废弃黄河水下三角洲海床变化水槽试验
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摘要
本文通过设计物理模型试验研究了废弃黄河水下三角洲海床变化情况。利用小水槽试验与实测资料结合的方法研究了黄河口海岸侵蚀机理;通过大水槽试验研究了海底沙波发育和移动规律以及粉土在波浪作用下孔压响应的相关情况。
1976年黄河尾闾改道清水沟后,三角洲北部钓口流路叶瓣正在发生剧烈的侵蚀,据此设计了小水槽物理模型试验。结果表明,三角洲废弃初期,三角洲前缘海床在波浪作用下易于发生液化破坏,导致早期滑坡灾害现象多发。冲淤平衡后,存在冲淤平衡点(带),实验计算结果为:三角洲冲淤平衡带上部冲刷了1143.5 cm2,下部淤积了558 cm2,淤积量大约为冲刷量的一半。波浪长期作用将导致三角洲沉积的软弱层发生巨大变化,造成其流变或蠕变,对河口三角洲的工程稳定性造成重大影响。随着试验的进行,波浪持续作用下在三角洲下部底床形成了非常明显的沙波,通过试验分析可得出,波浪可以掀起海底的泥沙,使其悬浮再沉积,在波浪的传播过程中形成沙波或沙丘,并且平缓广阔的砂质海底有利于沙波或沙丘的形成。形成的沙波或沙丘对海底管道或航运会产生非常不利的影响。由于小水槽试验规模和时间的限制,不能用其进一步研究沙波和海床粉土变化的详细情况,所以专门设计了研究沙波和底床粉土变化的大水槽试验。
依据多年现场观测资料的平均值按照一定比例缩小后,设计大水槽物理模型试验来研究海底沙波发育机理和移动规律。用三种不同粒径的砂铺于水槽试验区,然后依次施加不同大小的波浪和流,共计试验13组。对影响沙波发育的各个参数,波浪、流速、底床泥沙粒径以及底床特性等进行分析和研究。得出水体振荡运动在沙波发育过程中起着极为重要作用的认识;通过对13组试验现象的观测研究和试验数据的系统分析,从泥沙起动角度去分析沙波形成,利用沙波移动公式去解释沙波进一步发育机理。用波流共同作用下的剪切力及摩阻流速替代日本学者Shinohara建立的计算沙波移动速度公式中的相应参数,利用试验实测数据验证分析带入的可行性,把计算结果与在试验中实际测量的沙波移动速度作比较,发现吻合性较好,得出在水动力不是太复杂的情况下,这样的带入计算有一定实用价值。
利用大水槽试验结果,从波浪和水流作用下粉土中孔压变化角度分析粉土在波浪作用下的液化破坏机理;通过对孔压变化以及分布曲线的研究,考虑超孔压随时间的累积和消散效应,分析液化可能的影响深度。在讨论底床的工程不稳定性时,分析了海底土体对波浪周期性荷载的动力响应。并且从孔压累积消散和土体结构方面分析了波浪和水流作用下海底粉质土液化的原因,并进一步阐述其工程特性和工程应用性。
The diversification in seabad of abandoned Yellow River subaqueous delta are investigated by designing the physical model test in the paper. The erosion mechanism of the Yellow River estuary is studied by utilizing the integratement of the little flume experimentation and information measured in the field. The disciplinarian of the sandwave development and movement are studied through big flume experiment, and the relevant circumstances of pore water pressure changes in silt under the wave action is also analysed in the large flume test.
The severe erosion has been occurred in the lobe of Diaokou River distributary in the north of the Yellow River delta, since the Yellow River was artificially diverted in the Qingshuigou River distributary flowing into the sea in May 1976, and the little flume experiment was designed on the basis of the in-situ changes. The results show that in the early age of the delta abandoned, the delta front seabad is rapidly eroded because the terrestrial sediment is no longer deposited, and the phenomenon of liquefaction destroy occurs in the subaqueous delta front seabad under the wave action, leading to a lot of disaster of the fauits and subaqueous landslides in the early period. After the erosion-accumulation equilibrium stage, the area changes determined by comparing the final profiles at the end of the experiment with initial profiles, indicate that the amounts of erosion and accretion at either side of the cingulum point are 1143.5 cm2 and 558 cm2, respectively. The soft stratum of the delta deposition deforms greatly with the long time wave action, and the rheological diversification will occur and the phenomenon of diapir is likely to take place under certain conditions, if the soft stratum has enough thickness and acreage, which are destructive to the offshore engineering facilities and engineering stability in the estuary delta. With the flume experiment carried out for a long period, the very obvious sandwave comes into being in the low part of the delta seabad with the sustained wave action. Through the experimental analysis, the seabad sediment is resuspended by waves and then accumulates again, so the sandwave forms in the course of the spread of the wave, in addition, the silty seabed with the broad flat is favorable to the sandwave formation. The sandwave formed on the seabad is enormously destructive to the seabad pipeline and maritime transport. Due to the restrictions of the experimental scale and time of the little flume, the further study on the detail circumstances of the transformation of sandwave and seabad silt are not carried out, the large flume is designed specially to investigated the sandwave and seabad silt.
