长江流域宇宙成因～（10）Be与地表侵蚀速率估算
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摘要
本文首次将宇宙成因核素~(10)Be方法引入到长江流域河流沉积物的研究，主要目的是由“源”到“汇”对长江流域空间尺度上的侵蚀速率进行估算，为宏观尺度上定量研究侵蚀速率和沉积物产生率提供一种全新的方法。
自20世纪80年代以来，地貌学研究中最重大的突破之一就是应用地表宇宙成因核素来定量研究地表形成的时间和地貌演化的速率。地表宇宙成因核素产生于宇宙射线粒子与地表岩石或土壤中原子的核反应，种类颇多，如~3He、~(10)Be、~(14)C、~(21)Ne、~(26)Al和~(36)Cl等，其中应用最广泛的是~(10)Be。~(10)Be主要由散裂作用产生，集中形成在~(10)Be衰减长度范围内，大致相当于地表上部1m范围内。在地表上部的~(10)Be含量取决于地表核素产生率和地表侵蚀速率两个因素，在核素产生率确定的情况下，可以通过地表岩石中~(10)Be含量估算地表侵蚀速率。~(10)Be反映的侵蚀速率实际代表侵蚀一定厚度，即与衰减长度等厚地表的平均侵蚀速率，根据侵蚀速率大小的不同，它反映的时间尺度在10~3-10~5yr之间。由于~(10)Be记录的是长时期的地表侵蚀速率，对于短时间尺度的地表侵蚀速率变化不敏感，因此，应用~(10)Be估算长江流域地表侵蚀速率的意义在于，为评价人类活动对长江流域地表侵蚀、水土流失的影响提供参考背景值。另外，从地球系统科学角度来看，定量研究地表侵蚀速率是理解地质过程的关键，是地球系统科学研究的重要内容。
通过对河流沉积物中~(10)Be含量的测试分析表明，长江干流中~(10)Be含量自西向东逐渐降低，在长江上游的金沙江流域最高，为1.1×10~6atoms·g~(-1)，到长江三角洲地区降到0.27×10~6atoms·g~(-1)。~(10)Be含量自源头向入海口逐渐降低的现象与两个因素有关：一是源头地区海拔高度较高，地表侵蚀速率缓慢导致长江上游区域~(10)Be含量较高；二是~(10)Be含量较低的支流沉积物汇入干流产生的“稀释”作用使~(10)Be含量自西向东降低。与干流中~(10)Be含量相比，支流中~(10)Be含量要低许多，如长江上游的岷江~(10)Be含量可以达到0.04×10~6atoms·g~(-1)，与金沙江~(10)Be含量相比二者可以相差近30倍。长江上游支流~(10)Be含量较低的原因主要与流域快速的侵蚀速率有关，而中下游地区支流侵蚀速率较小，~(10)Be含量主要受低海拔、低核素产生率的影响。
地球化学元素和~(10)Be同位素含量示踪结果表明，~(10)Be同位素的稳定性要比地球化学元素的稳定性高，可以作为沉积物示踪的良好指示剂。利用~(10)Be同位素的双组分混合原理分析表明，在雅砻江和长江交汇处，有53.6％的沉积物来自于雅砻江；在岷江与长江的交汇处，有26.4％的沉积物来自于岷江；在重庆-宜昌河段，嘉陵江和乌江沉积物对长江的贡献量为25％；长江三角洲地区有30.8％的沉积物来自于长江中下游支流的输入。综合地球化学元素和~(10)Be含量特征表明，全新世以来长江三角洲的物源没有太大变化，长江三角洲有30-34％的沉积物来自于东部支流的贡献，这些沉积物既包括现代沉积物也包括相当一部分沉积再搬运的物质。
根据数字高程数据统计和宇宙成因核素产生率与海拔高度、纬度的理论关系，分别建立长江流域8个子流域的~(10)Be含量与侵蚀速率的关系模型，通过实测~(10)Be含量分别得出不同子流域的平均侵蚀速率大小：金沙江流域侵蚀速率为207m·Ma~(-1)，雅砻江为250m·Ma~(-1)，大渡河-岷江流域为460m·Ma~(-1)，嘉陵江为75m·Ma~(-1)，乌江为51m·Ma~(-1)，汉江为75m·Ma~(-1)，洞庭湖为15m·Ma~(-1)，鄱阳湖为20m·Ma~(-1)。地形地貌和构造活动特征是控制长江流域地表侵蚀作用的主要因素，构造活动发育，地形高差大，高山峡谷发育的大渡河-岷江流域侵蚀速率最高，而构造活动稳定，地势平缓，丘陵-平原发育的洞庭湖、鄱阳湖流域侵蚀速率最低。
水文数据估算的侵蚀速率和~(10)Be估算的侵蚀速率发现，二者在数量级上一致，尤其在金沙江、鄱阳湖流域二者结果几乎一致，说明~(10)Be估算结果的可靠性。在雅砻江流域和岷江-大渡河流域，~(10)Be估算的流域侵蚀速率明显要高于水文数据反映的侵蚀速率，这可能和水文观测时间短，无法记录发生频率低，但搬运能力强的沉积物搬运事件有关；岷江-大渡河流域水文观测反映的侵蚀速率低与大量物质沉积在四川盆地有关。在嘉陵江流域、乌江流域、汉江、洞庭湖流域~(10)Be反映的侵蚀速率明显要低于水文数据反映的侵蚀速率，这说明在这些流域人类活动对地表侵蚀作用的影响作用大，与自然侵蚀背景值相比，人类活动已经导致上述流域的地表侵蚀速率分别增加了4.0、3.3、1.8和4.3倍。
In this study, cosmogenic nuclide ~(10)Be method was first applied to the research on sediments in Yangtze River catchment. The main purposes of this application were to spatially estimate erosion rates of Yangtze catchment from source to sink, and were to introduce a new relatively quantitative method for studying erosion rate and sediment generation rate.
Since 1980s, the application of terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides to study the age when the earth surface formed and the rate at which landscape evolved has been one of the greatest breakthroughs in geomorphology. Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides, including ~3He, ~(10)Be, ~(14)C, ~(21)Ne, ~(26)Al and ~(36)Cl etc., of which ~(10)Be is used predominately, are produced by nuclear interactions between secondary cosmic particles and target atoms of rock and soil in the very uppermost layer of earth's surface, ~(10)Be is predominately produced by spallation in the depth of 1m of the upper surface of rock or soil, and its concentration in rock depends on cosmogenic nuclide production rate and erosion rate of the rock. When production rate is determined, ~(10)Be can be used to estimate erosion rate of earth's surface. Actually, ~(10)Be-derived erosion rate represents the rate at which erosion removes a rock depth equivalent to one attenuation length of ~(10)Be, and its time scale ranges from 10~3 to 10~5yr. Since ~(10)Be concentration records long term erosion rate and is insensitive to short term erosion rate, the significance of applying ~(10)Be to estimate erosion rates in Yangtze Catchment is to provide base-line data for evaluating short-term human activities' effects on erosion and soil loss. Moreover, in the view of the earth system science, quantitatively studying earth surface erosion is crucial to understand geology processes, and is important research content of the earth system science.
Based on measurement and analysis of ~(10)Be concentrations in river sediments, it is found that ~(10)Be concentrations in the main channel of Yangtze River decrease downstream from west to east, with highest concentration of 1.1×10~6atoms·g~(-1) in the Jinsha sub-catchment, upper Yangtze and lowest concentration of 0.27×10~6 atoms·g~(-1) on the delta. The higher ~(10)Be concentrations in upper Yangtze are associated with higher elevation and lower erosion rate of plateau from headwater to upper Jinsha. As sediments of lower ~(10)Be concentration in tributaries are discharged and mixed into the main channel, the ~(10)Be concentration of Yangtze River is diluted and deceases from headwater to estuary. Compared with concentrations in the main channel, the ~(10)Be concentrations in tributaries' sediments are much lower than that in main channel, for instance, the ~(10)Be concentration of one major tributary-Min Jiang, is as low as 0.04×10~6atoms'g~(-1), nearly one thirtieth of that of Jinsha Jiang. The lower concentrations of ~(10)Be in western tributaries are strongly connected with higher erosion rates, while, the lower concentrations of ~(10)Be in eastern tributaries are associated with lower production rate because of lower altitude.
It is revealed by tracing of geochemical elements and ~(10)Be isotope that ~(10)Be isotope are more stable than geochemical elements as tracer of sediments. Based on two-component mixing principle of ~(10)Be isotope, it is shown that about 53.6% sediments come from Yalong Jiang at the junction between Yalong and Yangtze, and about 26.4% enter from Min-Daduhe at the junction between Min-Daduhe and Yangtze, and Jialing Jiang and Wujiang contribute 25% sediments in the reach from Chongqing to Yichang, and 30.8% sediments of Yangtze delta are contributed by eastern tributaries. As revealed by geochemical elements and ~(10)Be, the sediment source of Yangtze delta has not changed greatly during Holocene, and there are about 30-34% sediments, including modern and reworked sediments, originated from eastern tributaries.
