渝怀铁路歌乐山隧道岩溶富水区施工技术研究
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摘要
渝怀铁路歌乐山隧道全长4050m，是全线的控制工程之一，该隧道水文地质异常复杂，集滑坡、岩溶、煤层、瓦斯、采空区、涌水等于一体，尤其是富水地段，岩溶十发分育，裂隙通透性好。地下水位高、水量大、最大涌水量达53000 m~3／d，最高水压2.2Mpa，该隧道位于重庆市近郊，地表植被丰富，是重庆市著名的避暑游览胜地和革命传统教育基地，隧道地表住有6万余居民，企事业单位200多家，歌乐山地区是重庆市水资源最缺乏的地区之一，水资源的保护是隧道施工的重中之重。
该项技术研究成果，不仅有效地保护了地表的生态环境，保证了渝怀铁路这个国家重点项目建设中的关键工程——歌乐山隧道得以优质、如期建成，也对我国隧道工程技术进步作出了贡献，特别是在隧道施工中生态条件和地下水资源的保护方面所取得的经验、成果，体现了隧道工程和环境协调的新理念，对可持续发展战略在我国隧道工程施工中的实施具有重要意义。使我国在对隧道地下水实施封堵方面的设计和施工技术迈上了一个新台阶，达到国际先进水平。
基于环境保护的要求，着重介绍了岩溶富水地段综合超前地质预报方法，全断面帷幕注浆技术及其设备配套技术等，施工期地下水、地表水监测过程和方法，并通过对监测结果的分析，论证隧道开挖过程中可能出现的水文地质问题，及对隧道生态区造成的影响和涉及的范围及危害程度作出客观评价，为施工提供科学依据。
1、按照保护水资源和地表生态环境的要求，隧道施工必须坚持“堵水防漏”的设计原则，坚持“先探水，预注浆，后开挖，补注浆，再衬砌”的施工原则，经过实践证明，在施工中坚持这条原则，对保证施工安全和保护生态环境是行之有效的。
2、根据本工程地质条件复杂，岩溶发育，环境保护要求严格的特点，将地质条件中的宏观分析和隧道开挖过程中不良地质现象，地质预测预报相结合，利用地质分析、地质描述和先进的物探手段(TSP202地震波探测，
西南交通大学研究生学位论文
第11页
红外线探测，超前钻孔等)，建立了综合的超前地质预报体系，准确描述
掌子面前方围岩及富水情况，在注浆前，掌子面前方30m范围内的含水层
(出水点)的位置预测误差小于1米，有效预防了突发涌水，为帷幕注浆
参数的设定，钻爆设计、初期支护提供了准确的地质依据。
3、在最大涌水量达S0000m:1/d，最大水压2.ZMpa的灰岩富水区进行
帷幕注浆堵水，堵水后注浆段每延米出水量不大于1耐/d，平均堵水率达
到 95%以上，达到了地下水的排放量小于自然排泄量的预期目标，有效地
保护了地下水资源。
GeLeShan tunnel is one of the control engineering in the YuHuai railway , the whole length of which is 4050m. The hydrologic geology of this tunnel is complex particularly , including landslide, karst , coal bed , gas , worked,out section , water pouring. Especially in the wealthy water district , the karst is very developed , The crack is very permeable . The groundwater level is high and the volume of water is great. The max amount of the pouring water attains to 53000 m3/d , in the same time, the max hydraulic pressure is 2.2Mpa .This tunnel is situated in the suburbs of Chongqing city .with heavy vegetation on the earth's surface. It is the sight-seeing site and the revolution traditional education base. More than 60 thousands inhabitants are resided on the tunnel earth' s surface and the enterprise and institution is more than 200. GeLeShan tunnel is one of the area where the water resources is lack most in Chongqing city. The water resources protection is the most important fact during the tunnel build
ing.
The research not only effectively safeguardes the ecology environment on earth' s surface , essures that the key project in the national foca] item is completed very well on schedule, but also make the contribution to our country tunnel project technique progress. Especially the experience and harvest, that were acquired in the aspect of the ecology conditional and groundwater resources protection in the tunnel building, display the fresh thinking of the tunnel project and environment harmonizing. It have the significant meaning for the implementation of the continuing development strategy in our country tunnel project building . The technology strides our country a new step with contribiting to the design and construction technology for sealing and blocking up tunnel groundwater, it attains to the well-developed level of international .
