胶东牟平—乳山金矿带金青顶金矿矿床成因与找矿方向研究
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摘要
金青顶金矿床位于胶东牟平-乳山成矿带内的中部,其西侧为蓬莱-栖霞和招远-掖县成矿带,东侧为著名的苏鲁超高压变质带。该矿床是目前我国单脉金储量最大的矿床(>40t),矿体产于昆嵛山花岗岩体内,属于典型的黄铁矿石英脉型金矿。近年来,随着勘探开发力度的不断加大,资源量得到了大幅增加,使得该矿床成为胶东东部地区唯一的超大型金矿床。论文选择典型的金青顶金矿作为研究对象,紧扣本区石英脉型金矿床的关键问题：(1)石英脉型金矿与地层、围岩、控矿构造的相互关系；(2)矿床成因及成矿模式；(3)找矿方向。通过矿物学、岩石学、岩石地球化学、稳定同位素及包裹体地球化学等研究方法,就区域构造、金青顶金矿的含矿围岩、矿石、矿床成因及成矿模式、成矿规律等方面进行系统的研究,主要获得以下几个方面的成果：
通过光学显微镜、电子显微镜并结合能谱分析,在金青顶金矿Ⅱ号矿脉深部首次发现碲金矿的存在,进一步证实了前人对于该矿床中存在碲金矿这一新矿物的推测,也打破了该金矿深部无碲金银矿的传统认识。研究表明,金银碲化物的析出顺序为碲银矿-碲金银矿-碲金矿-银金矿,也就是说随着成矿流体的不断演化,金在金银碲化物矿物中的含量有逐步增加的趋势,从而为类似金矿床中金银碲化物的共生提供预见性的认识。Ⅱ号矿体深部富含碲化物,初步预计此矿体深部有很好的找矿前景。
通过Pb同位素和稀土元素地球化学研究,表明成矿物质来源于前寒武纪变质基底岩石、昆嵛山花岗岩和深部。黄铁矿硫同位素分析结果表明,取自不同矿体和不同中段的黄铁矿的硫同位素值均一化程度高,其值介于+7.43-+8.69‰之间,极差小于2‰,平均7.83‰,黄铁矿与昆嵛山花岗岩具有相近的硫同位素组成,反映出成矿物质硫主要来自花岗岩。在石英氢氧同位素的δD—δ18O关系图上,投影点大都在大气降水和岩浆水一侧,主成矿阶段(第Ⅱ、Ⅲ成矿阶段)的投影点更接近岩浆水区域,认为成矿流体主要为岩浆水,后期有大气降水的加入。成矿物理化学环境特征表明,金青顶金矿床形于中温、浅成、偏酸性弱还原的成矿环境。
通过主、微量元素、主量元素成岩环境判断分析,昆嵛山花岗岩主要位于造山花岗岩区域,以大陆弧花岗岩(CAG)和后造山花岗岩(POG)为主。结合相关资料认为金青顶金矿的含矿主岩——昆嵛山花岗岩形成于燕山早期太平洋板块对欧亚板块俯冲的后造山带阶段。在前人研究的基础上,并结合其形成构造环境判断分析,成岩年龄属燕山期,成岩年龄集中在160-110Ma之间。收集的成矿年龄数据,成矿年龄在125Ma-110Ma之间,表明成矿滞后于成岩,确定了燕山晚期为主要成矿期。
按照“多因复成”矿床成因理论,首次指出金青顶金矿具有多成矿物质来源、多控矿因素、多成矿作用的特点。提出金青顶金矿床属于前寒武系变质岩系、受断裂带控制的燕山期岩浆热液型金矿床,并建立了与之相适应的成矿模式。新的成因观点的提出全面地反映了金青顶金矿床从太古代矿源层的初始富集,至燕山晚期热液蚀变及有用物质富集成矿的漫长地质历史演化过程。
通过对矿区成矿规律的研究,探讨了研究区金矿床的找矿标志及找矿方向,认为已知矿床的深部,荆山群与昆嵛山花岗岩的内外接触带附近,NNE.NE向的构造断裂交汇部位,石英脉-黄铁矿单脉发育地区,NNE向的煌斑岩密集发育且伴有NNE.NE勺构造破碎带、蚀变花岗岩、含金黄铁矿石英脉的地段等是区内金矿的主要找矿方向。
通过区域地质背景分析,构造研究以地质力学理论方法为指导,以牟平-乳山金矿带的野外实际调查为基础,以控矿构造研究为主线,结合区内遥感地质、地球物理及地球化学资料,查明控矿构造的成矿作用,指出区内六条断裂的有利成矿部位,认为成矿预测应以青虎山-唐家沟、石沟-巫山、岔河-三甲和将军石-曲河庄断裂为首选,其余的几个副带为次,并据此预测了7个有利成矿区。
Jinqingding gold deposit is located in the middle part of Muping-Rushan metallogenic belt in Shandong, There is Penglai-Qixia and Zhaoyuan-Yexian ore belt in the west side of Jinqingding gold deposit, and there is famous Sulu UHP metamorphic belt in the east of it. In recent years, this deposit is currently the largest quartz vein-type gold deposit in china in terms of gold resources in single lode (>40t), which produced in Kunyu granite ore body. With the increasing exploration and development, resources reserves has been substantial increased, the deposits has now became the only super huge gold deposit in eastern of Shandong. Typical Jinqingding gold deposit was selected detailed study, focusing on the key ore genesis issues of quartz vein-type gold deposit:①the relationship among formation, wall rock and the ore-controlling structures;②ore genesis and metallogenic model;③Prospecting direction. The regional structure, the ore-bearing country rocks, ore, ore genesis and metallogenic model, etc., aspects of the research system were carried out based on petrology, mineralogy, element geochemistry, S and Pb isotope geochemistry. The following are the main results:
Optical Microscope and Electron microscope analyses with EDX indicate that calaverite is first discovered in this research in the deep No. II ore vein, which not only further proves previous assumptions, but also breaks up the traditional understanding that there is no petzite in the deep. The experiments show that mainly precipitation order of Au-Ag tellurides is:hessite-petzite-calaverite-Electrum, which means that there may be gradually gold-rich in Au-Ag tellurides with the evolution of ore-forming fluid. The conclusions will provid a foreseeable knowledge about Au-Ag tellurides paragenesis for similar gold deposits. There are tellurides-rich in No.Ⅱ ore vein, which displayed a good prospecting foreground in the deep orebody.