According to statistics on elevation data and relationships between ~(10)Be production and altitude and latitude, ~(10)Be concentration and erosion rate models were established for eight sub-catchments. Average erosion rates were estimated by putting the measured ~(10)Be concentrations into the relevant models, the results are as followed: the average erosion rate of Jinsha Jiang is 207m·Ma~(-1), Yalong Jiang is 250 m·Ma~(-1), Daduhe-Min Jiang is 460 m·Ma~(-1), Jialing Jiang is 75 m·Ma~(-1), Wu Jiang is 51 m·Ma~(-1), Han Jiang is 75 m·Ma~(-1), Dongting Lake is 15 m·Ma~(-1), Poyang Lake is 20 m·Ma~(-1). The dominate factors controlling erosion in the Yangtze cachment are relief and tectonic activity. For example, the highest erosion rate occurs in Daduhe- Min Jiang sub-catchment with active tectonics, high relief, and deep gorges, while the lowest erosion rate appears in Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake sub-catchments with weak tectonics, lower relief, and floodplains.
Comparison between gauge-based and ~(10)Be-derived erosion rates indicates that the results derived from the two methods agree well in magnitude, particularly in Jinsha Jiang and Poyang Lake, gauge-estimated erosion rates are almost equal to ~(10)Be-estimated erosion rates, which indicates that it is reliable to estimate erosion rate using ~(10)Be concentration, ~(10)Be estimated erosion rates in Yalong Jiang and Daduhe-Min Jiang are distinctly higher than that based on suspended sediment flux, which is probably due to the systematic under-representation of high-magnitude, low-frequency transport events in the gauging records which cover less than a century. It may also be the case that sediments in Daduhe-Min Jiang have already deposited in Sichuan Basin before they pass gauging stations. The ~(10)Be-derived erosion rates of Jialing Jiang, Wujiang, Hanjiang, and DongTing Lake are much lower than that estimated from gauge data, which indicates human have played important roles on erosion in these sub-catchments. Compared with ~(10)Be-derived background erosion rates, human activities may have increased erosion rates by 4.0, 3.3, 1.8, and 4.3 times respectively.
自20世纪80年代以来，地貌学研究中最重大的突破之一就是应用地表宇宙成因核素来定量研究地表形成的时间和地貌演化的速率。地表宇宙成因核素产生于宇宙射线粒子与地表岩石或土壤中原子的核反应，种类颇多，如~3He、~(10)Be、~(14)C、~(21)Ne、~(26)Al和~(36)Cl等，其中应用最广泛的是~(10)Be。~(10)Be主要由散裂作用产生，集中形成在~(10)Be衰减长度范围内，大致相当于地表上部1m范围内。在地表上部的~(10)Be含量取决于地表核素产生率和地表侵蚀速率两个因素，在核素产生率确定的情况下，可以通过地表岩石中~(10)Be含量估算地表侵蚀速率。~(10)Be反映的侵蚀速率实际代表侵蚀一定厚度，即与衰减长度等厚地表的平均侵蚀速率，根据侵蚀速率大小的不同，它反映的时间尺度在10~3-10~5yr之间。由于~(10)Be记录的是长时期的地表侵蚀速率，对于短时间尺度的地表侵蚀速率变化不敏感，因此，应用~(10)Be估算长江流域地表侵蚀速率的意义在于，为评价人类活动对长江流域地表侵蚀、水土流失的影响提供参考背景值。另外，从地球系统科学角度来看，定量研究地表侵蚀速率是理解地质过程的关键，是地球系统科学研究的重要内容。
通过对河流沉积物中~(10)Be含量的测试分析表明，长江干流中~(10)Be含量自西向东逐渐降低，在长江上游的金沙江流域最高，为1.1×10~6atoms·g~(-1)，到长江三角洲地区降到0.27×10~6atoms·g~(-1)。~(10)Be含量自源头向入海口逐渐降低的现象与两个因素有关：一是源头地区海拔高度较高，地表侵蚀速率缓慢导致长江上游区域~(10)Be含量较高；二是~(10)Be含量较低的支流沉积物汇入干流产生的“稀释”作用使~(10)Be含量自西向东降低。与干流中~(10)Be含量相比，支流中~(10)Be含量要低许多，如长江上游的岷江~(10)Be含量可以达到0.04×10~6atoms·g~(-1)，与金沙江~(10)Be含量相比二者可以相差近30倍。长江上游支流~(10)Be含量较低的原因主要与流域快速的侵蚀速率有关，而中下游地区支流侵蚀速率较小，~(10)Be含量主要受低海拔、低核素产生率的影响。