Basing on environmental protection standard , it emphasizingly introduces the method of geology forecast in the wealthy water district of karst, the technique of full section drapery grouting and the equipment supporting mesure , the monitoring process and method of the groundwater and surface-water in construction period. By analysing the monitoring result, it demonstrates the hydrology geology problem probably arosed and make the objective appraisal
to the effect, dangerous degree and range in the tunnel ecology district during the tunnel excavating process. Supplying the scientific foundation for construction .
1. According to demands for the safeguarding both water resources and the earth* s surface ecology environment, design principle with "Blocking up water and preventing against leaks " have to be persevered during tunnel construction period , Persevering the construction principle: " Exploreing water firstly , injecting beforehand , excavateing then , patching the injecting, lining lastly" . The practice demonstrate that it is very effective for ecology environment protection and assurancing the construction safety while persevering this rule in the building .
2. According to the feature of the complex geology term , the development of karst and the rigorous demand for the environmental protection , put the below fact together : the macroscopic analysis for geology term , the harmful appearance in the excavating tunnel process and the geology prediction. Using the geology analysis the geology depicting and the geophysical prospecting measure ( TSP202, Infrared ray acquisition , advance borehole and so ) , establish the geology forecast systems, accurately depict the situation of the surrounding rock and wealthy water in the face , The predication error is smaller than 1 meter where in the aquifer
(Appear water site ) ahead of the injecting face 30m , Effectively take precautions the water gushing suddenly , supply the exact geology foundation for the design of the drapery injecting screen parameter , the design of the boring and preliminary bracing.
3. The drapery injecting in wealthy water region of the limestone with the max SOOOOm'/d amount of inrushin
该项技术研究成果，不仅有效地保护了地表的生态环境，保证了渝怀铁路这个国家重点项目建设中的关键工程——歌乐山隧道得以优质、如期建成，也对我国隧道工程技术进步作出了贡献，特别是在隧道施工中生态条件和地下水资源的保护方面所取得的经验、成果，体现了隧道工程和环境协调的新理念，对可持续发展战略在我国隧道工程施工中的实施具有重要意义。使我国在对隧道地下水实施封堵方面的设计和施工技术迈上了一个新台阶，达到国际先进水平。
基于环境保护的要求，着重介绍了岩溶富水地段综合超前地质预报方法，全断面帷幕注浆技术及其设备配套技术等，施工期地下水、地表水监测过程和方法，并通过对监测结果的分析，论证隧道开挖过程中可能出现的水文地质问题，及对隧道生态区造成的影响和涉及的范围及危害程度作出客观评价，为施工提供科学依据。
1、按照保护水资源和地表生态环境的要求，隧道施工必须坚持“堵水防漏”的设计原则，坚持“先探水，预注浆，后开挖，补注浆，再衬砌”的施工原则，经过实践证明，在施工中坚持这条原则，对保证施工安全和保护生态环境是行之有效的。
2、根据本工程地质条件复杂，岩溶发育，环境保护要求严格的特点，将地质条件中的宏观分析和隧道开挖过程中不良地质现象，地质预测预报相结合，利用地质分析、地质描述和先进的物探手段(TSP202地震波探测，
西南交通大学研究生学位论文
第11页
红外线探测，超前钻孔等)，建立了综合的超前地质预报体系，准确描述
掌子面前方围岩及富水情况，在注浆前，掌子面前方30m范围内的含水层
(出水点)的位置预测误差小于1米，有效预防了突发涌水，为帷幕注浆
参数的设定，钻爆设计、初期支护提供了准确的地质依据。
3、在最大涌水量达S0000m:1/d，最大水压2.ZMpa的灰岩富水区进行
帷幕注浆堵水，堵水后注浆段每延米出水量不大于1耐/d，平均堵水率达
到 95%以上，达到了地下水的排放量小于自然排泄量的预期目标，有效地
保护了地下水资源。
GeLeShan tunnel is one of the control engineering in the YuHuai railway , the whole length of which is 4050m. The hydrologic geology of this tunnel is complex particularly , including landslide, karst , coal bed , gas , worked,out section , water pouring. Especially in the wealthy water district , the karst is very developed , The crack is very permeable . The groundwater level is high and the volume of water is great. The max amount of the pouring water attains to 53000 m3/d , in the same time, the max hydraulic pressure is 2.2Mpa .This tunnel is situated in the suburbs of Chongqing city .with heavy vegetation on the earth's surface. It is the sight-seeing site and the revolution traditional education base. More than 60 thousands inhabitants are resided on the tunnel earth' s surface and the enterprise and institution is more than 200. GeLeShan tunnel is one of the area where the water resources is lack most in Chongqing city. The water resources protection is the most important fact during the tunnel build
ing.
