川西坳陷中段须家河组储层流体特征与天然气成藏
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摘要
川西坳陷位于四川盆地西北部,是晚三叠世以来形成的前陆盆地。川西坳陷中段须家河组具有超深、超压、超晚期构造的地质特征。生储盖有机配置构成上下两个含气系统。川西坳陷中段须家河组发育多个古构造和古今叠合型圈闭,烃源岩厚度大、展布广、丰度高、类型好、生烃强度大、供烃时间长,盖层突破压力高、分布稳定,成藏条件优越,是寻找大中型气田十分有利的地区。由于须家河组致密砂岩发育,属低孔低渗储层,气水关系复杂,天然气成藏过程与气水分布规律一直困扰着油气地质工作者。本文以地质流体为主线,通过研究川西坳陷须家河组致密砂岩储层特征、水岩作用、地层水化学、动力学特征,分析天然气运聚、成藏机制,结合具体构造特征,预测研究区天然气有利聚集区带,对指导川西坳陷致密砂岩储层天然气勘探,具有重要的理论和实践意义。通过本次研究主要取得以下成果认识：
(1)川西坳陷须家河组储层孔隙类型主要是溶蚀粒间孔隙,其次是溶蚀粒内孔隙。其中,主要储集层须二段孔隙度和渗透率较小,孔隙结构较须四段差。须二段和须四段储层内由于微裂缝发育,出现“低孔高渗”现象。晚三叠世末和中侏罗世—早白垩世末是自生石英包裹体和方解石胶结物形成最多的两个阶段,同时也是储层致密化进程较快的两个阶段。
(2)川西坳陷须家河组地层水化学垂向上具有明显的分带性,水化学剖面从上到下分为四个单元,泥岩压实排水-粘土矿物脱水淡化带(A带)；渗滤浓缩为主,伴随越流浓缩带(B带)；泥岩压实排水-粘土矿物脱水淡化带(C带)；深部越流浓缩带(D带)。平面上具有明显的分区性,成都凹陷须二段地层水矿化度较低,安县—鸭子河—大邑断褶带、孝泉—丰谷构造带、知新场—龙保梁构造带等构造高部位须二段地层水越流浓缩,矿化度较高。
(3)通过对比包裹体液相阴阳离子、现今及古地层水碳氧同位素和氢氧同位素特征,认为须家河组地层水在演化过程中,以同生地层水成因为主,局部地区混有大气降水和深部热液。
(4)川西坳陷须家河组普遍发育超压,压力系数在1.09～2.30之间。须下盆的压力系数均值小于须上盆的压力系数均值。超压形成原因主要为快速沉积作用、构造挤压作用和生烃增压作用。
(5)中燕山期以来,安县—鸭子河—大邑构造带、孝泉—丰谷构造带、知新场—龙宝梁构造带的部分地区须二段和须四段长期位于越流泄水区,是天然气聚集的有利区带。
(6)根据川西坳陷须家河组气藏形成地质条件、储层致密特征,结合流体活动规律,提出须家河组气藏“前期边致密边成藏,后期裂缝发育成藏”的成藏模式。天然气成藏后,构造运动、泥岩压实排水和储层致密化均可导致气藏贫化。
(7)孝泉—新场—合兴场地区是川西坳陷须家河组最有利的天然气聚集带。大邑地区、鸭子河地区、成都凹陷、丰谷地区、孝泉—丰谷构造带北斜坡等地区,相对有利于天然气聚集、成藏。龙门山前缘推覆带须家河组受大气水下渗淋滤氧化影响,天然气保存条件遭受破坏,不利于天然气成藏、保存。
The Western Sichuan Depression is located in northwest part of Sichuan Basin. It is a foreland basin, since later Triassic. The geological characteristics of Xujiahe Formation are deep buried, overpressure and later structures, in the middle of Western Sichuan Depression. The top and bottom gas systems are formed in upper Triassic. There are many palaeostructural traps and palaeo and present structural superimposed traps in Xujiahe Formation. The hydrocarbon source rocks of upper Triassic are characterized by large thickness, wide distribution, high abundance, high abundance, ideal type, great hydrocarbon generating strength and long-term hydrocarbon supply. The caprocks are characterized by high breakthrough pressure and stable distribution. Because of the superior reservoir forming condition, the Xujiahe Formation is favorable for forming medium to large scale gas fields. Because of the general densification reservoirs and complicated gas-water relationship, the gas accumulation mechanism and gas-water distribution are confused to petroleum geologists. In this study, geofluids are the mainline. Based on the physical properties, water-rock interaction, hydrogeochemistry and hydrodynamics of Xujiahe Formation reservoirs, gas accumulation mechanism is researched. Combined with structural characteristics, the favorable targets of gas reservoirs in Xujiahe Formation are proposed for future exploration. It has important theoretical and practical significance. The main contents of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) The main pore type of Xujiahe Formation reservoirs is dissolution intergranuler pore, and the second is dissolution intragranular pore. The pore structure, porosity and permeability of Xujiahe Formation reservoirs are tested. The results show that the pore structure of T3x2is poor and porosity and permeability of T3x2is low. Due to microcrack developed, the phenomenon of low porosity high permeability exists in T3x2and T3x4reservoirs. The fluid inclusions in authigenic Quartz and calcite cement most formed at the end of Late Triassic and from Middle Jurassic to the end of early Cretaceous. And these periods are the rapid phases of reservoir tightening.