地球化学元素和~(10)Be同位素含量示踪结果表明，~(10)Be同位素的稳定性要比地球化学元素的稳定性高，可以作为沉积物示踪的良好指示剂。利用~(10)Be同位素的双组分混合原理分析表明，在雅砻江和长江交汇处，有53.6％的沉积物来自于雅砻江；在岷江与长江的交汇处，有26.4％的沉积物来自于岷江；在重庆-宜昌河段，嘉陵江和乌江沉积物对长江的贡献量为25％；长江三角洲地区有30.8％的沉积物来自于长江中下游支流的输入。综合地球化学元素和~(10)Be含量特征表明，全新世以来长江三角洲的物源没有太大变化，长江三角洲有30-34％的沉积物来自于东部支流的贡献，这些沉积物既包括现代沉积物也包括相当一部分沉积再搬运的物质。
根据数字高程数据统计和宇宙成因核素产生率与海拔高度、纬度的理论关系，分别建立长江流域8个子流域的~(10)Be含量与侵蚀速率的关系模型，通过实测~(10)Be含量分别得出不同子流域的平均侵蚀速率大小：金沙江流域侵蚀速率为207m·Ma~(-1)，雅砻江为250m·Ma~(-1)，大渡河-岷江流域为460m·Ma~(-1)，嘉陵江为75m·Ma~(-1)，乌江为51m·Ma~(-1)，汉江为75m·Ma~(-1)，洞庭湖为15m·Ma~(-1)，鄱阳湖为20m·Ma~(-1)。地形地貌和构造活动特征是控制长江流域地表侵蚀作用的主要因素，构造活动发育，地形高差大，高山峡谷发育的大渡河-岷江流域侵蚀速率最高，而构造活动稳定，地势平缓，丘陵-平原发育的洞庭湖、鄱阳湖流域侵蚀速率最低。
水文数据估算的侵蚀速率和~(10)Be估算的侵蚀速率发现，二者在数量级上一致，尤其在金沙江、鄱阳湖流域二者结果几乎一致，说明~(10)Be估算结果的可靠性。在雅砻江流域和岷江-大渡河流域，~(10)Be估算的流域侵蚀速率明显要高于水文数据反映的侵蚀速率，这可能和水文观测时间短，无法记录发生频率低，但搬运能力强的沉积物搬运事件有关；岷江-大渡河流域水文观测反映的侵蚀速率低与大量物质沉积在四川盆地有关。在嘉陵江流域、乌江流域、汉江、洞庭湖流域~(10)Be反映的侵蚀速率明显要低于水文数据反映的侵蚀速率，这说明在这些流域人类活动对地表侵蚀作用的影响作用大，与自然侵蚀背景值相比，人类活动已经导致上述流域的地表侵蚀速率分别增加了4.0、3.3、1.8和4.3倍。
In this study, cosmogenic nuclide ~(10)Be method was first applied to the research on sediments in Yangtze River catchment. The main purposes of this application were to spatially estimate erosion rates of Yangtze catchment from source to sink, and were to introduce a new relatively quantitative method for studying erosion rate and sediment generation rate.
Since 1980s, the application of terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides to study the age when the earth surface formed and the rate at which landscape evolved has been one of the greatest breakthroughs in geomorphology. Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides, including ~3He, ~(10)Be, ~(14)C, ~(21)Ne, ~(26)Al and ~(36)Cl etc., of which ~(10)Be is used predominately, are produced by nuclear interactions between secondary cosmic particles and target atoms of rock and soil in the very uppermost layer of earth's surface, ~(10)Be is predominately produced by spallation in the depth of 1m of the upper surface of rock or soil, and its concentration in rock depends on cosmogenic nuclide production rate and erosion rate of the rock. When production rate is determined, ~(10)Be can be used to estimate erosion rate of earth's surface. Actually, ~(10)Be-derived erosion rate represents the rate at which erosion removes a rock depth equivalent to one attenuation length of ~(10)Be, and its time scale ranges from 10~3 to 10~5yr. Since ~(10)Be concentration records long term erosion rate and is insensitive to short term erosion rate, the significance of applying ~(10)Be to estimate erosion rates in Yangtze Catchment is to provide base-line data for evaluating short-term human activities' effects on erosion and soil loss. Moreover, in the view of the earth system science, quantitatively studying earth surface erosion is crucial to understand geology processes, and is important research content of the earth system science.