Research of Pb isotope and geochemistry of rare earth elements showed that the metallogenic material drived from precambrian metamorphic basement, Kunyushan granite and deep orebody. Sulfur isotope of sulphide analysis shows that its value is higher degree of uniformity in different middle section and ore body, the value range between+7.43～+8.69‰, less than2‰, an average of7.83‰, Kunyushan granite and pyrite with sulfur isotopic composition is similar, reflecting metallogenic material S mainly from the granite. In quartz δD-δ18O diagram, projection points of quartz are mostly in the area of meteoric water and magmatic water.And the projection points of the main mineralization stage are closer to the area of magmatic water. The author holds that the main ore-forming fluids are magmatic water, with the meteoric water later. The ore-forming characteristics of physical and chemical show that Jinqingding gold deposits formed in the environment of medium temperature, hypabyssal, weak acidity and reduction.
The Kunyu granite orogenic granite is formed mainly in the post-orogenic granite (POG) and continental arc granitoids (CAG) after studying of major and trace element. Combined with other information that wall rock of Jinqingding gold deposit-Kunyu granite formed in the stage of the dive of Pacific plate to Eurasian plate the early Yanshan. Based on the previous studies and combined with its judgement of the tectonic environment, diagenetic age is Yanshanian which concentrated in diagenetic age of between160～110Ma. The data of mineralization age form in between the ages of125Ma～110Ma, indicating that the mineralization lag behind diagenetic, and late Yanshan period asmain is mineralization period.
With the "polygenetic compound" genesis theory, we conclude firstly that Jinqingding gold deposit with the features of multi-material source, multi-ore-controlling factors and multi-mineralization. The paper proposed that Jinqingding gold deposit belongs to a Precambrian metamorphic rock and magmatic hydrothermal gold deposit, which is controlled by the Yanshan fault. We also established a corresponding metallogenic model. The new view of the genesis reflects the whole evolution of the long geological history of Jinqingding gold deposit:It formed from prosses source bed preliminary enrichment in Archean to hydrothermal alteration and mineralization of useful material in late Yanshan.
Based on study of regional metallogenic regularity, the author dealt with prospecting criteria and direction of study area, pointing out that the main prospecting direction are the deep of known deposits, such as inside or outside near the contact zone of Jingshan Group and Kunyu granite, NNE, NE trending structural faults intersections, development area of pyrite-quartz veins, intensive development of NNE trending lamprophyre, accompanied by NNE, NE tectonic fracture zones, altered granite, gold containing pyrite-quartz veins gold ore veins, and so on.