Scaled down according to the average value of observational data in the field for many years, the physical model of large flume test is designed to investigated the development mechanism and mobile disciplinarian of the seabad sandwave. The silt with three different median size is laid in the flume experimental zone, then the different wave and current are brought to bear in proper order, a total of 13 test groups are carried out. The various parameters that influence sandwave development, e.g. wave, current velocity, sediment particle size in the seabad and the seabad characteristic, are investigated and analysed. The investigative outcomes indicate that the oscillatory movement of water body plays an important role during the process of the sandwave development; through the observational study to the experimental phenomenon of 13 test groups and the systematic analysis to the experimental data, the sandwave development is analysed from the role of start-up of sediment, in addition, the further development mechanism is explained taking advantage of the formula of sandwave movement. The shear stress and the friction shear velocity that are in the combined effect of wave-current is applied to replace the corresponding parameters in the formula of the sandwave mobile velocity, and the mobile formula is established by Japanese scholars Shinohara, the experimental data is used to validate feasibility of the replacement. Then, the comparison between the calculated outcomes and the the sandwave mobile velocity of the actual measurement in experimental process, and the results indicate that the anastomose is better, thus, the conclusion could be drawn that such fungible calculation has a certain degree of practical application value when the hydrodynamic circumstances are not very complex.
The mechanism of liquefaction damage by waves about the silt is analysed from the role of the changes of the pore water pressure under the wave and current action, making use of the results of the large flume experiment; by means of investigating the changes of the pore water pressure and distribution curve, the cumulative and discutient effect of the excess pore water pressure is taken into account, then, the possibly influencing depth of the liquefaction is analysed. The dynamic response of the seabed soil to seasonal load is analysed in discussing the engineering instability of the seabad. Besides, the liquefaction causation of the silty clay under the wave and current action from the role of the cumulation and abreaction of the pore water pressure as well as the soil structure, and the engineering characteristics and application are further elaborated.
1976年黄河尾闾改道清水沟后,三角洲北部钓口流路叶瓣正在发生剧烈的侵蚀,据此设计了小水槽物理模型试验。结果表明,三角洲废弃初期,三角洲前缘海床在波浪作用下易于发生液化破坏,导致早期滑坡灾害现象多发。冲淤平衡后,存在冲淤平衡点(带),实验计算结果为:三角洲冲淤平衡带上部冲刷了1143.5 cm2,下部淤积了558 cm2,淤积量大约为冲刷量的一半。波浪长期作用将导致三角洲沉积的软弱层发生巨大变化,造成其流变或蠕变,对河口三角洲的工程稳定性造成重大影响。随着试验的进行,波浪持续作用下在三角洲下部底床形成了非常明显的沙波,通过试验分析可得出,波浪可以掀起海底的泥沙,使其悬浮再沉积,在波浪的传播过程中形成沙波或沙丘,并且平缓广阔的砂质海底有利于沙波或沙丘的形成。形成的沙波或沙丘对海底管道或航运会产生非常不利的影响。由于小水槽试验规模和时间的限制,不能用其进一步研究沙波和海床粉土变化的详细情况,所以专门设计了研究沙波和底床粉土变化的大水槽试验。
依据多年现场观测资料的平均值按照一定比例缩小后,设计大水槽物理模型试验来研究海底沙波发育机理和移动规律。用三种不同粒径的砂铺于水槽试验区,然后依次施加不同大小的波浪和流,共计试验13组。对影响沙波发育的各个参数,波浪、流速、底床泥沙粒径以及底床特性等进行分析和研究。得出水体振荡运动在沙波发育过程中起着极为重要作用的认识;通过对13组试验现象的观测研究和试验数据的系统分析,从泥沙起动角度去分析沙波形成,利用沙波移动公式去解释沙波进一步发育机理。用波流共同作用下的剪切力及摩阻流速替代日本学者Shinohara建立的计算沙波移动速度公式中的相应参数,利用试验实测数据验证分析带入的可行性,把计算结果与在试验中实际测量的沙波移动速度作比较,发现吻合性较好,得出在水动力不是太复杂的情况下,这样的带入计算有一定实用价值。
利用大水槽试验结果,从波浪和水流作用下粉土中孔压变化角度分析粉土在波浪作用下的液化破坏机理;通过对孔压变化以及分布曲线的研究,考虑超孔压随时间的累积和消散效应,分析液化可能的影响深度。在讨论底床的工程不稳定性时,分析了海底土体对波浪周期性荷载的动力响应。并且从孔压累积消散和土体结构方面分析了波浪和水流作用下海底粉质土液化的原因,并进一步阐述其工程特性和工程应用性。
The diversification in seabad of abandoned Yellow River subaqueous delta are investigated by designing the physical model test in the paper. The erosion mechanism of the Yellow River estuary is studied by utilizing the integratement of the little flume experimentation and information measured in the field. The disciplinarian of the sandwave development and movement are studied through big flume experiment, and the relevant circumstances of pore water pressure changes in silt under the wave action is also analysed in the large flume test.
