未改性的纳米氧化铁对砷的最大吸附量分别可达到28.33、28.49、22.22mg/g,与相应的理论吸附容量相符,同时得到三种材料对砷吸附过程准二级吸附速率常数。未改性的纳米氧化铁对砷、汞吸附反应的标准摩尔焓变分别为10.20(砷)kJ/mol、7.53(汞)kJ/mol;铈改性纳米氧化铁对砷、汞吸附反应的标准摩尔焓变分别为16.74.11.60kJ/mol;镧改性的纳米氧化铁对砷、汞的吸附反应的标准摩尔焓变分别为11.36.10.17kJ/mol.说明在20至500C之间,三种纳米氧化铁材料对砷、汞的吸附过程都是吸热过程。
3.镧、铈掺杂纳米氧化铁对痕量铅、铬的吸附容量及吸附动力学的研究表明：镧掺杂纳米氧化铁的吸附铅离子的能力显著增强,比掺杂焦碳对铅的吸附容量更大。稀土改性后,纳米氧化铁的吸附铬离子的能力显著增强,其中铈改性的纳米氧化铁对铅的吸附容量最大,但低于镧掺杂焦碳对Cr吸附效果。在25℃的水溶液中各种纳米氧化铁吸附铅离子的动力学方程都符合准二级方程,并且都能很快的达到吸附平衡。
综上所述,本研究制备的新型掺杂材料具有原材料价廉易得、操作简单、成本低廉、制备工艺易于放大等优点。改性后的焦碳和纳米氧化铁材料对几种重要的重金属离子的吸附性能明显提高,吸附过程快速。为高效吸附材料的合成或制备提供了有价值的参考途径,并为重金属污染废水的有效处理提供了可供选择的新材料和有意义的参考数据。
The pollution of heavy metals has become one of the most considerable problems of water pollution, such as As Hg Pb and Cr elements, these elements are cause by water emissions including residential water emissions, in particular, the result of illegal discharges of a number of industrial enterprises regardless of national policy,such reports frequently reported on TV and newspaper,but such emissions has never been effectively curbed, which have caused serious pollution to the environment and ecosystem,and have caused direct impact on human and ecological health of animal and plant. Activated carbon and iron oxide adsorbent materials are classic materials, have the advantages of wide range of sources of raw materials, low cost, easy to use. Today, There are many reported applications of activated carbon and iron oxide materials to separation, adsorption of heavy metals. However, there are problems of directly using of these materials for heavy metals in polluted wastewater treatment,such as small adsorption capacity, fix difficult and hard to deal with fluidization process.
Based on those problems,considering nanomaterials its superior physical and chemical properties have been applied to fields as catalysis, separation, optoelectronics and so on, This paper selected coke and iron oxide materials as the matrix for their good ability of adsorption of heavy metals in wastewater,. used the modified technology with La and Ce, we hope to get better performance separation and enrichment of heavy metals adsorption materials. The main contents and results are as follows:
1. The results of rare earth doped coke adsorption of copper, lead, zinc, chromium, cadmium show:The Efficiency of Cerium modified coke increased by average of about30%comparing with the unmodified material.The adsorption of rare earth elements lanthanum-doped coke of trace metal ions Cu Pb Cr Cd show the lanthanum modified coke is better than the unmodified coke's adsorption efficiency,which increased average about40%. Calculated in terms of100mg/L as the concentration of metal ions in waste water by the experimental results, to removal of these elments in one ton of water need lanthanum modified coke10kilogram,so which means that modified coke can be used to treat heavy metal contaminated water is feasible, and can used as a supplement and improvement to method of traditional methods. Experiments of coexistence of multi-element show that there is a certain degree of competitive adsorption relationship between each element. Sum up, the results of rare earth doped coke adsorption of copper, lead, zinc, chromium, cadmium show:rare earth elements lanthanum, cerium doped coke adsorption of trace amounts of copper, lead, zinc, chromium, cadmium has greatly inproved than the undoped coke, while to some elements,the adsorption improved significantly.
2. Preparation of lanthanum, Cerium doped nano-iron oxide and the reaserch on adsorption of trace amounts of arsenic, mercury proved:analyse results of IR,SEM,XRD,BET and so on show that rare earth elements lanthanum,cerium are doped into iron oxide matrix successfully.Compare with undoped iron oxide,the modified nano iron oxide adsorption of mercury has been greatly improved. The adsorption of trace amounts of arsenic, mercury in simulated wastewater of nano iron oxide doped with rare earth elements lanthanum, cerium is accord with pseudo-second-order rate equation and the theoretical maximum amount of adsorption of arsenic of Cerium, lanthanum doped and undoped nano-iron oxide is28.33,28.49,22.22mg/g respectively, and the pseudo-second-order rate equation rates constant gained. Standard molar enthalpy change of reaction(ΔrHmθ) of unmodified nano iron oxide adsorption of arsenic, mercury is10.20,7.53kJ/mol respectively; Standard molar enthalpy change of reaction(ΔrHmθ) of cerium-modified nano iron oxide adsorption of arsenic, mercury is16.74,11.60kJ/mol; while Standard molar enthalpy change of reaction(ΔrHmθ) of lanthanum-modified nano iron oxide adsorption of arsenic, mercury is11.36,10.17kJ/mol respectively. Thus between20and50℃, the adsorption of arsenic, mercury of three nano-iron oxide is endothermic reaction.
3. Preparation of lanthanum, Cerium doped nano-iron oxide and the reaserch on adsorption of trace amounts of lead, chromium showed that the capacity of La-doped iron oxide adsorption of lead ions enhanced significantly, better than the adsorption capacity of the modified coke. Rare earth modified iron oxide adsorption of chromium ions enhanced significantly, then Ce-doped iron oxide adsorption capacity for lead is the best, but less than the La-doped coke adsorption of chromiu. At temperature of25℃,the kinetics of the various iron oxide adsorption of lead ions in aqueous solution are found to follow the pseudo-second-order rate equations, and can reach equilibrium quickly. At temperature of25℃,the kinetics of the various iron oxide adsorption of chromium ions in aqueous solution are found to accord with follow the pseudo-second-order rate equations, and can reach equilibrium quickly.
In summary, In this study, a new type of doped material has prepared with the advantages of cheap raw material, operation simple, low cost, easy preparation amplification, etc. Modified coke and iron oxide materials adsorption performance on several important heavy metal ion has improved significantly, and the adsorption process is fast. It provide a valuable reference for efficient adsorbent material preparation, and provide a choice of new materials and meaningful reference data for treatment on many important heavy metals incontaminated wastewater.
引文
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