(2) The hydrogeochemistry characteristics of the Xujiahe Formation water are very complicated. From above to below,4hydrogeochemical units are divided. They are freshening water belt of the mudstone compaction-released water and dehydration of clay minerals water (belt A), the belt main is infiltration-concentrated water, following is leakage-concentrate water (belt B), freshening water belt of the mudstone compaction-released water and dehydration of clay minerals water (belt C), the deep leakage-concentrate water belt (belt D). In lateral direction, hydrogeochemistry characteristics are zoning. The salinity of T3x2formation water in Chengdu sag is low; while, the salinity of T3x2formation water in Anxian-Yazihe-Dayi tectonic area, Xiaoquan-Fenggu tectonic area and Zhixinchang-Longbaoliang tectonic area are high.
(3) Based on the research of fluid anion and cation of inclusions, the carbon, oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of paleo and present formation water, the origin of formation water is contemporaneous formation water affected by paleo-atmospheric water and deep f hydrothermal, in the formation water evolution process.
(4) The overpressure is very common in Xujiahe Formation in Western Sichuan Depression. The pressure coefficient is from1.09to2.30. And the pressure coefficient of bottom part is less than that of top part. The reasons of overpressure are rapid sedimentary, tectonic compression and hydrocarbon-generating prcssurization.
(5) From middle Yanshanian, Anxian-Yazihe-Dayi tectonic area, Xiaoquan-Fenggu tectonic area and Zhixinchang-Longbaoliang tectonic area Xujiahe Formation reservoirs are cross-formational flow areas, which are favorable for forming gas fields.
(6) A model of the Xujiahe Formation gas accumulation is presented. Gas accumulation is synchronization with sandstone densification in earlier stage; gas accumulation restarts after cracks formed in later stage. In the process of sandstone densification, tectonic movements, mudstone compaction-released water and authigenic minerals formation can result in gas leakage.
(7) Xiaoquan-Xinchang-Hexingchang areas are the most favorable for forming gas fields. Dayi area, Yazihe area, most part of Chengdu sag, Fenggu area, south part of Zitong sag are favorable for forming gas fields. Because of infiltration area of meteoric water in the front thrust system of Longmen Mountain, the gas preservation is massively deformed. Thus, it is not favorable for forming gas fields in the front thrust system of Longmen Mountain.
(1)川西坳陷须家河组储层孔隙类型主要是溶蚀粒间孔隙,其次是溶蚀粒内孔隙。其中,主要储集层须二段孔隙度和渗透率较小,孔隙结构较须四段差。须二段和须四段储层内由于微裂缝发育,出现“低孔高渗”现象。晚三叠世末和中侏罗世—早白垩世末是自生石英包裹体和方解石胶结物形成最多的两个阶段,同时也是储层致密化进程较快的两个阶段。
(2)川西坳陷须家河组地层水化学垂向上具有明显的分带性,水化学剖面从上到下分为四个单元,泥岩压实排水-粘土矿物脱水淡化带(A带)；渗滤浓缩为主,伴随越流浓缩带(B带)；泥岩压实排水-粘土矿物脱水淡化带(C带)；深部越流浓缩带(D带)。平面上具有明显的分区性,成都凹陷须二段地层水矿化度较低,安县—鸭子河—大邑断褶带、孝泉—丰谷构造带、知新场—龙保梁构造带等构造高部位须二段地层水越流浓缩,矿化度较高。
(3)通过对比包裹体液相阴阳离子、现今及古地层水碳氧同位素和氢氧同位素特征,认为须家河组地层水在演化过程中,以同生地层水成因为主,局部地区混有大气降水和深部热液。
(4)川西坳陷须家河组普遍发育超压,压力系数在1.09～2.30之间。须下盆的压力系数均值小于须上盆的压力系数均值。超压形成原因主要为快速沉积作用、构造挤压作用和生烃增压作用。
(5)中燕山期以来,安县—鸭子河—大邑构造带、孝泉—丰谷构造带、知新场—龙宝梁构造带的部分地区须二段和须四段长期位于越流泄水区,是天然气聚集的有利区带。
(6)根据川西坳陷须家河组气藏形成地质条件、储层致密特征,结合流体活动规律,提出须家河组气藏“前期边致密边成藏,后期裂缝发育成藏”的成藏模式。天然气成藏后,构造运动、泥岩压实排水和储层致密化均可导致气藏贫化。
(7)孝泉—新场—合兴场地区是川西坳陷须家河组最有利的天然气聚集带。大邑地区、鸭子河地区、成都凹陷、丰谷地区、孝泉—丰谷构造带北斜坡等地区,相对有利于天然气聚集、成藏。龙门山前缘推覆带须家河组受大气水下渗淋滤氧化影响,天然气保存条件遭受破坏,不利于天然气成藏、保存。
The Western Sichuan Depression is located in northwest part of Sichuan Basin. It is a foreland basin, since later Triassic. The geological characteristics of Xujiahe Formation are deep buried, overpressure and later structures, in the middle of Western Sichuan Depression. The top and bottom gas systems are formed in upper Triassic. There are many palaeostructural traps and palaeo and present structural superimposed traps in Xujiahe Formation. The hydrocarbon source rocks of upper Triassic are characterized by large thickness, wide distribution, high abundance, high abundance, ideal type, great hydrocarbon generating strength and long-term hydrocarbon supply. The caprocks are characterized by high breakthrough