Through the analysis of regional geological background, regarding the geological structure is the mechanical theory method as guidance, treating the field investigation of Muping-Rushan gold belt as the basis, accepting ore-controlling structures as the main line, and combined data of withremote sensing geology, geophysical and geochemical, we find out mineralization of ore-controlling structures, favorable metallogenic location of six faults. The author suggest that prospecting should be first selected Qinghushan-Tangjiagou fault belt, Shigou-Wushan fault belt, Chahe-Sanjia fault belt, Jiangjunshi-Quhezhuang fault belt, and then is the rest sub-band a few times. At last, the paper predicted seven favorable metallogenic area.
通过光学显微镜、电子显微镜并结合能谱分析,在金青顶金矿Ⅱ号矿脉深部首次发现碲金矿的存在,进一步证实了前人对于该矿床中存在碲金矿这一新矿物的推测,也打破了该金矿深部无碲金银矿的传统认识。研究表明,金银碲化物的析出顺序为碲银矿-碲金银矿-碲金矿-银金矿,也就是说随着成矿流体的不断演化,金在金银碲化物矿物中的含量有逐步增加的趋势,从而为类似金矿床中金银碲化物的共生提供预见性的认识。Ⅱ号矿体深部富含碲化物,初步预计此矿体深部有很好的找矿前景。
通过Pb同位素和稀土元素地球化学研究,表明成矿物质来源于前寒武纪变质基底岩石、昆嵛山花岗岩和深部。黄铁矿硫同位素分析结果表明,取自不同矿体和不同中段的黄铁矿的硫同位素值均一化程度高,其值介于+7.43-+8.69‰之间,极差小于2‰,平均7.83‰,黄铁矿与昆嵛山花岗岩具有相近的硫同位素组成,反映出成矿物质硫主要来自花岗岩。在石英氢氧同位素的δD—δ18O关系图上,投影点大都在大气降水和岩浆水一侧,主成矿阶段(第Ⅱ、Ⅲ成矿阶段)的投影点更接近岩浆水区域,认为成矿流体主要为岩浆水,后期有大气降水的加入。成矿物理化学环境特征表明,金青顶金矿床形于中温、浅成、偏酸性弱还原的成矿环境。
通过主、微量元素、主量元素成岩环境判断分析,昆嵛山花岗岩主要位于造山花岗岩区域,以大陆弧花岗岩(CAG)和后造山花岗岩(POG)为主。结合相关资料认为金青顶金矿的含矿主岩——昆嵛山花岗岩形成于燕山早期太平洋板块对欧亚板块俯冲的后造山带阶段。在前人研究的基础上,并结合其形成构造环境判断分析,成岩年龄属燕山期,成岩年龄集中在160-110Ma之间。收集的成矿年龄数据,成矿年龄在125Ma-110Ma之间,表明成矿滞后于成岩,确定了燕山晚期为主要成矿期。
按照“多因复成”矿床成因理论,首次指出金青顶金矿具有多成矿物质来源、多控矿因素、多成矿作用的特点。提出金青顶金矿床属于前寒武系变质岩系、受断裂带控制的燕山期岩浆热液型金矿床,并建立了与之相适应的成矿模式。新的成因观点的提出全面地反映了金青顶金矿床从太古代矿源层的初始富集,至燕山晚期热液蚀变及有用物质富集成矿的漫长地质历史演化过程。
通过对矿区成矿规律的研究,探讨了研究区金矿床的找矿标志及找矿方向,认为已知矿床的深部,荆山群与昆嵛山花岗岩的内外接触带附近,NNE.NE向的构造断裂交汇部位,石英脉-黄铁矿单脉发育地区,NNE向的煌斑岩密集发育且伴有NNE.NE勺构造破碎带、蚀变花岗岩、含金黄铁矿石英脉的地段等是区内金矿的主要找矿方向。
通过区域地质背景分析,构造研究以地质力学理论方法为指导,以牟平-乳山金矿带的野外实际调查为基础,以控矿构造研究为主线,结合区内遥感地质、地球物理及地球化学资料,查明控矿构造的成矿作用,指出区内六条断裂的有利成矿部位,认为成矿预测应以青虎山-唐家沟、石沟-巫山、岔河-三甲和将军石-曲河庄断裂为首选,其余的几个副带为次,并据此预测了7个有利成矿区。
Jinqingding gold deposit is located in the middle part of Muping-Rushan metallogenic belt in Shandong, There is Penglai-Qixia and Zhaoyuan-Yexian ore belt in the west side of Jinqingding gold deposit, and there is famous Sulu UHP metamorphic belt in the east of it. In recent years, this deposit is currently the largest quartz vein-type gold deposit in china in terms of gold resources in single lode (>40t), which produced in Kunyu granite ore body. With the increasing exploration and development, resources reserves has been substantial increased, the deposits has now became the only super huge gold deposit in eastern of Shandong. Typical Jinqingding gold deposit was selected detailed study, focusing on the key ore genesis issues of quartz vein-type gold deposit:①the relationship among formation, wall rock and the ore-controlling structures;②ore genesis and metallogenic model;③Prospecting direction. The regional structure, the ore-bearing country rocks, ore, ore genesis and metallogenic model, etc., aspects of the research system were carried out based on petrology, mineralogy, element geochemistry, S and Pb isotope geochemistry. The following are the main results:
Optical Microscope and Electron microscope analyses with EDX indicate that calaverite is first discovered in this research in the deep No. II ore vein, which not only further proves previous assumptions, but also breaks up the traditional understanding that there is no petzite in the deep. The experiments show that mainly precipitation order of Au-Ag tellurides is:hessite-petzite-calaverite-Electrum, which means that there may be gradually gold-rich in Au-Ag tellurides with the evolution of ore-forming fluid. The conclusions will provid a foreseeable knowledge about Au-Ag tellurides paragenesis for similar gold deposits. There are tellurides-rich in No.Ⅱ ore vein, which displayed a good prospecting foreground in the deep orebody.