The research not only effectively safeguardes the ecology environment on earth' s surface , essures that the key project in the national foca] item is completed very well on schedule, but also make the contribution to our country tunnel project technique progress. Especially the experience and harvest, that were acquired in the aspect of the ecology conditional and groundwater resources protection in the tunnel building, display the fresh thinking of the tunnel project and environment harmonizing. It have the significant meaning for the implementation of the continuing development strategy in our country tunnel project building . The technology strides our country a new step with contribiting to the design and construction technology for sealing and blocking up tunnel groundwater, it attains to the well-developed level of international .
Basing on environmental protection standard , it emphasizingly introduces the method of geology forecast in the wealthy water district of karst, the technique of full section drapery grouting and the equipment supporting mesure , the monitoring process and method of the groundwater and surface-water in construction period. By analysing the monitoring result, it demonstrates the hydrology geology problem probably arosed and make the objective appraisal
to the effect, dangerous degree and range in the tunnel ecology district during the tunnel excavating process. Supplying the scientific foundation for construction .
1. According to demands for the safeguarding both water resources and the earth* s surface ecology environment, design principle with "Blocking up water and preventing against leaks " have to be persevered during tunnel construction period , Persevering the construction principle: " Exploreing water firstly , injecting beforehand , excavateing then , patching the injecting, lining lastly" . The practice demonstrate that it is very effective for ecology environment protection and assurancing the construction safety while persevering this rule in the building .
2. According to the feature of the complex geology term , the development of karst and the rigorous demand for the environmental protection , put the below fact together : the macroscopic analysis for geology term , the harmful appearance in the excavating tunnel process and the geology prediction. Using the geology analysis the geology depicting and the geophysical prospecting measure ( TSP202, Infrared ray acquisition , advance borehole and so ) , establish the geology forecast systems, accurately depict the situation of the surrounding rock and wealthy water in the face , The predication error is smaller than 1 meter where in the aquifer