Based on measurement and analysis of ~(10)Be concentrations in river sediments, it is found that ~(10)Be concentrations in the main channel of Yangtze River decrease downstream from west to east, with highest concentration of 1.1×10~6atoms·g~(-1) in the Jinsha sub-catchment, upper Yangtze and lowest concentration of 0.27×10~6 atoms·g~(-1) on the delta. The higher ~(10)Be concentrations in upper Yangtze are associated with higher elevation and lower erosion rate of plateau from headwater to upper Jinsha. As sediments of lower ~(10)Be concentration in tributaries are discharged and mixed into the main channel, the ~(10)Be concentration of Yangtze River is diluted and deceases from headwater to estuary. Compared with concentrations in the main channel, the ~(10)Be concentrations in tributaries' sediments are much lower than that in main channel, for instance, the ~(10)Be concentration of one major tributary-Min Jiang, is as low as 0.04×10~6atoms'g~(-1), nearly one thirtieth of that of Jinsha Jiang. The lower concentrations of ~(10)Be in western tributaries are strongly connected with higher erosion rates, while, the lower concentrations of ~(10)Be in eastern tributaries are associated with lower production rate because of lower altitude.
It is revealed by tracing of geochemical elements and ~(10)Be isotope that ~(10)Be isotope are more stable than geochemical elements as tracer of sediments. Based on two-component mixing principle of ~(10)Be isotope, it is shown that about 53.6% sediments come from Yalong Jiang at the junction between Yalong and Yangtze, and about 26.4% enter from Min-Daduhe at the junction between Min-Daduhe and Yangtze, and Jialing Jiang and Wujiang contribute 25% sediments in the reach from Chongqing to Yichang, and 30.8% sediments of Yangtze delta are contributed by eastern tributaries. As revealed by geochemical elements and ~(10)Be, the sediment source of Yangtze delta has not changed greatly during Holocene, and there are about 30-34% sediments, including modern and reworked sediments, originated from eastern tributaries.
According to statistics on elevation data and relationships between ~(10)Be production and altitude and latitude, ~(10)Be concentration and erosion rate models were established for eight sub-catchments. Average erosion rates were estimated by putting the measured ~(10)Be concentrations into the relevant models, the results are as followed: the average erosion rate of Jinsha Jiang is 207m·Ma~(-1), Yalong Jiang is 250 m·Ma~(-1), Daduhe-Min Jiang is 460 m·Ma~(-1), Jialing Jiang is 75 m·Ma~(-1), Wu Jiang is 51 m·Ma~(-1), Han Jiang is 75 m·Ma~(-1), Dongting Lake is 15 m·Ma~(-1), Poyang Lake is 20 m·Ma~(-1). The dominate factors controlling erosion in the Yangtze cachment are relief and tectonic activity. For example, the highest erosion rate occurs in Daduhe- Min Jiang sub-catchment with active tectonics, high relief, and deep gorges, while the lowest erosion rate appears in Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake sub-catchments with weak tectonics, lower relief, and floodplains.
Comparison between gauge-based and ~(10)Be-derived erosion rates indicates that the results derived from the two methods agree well in magnitude, particularly in Jinsha Jiang and Poyang Lake, gauge-estimated erosion rates are almost equal to ~(10)Be-estimated erosion rates, which indicates that it is reliable to estimate erosion rate using ~(10)Be concentration, ~(10)Be estimated erosion rates in Yalong Jiang and Daduhe-Min Jiang are distinctly higher than that based on suspended sediment flux, which is probably due to the systematic under-representation of high-magnitude, low-frequency transport events in the gauging records which cover less than a century. It may also be the case that sediments in Daduhe-Min Jiang have already deposited in Sichuan Basin before they pass gauging stations. The ~(10)Be-derived erosion rates of Jialing Jiang, Wujiang, Hanjiang, and DongTing Lake are much lower than that estimated from gauge data, which indicates human have played important roles on erosion in these sub-catchments. Compared with ~(10)Be-derived background erosion rates, human activities may have increased erosion rates by 4.0, 3.3, 1.8, and 4.3 times respectively.
引文
[1] Ahnert, F. Functional relationships between denudation, relief, and uplift in large mid-latitude drainage basins, Am. J. Sci., 1970,268 :243-263
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