Research of Pb isotope and geochemistry of rare earth elements showed that the metallogenic material drived from precambrian metamorphic basement, Kunyushan granite and deep orebody. Sulfur isotope of sulphide analysis shows that its value is higher degree of uniformity in different middle section and ore body, the value range between+7.43～+8.69‰, less than2‰, an average of7.83‰, Kunyushan granite and pyrite with sulfur isotopic composition is similar, reflecting metallogenic material S mainly from the granite. In quartz δD-δ18O diagram, projection points of quartz are mostly in the area of meteoric water and magmatic water.And the projection points of the main mineralization stage are closer to the area of magmatic water. The author holds that the main ore-forming fluids are magmatic water, with the meteoric water later. The ore-forming characteristics of physical and chemical show that Jinqingding gold deposits formed in the environment of medium temperature, hypabyssal, weak acidity and reduction.
The Kunyu granite orogenic granite is formed mainly in the post-orogenic granite (POG) and continental arc granitoids (CAG) after studying of major and trace element. Combined with other information that wall rock of Jinqingding gold deposit-Kunyu granite formed in the stage of the dive of Pacific plate to Eurasian plate the early Yanshan. Based on the previous studies and combined with its judgement of the tectonic environment, diagenetic age is Yanshanian which concentrated in diagenetic age of between160～110Ma. The data of mineralization age form in between the ages of125Ma～110Ma, indicating that the mineralization lag behind diagenetic, and late Yanshan period asmain is mineralization period.
With the "polygenetic compound" genesis theory, we conclude firstly that Jinqingding gold deposit with the features of multi-material source, multi-ore-controlling factors and multi-mineralization. The paper proposed that Jinqingding gold deposit belongs to a Precambrian metamorphic rock and magmatic hydrothermal gold deposit, which is controlled by the Yanshan fault. We also established a corresponding metallogenic model. The new view of the genesis reflects the whole evolution of the long geological history of Jinqingding gold deposit:It formed from prosses source bed preliminary enrichment in Archean to hydrothermal alteration and mineralization of useful material in late Yanshan.
Based on study of regional metallogenic regularity, the author dealt with prospecting criteria and direction of study area, pointing out that the main prospecting direction are the deep of known deposits, such as inside or outside near the contact zone of Jingshan Group and Kunyu granite, NNE, NE trending structural faults intersections, development area of pyrite-quartz veins, intensive development of NNE trending lamprophyre, accompanied by NNE, NE tectonic fracture zones, altered granite, gold containing pyrite-quartz veins gold ore veins, and so on.
Through the analysis of regional geological background, regarding the geological structure is the mechanical theory method as guidance, treating the field investigation of Muping-Rushan gold belt as the basis, accepting ore-controlling structures as the main line, and combined data of withremote sensing geology, geophysical and geochemical, we find out mineralization of ore-controlling structures, favorable metallogenic location of six faults. The author suggest that prospecting should be first selected Qinghushan-Tangjiagou fault belt, Shigou-Wushan fault belt, Chahe-Sanjia fault belt, Jiangjunshi-Quhezhuang fault belt, and then is the rest sub-band a few times. At last, the paper predicted seven favorable metallogenic area.
引文
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