The severe erosion has been occurred in the lobe of Diaokou River distributary in the north of the Yellow River delta, since the Yellow River was artificially diverted in the Qingshuigou River distributary flowing into the sea in May 1976, and the little flume experiment was designed on the basis of the in-situ changes. The results show that in the early age of the delta abandoned, the delta front seabad is rapidly eroded because the terrestrial sediment is no longer deposited, and the phenomenon of liquefaction destroy occurs in the subaqueous delta front seabad under the wave action, leading to a lot of disaster of the fauits and subaqueous landslides in the early period. After the erosion-accumulation equilibrium stage, the area changes determined by comparing the final profiles at the end of the experiment with initial profiles, indicate that the amounts of erosion and accretion at either side of the cingulum point are 1143.5 cm2 and 558 cm2, respectively. The soft stratum of the delta deposition deforms greatly with the long time wave action, and the rheological diversification will occur and the phenomenon of diapir is likely to take place under certain conditions, if the soft stratum has enough thickness and acreage, which are destructive to the offshore engineering facilities and engineering stability in the estuary delta. With the flume experiment carried out for a long period, the very obvious sandwave comes into being in the low part of the delta seabad with the sustained wave action. Through the experimental analysis, the seabad sediment is resuspended by waves and then accumulates again, so the sandwave forms in the course of the spread of the wave, in addition, the silty seabed with the broad flat is favorable to the sandwave formation. The sandwave formed on the seabad is enormously destructive to the seabad pipeline and maritime transport. Due to the restrictions of the experimental scale and time of the little flume, the further study on the detail circumstances of the transformation of sandwave and seabad silt are not carried out, the large flume is designed specially to investigated the sandwave and seabad silt.
Scaled down according to the average value of observational data in the field for many years, the physical model of large flume test is designed to investigated the development mechanism and mobile disciplinarian of the seabad sandwave. The silt with three different median size is laid in the flume experimental zone, then the different wave and current are brought to bear in proper order, a total of 13 test groups are carried out. The various parameters that influence sandwave development, e.g. wave, current velocity, sediment particle size in the seabad and the seabad characteristic, are investigated and analysed. The investigative outcomes indicate that the oscillatory movement of water body plays an important role during the process of the sandwave development; through the observational study to the experimental phenomenon of 13 test groups and the systematic analysis to the experimental data, the sandwave development is analysed from the role of start-up of sediment, in addition, the further development mechanism is explained taking advantage of the formula of sandwave movement. The shear stress and the friction shear velocity that are in the combined effect of wave-current is applied to replace the corresponding parameters in the formula of the sandwave mobile velocity, and the mobile formula is established by Japanese scholars Shinohara, the experimental data is used to validate feasibility of the replacement. Then, the comparison between the calculated outcomes and the the sandwave mobile velocity of the actual measurement in experimental process, and the results indicate that the anastomose is better, thus, the conclusion could be drawn that such fungible calculation has a certain degree of practical application value when the hydrodynamic circumstances are not very complex.
The mechanism of liquefaction damage by waves about the silt is analysed from the role of the changes of the pore water pressure under the wave and current action, making use of the results of the large flume experiment; by means of investigating the changes of the pore water pressure and distribution curve, the cumulative and discutient effect of the excess pore water pressure is taken into account, then, the possibly influencing depth of the liquefaction is analysed. The dynamic response of the seabed soil to seasonal load is analysed in discussing the engineering instability of the seabad. Besides, the liquefaction causation of the silty clay under the wave and current action from the role of the cumulation and abreaction of the pore water pressure as well as the soil structure, and the engineering characteristics and application are further elaborated.
引文
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