pressure and stable distribution. Because of the superior reservoir forming condition, the Xujiahe Formation is favorable for forming medium to large scale gas fields. Because of the general densification reservoirs and complicated gas-water relationship, the gas accumulation mechanism and gas-water distribution are confused to petroleum geologists. In this study, geofluids are the mainline. Based on the physical properties, water-rock interaction, hydrogeochemistry and hydrodynamics of Xujiahe Formation reservoirs, gas accumulation mechanism is researched. Combined with structural characteristics, the favorable targets of gas reservoirs in Xujiahe Formation are proposed for future exploration. It has important theoretical and practical significance. The main contents of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) The main pore type of Xujiahe Formation reservoirs is dissolution intergranuler pore, and the second is dissolution intragranular pore. The pore structure, porosity and permeability of Xujiahe Formation reservoirs are tested. The results show that the pore structure of T3x2is poor and porosity and permeability of T3x2is low. Due to microcrack developed, the phenomenon of low porosity high permeability exists in T3x2and T3x4reservoirs. The fluid inclusions in authigenic Quartz and calcite cement most formed at the end of Late Triassic and from Middle Jurassic to the end of early Cretaceous. And these periods are the rapid phases of reservoir tightening.
(2) The hydrogeochemistry characteristics of the Xujiahe Formation water are very complicated. From above to below,4hydrogeochemical units are divided. They are freshening water belt of the mudstone compaction-released water and dehydration of clay minerals water (belt A), the belt main is infiltration-concentrated water, following is leakage-concentrate water (belt B), freshening water belt of the mudstone compaction-released water and dehydration of clay minerals water (belt C), the deep leakage-concentrate water belt (belt D). In lateral direction, hydrogeochemistry characteristics are zoning. The salinity of T3x2formation water in Chengdu sag is low; while, the salinity of T3x2formation water in Anxian-Yazihe-Dayi tectonic area, Xiaoquan-Fenggu tectonic area and Zhixinchang-Longbaoliang tectonic area are high.
(3) Based on the research of fluid anion and cation of inclusions, the carbon, oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of paleo and present formation water, the origin of formation water is contemporaneous formation water affected by paleo-atmospheric water and deep f hydrothermal, in the formation water evolution process.
(4) The overpressure is very common in Xujiahe Formation in Western Sichuan Depression. The pressure coefficient is from1.09to2.30. And the pressure coefficient of bottom part is less than that of top part. The reasons of overpressure are rapid sedimentary, tectonic compression and hydrocarbon-generating prcssurization.
(5) From middle Yanshanian, Anxian-Yazihe-Dayi tectonic area, Xiaoquan-Fenggu tectonic area and Zhixinchang-Longbaoliang tectonic area Xujiahe Formation reservoirs are cross-formational flow areas, which are favorable for forming gas fields.
(6) A model of the Xujiahe Formation gas accumulation is presented. Gas accumulation is synchronization with sandstone densification in earlier stage; gas accumulation restarts after cracks formed in later stage. In the process of sandstone densification, tectonic movements, mudstone compaction-released water and authigenic minerals formation can result in gas leakage.
(7) Xiaoquan-Xinchang-Hexingchang areas are the most favorable for forming gas fields. Dayi area, Yazihe area, most part of Chengdu sag, Fenggu area, south part of Zitong sag are favorable for forming gas fields. Because of infiltration area of meteoric water in the front thrust system of Longmen Mountain, the gas preservation is massively deformed. Thus, it is not favorable for forming gas fields in the front thrust system of Longmen Mountain.
引文
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