(Appear water site ) ahead of the injecting face 30m , Effectively take precautions the water gushing suddenly , supply the exact geology foundation for the design of the drapery injecting screen parameter , the design of the boring and preliminary bracing.
3. The drapery injecting in wealthy water region of the limestone with the max SOOOOm'/d amount of inrushin
引文
1．仵彦卿．地下水与地质灾害．《地下空间》1999，4
2．王建宇、胡元方．对岩石隧道衬砌结构防水问题的讨论．《现代隧道技术》2001，1
3．韩忠存．隧道及地下工程结构防排水技术的发展和应用．《现代隧道技术》2001，4
4．王建宇．对我国隧道工程中2个问题的思考．《铁道建筑技术》2001，4
5．苟定才等．渝怀线圆梁山隧道冷水河谷浅埋段渗漏分析．《地质灾害与环境保护》2001，1
6．屈科等．圆梁山隧道毛坝向斜段典型岩溶现象及发育分布特征．《地质灾害与环境保护》2001，1
7．王科等．圆梁山隧道桐麻岭背斜段岩溶与岩溶水特征研究．《地质灾害与环境保护》2001，1
8．谭玉兰、高波．铁路隧道的病害调查与分析．《2000年西南交大校庆论文集》
9．郑少河、朱维申．裂隙岩体渗流损伤耦合模型的理论分析．《岩石力学与工程学报》2001，2
10．刘继红．运营隧道地表钻孔帷幕注浆堵水技术．《铁道工程学报》．1997．3
11．李玉辉．喀斯特内涵的发展及喀斯特生态环境的保护．《中国岩溶》．2000，3
12．何天牛．注浆综合处理在隧道塌方中的应用．《勘察科学技术》1999，5
13．李清来．帷幕注浆堵水在红卫岩溶充水铜铁矿床防治地面塌陷中的应用．《中国岩溶》．1997．4
14．涂正林．成渝公路中梁山隧道工程地质特征．《铁道工程学报》1996，2
15．吴国禄等．大坂山公路隧道地质特征及验证．《水文地质工程地质》2001，5
16．邓谊明等．大瑶山隧道F9断层地质特征及岩体稳定特性．《铁道工程学报》．1996．2
17．徐济川等．大瑶山隧道的突泥涌水机制．《铁道工程学报》1996．2
18．吴治兴等．衡广复线铁路南岭隧道岩溶工程地质特征．《铁道工程学报》1996．2
19．段贵安等．华蓥山隧道涌突水、涌泥、涌砂原因分析及综合整治措施．《铁道建筑技术》．2001，1
20．李成源等．南岭隧道岩溶突泥灾害的防治．《水文地质工程地质》．1994，2
21．何发亮，李苍松，陈成宗．岩溶地区长大隧道涌水灾害预测预报技术．《水文地质工程地质》．2001，5
22．王庆林，王端昌，袁成国．地下及隧道工程的防渗堵漏技术．《施工技术》2001，1
23．陈鸿吟．论岩溶区地下水的不均匀性．《贵州地质》．1994，1
24．王新年．隧洞预注浆技术及其设计方法介绍．《山西水利科技》．1995，2
25．崔玖江．水下隧道注浆堵水．人民铁道出版社．1978
26．刘丹等．华蓥山隧道排水的生态环境问题及效应．《西南交通大学学报》2001，6
27．冯晓燕．隧道突发性涌水涌泥的形成条件及预测．《岩土钻掘矿业工程》1999．3
28．张成满等．国内隧道围岩注浆设备的现状及选型．《铁道建筑技术》1997，5
29．王杰等．帷幕注浆可靠性分析．《沈阳建筑工程学院学报》．1998，1
2．王建宇、胡元方．对岩石隧道衬砌结构防水问题的讨论．《现代隧道技术》2001，1
3．韩忠存．隧道及地下工程结构防排水技术的发展和应用．《现代隧道技术》2001，4
4．王建宇．对我国隧道工程中2个问题的思考．《铁道建筑技术》2001，4
5．苟定才等．渝怀线圆梁山隧道冷水河谷浅埋段渗漏分析．《地质灾害与环境保护》2001，1
6．屈科等．圆梁山隧道毛坝向斜段典型岩溶现象及发育分布特征．《地质灾害与环境保护》2001，1
7．王科等．圆梁山隧道桐麻岭背斜段岩溶与岩溶水特征研究．《地质灾害与环境保护》2001，1
8．谭玉兰、高波．铁路隧道的病害调查与分析．《2000年西南交大校庆论文集》
9．郑少河、朱维申．裂隙岩体渗流损伤耦合模型的理论分析．《岩石力学与工程学报》2001，2
10．刘继红．运营隧道地表钻孔帷幕注浆堵水技术．《铁道工程学报》．1997．3
11．李玉辉．喀斯特内涵的发展及喀斯特生态环境的保护．《中国岩溶》．2000，3
12．何天牛．注浆综合处理在隧道塌方中的应用．《勘察科学技术》1999，5
13．李清来．帷幕注浆堵水在红卫岩溶充水铜铁矿床防治地面塌陷中的应用．《中国岩溶》．1997．4
14．涂正林．成渝公路中梁山隧道工程地质特征．《铁道工程学报》1996，2
15．吴国禄等．大坂山公路隧道地质特征及验证．《水文地质工程地质》2001，5
16．邓谊明等．大瑶山隧道F9断层地质特征及岩体稳定特性．《铁道工程学报》．1996．2
17．徐济川等．大瑶山隧道的突泥涌水机制．《铁道工程学报》1996．2
18．吴治兴等．衡广复线铁路南岭隧道岩溶工程地质特征．《铁道工程学报》1996．2
19．段贵安等．华蓥山隧道涌突水、涌泥、涌砂原因分析及综合整治措施．《铁道建筑技术》．2001，1
20．李成源等．南岭隧道岩溶突泥灾害的防治．《水文地质工程地质》．1994，2
21．何发亮，李苍松，陈成宗．岩溶地区长大隧道涌水灾害预测预报技术．《水文地质工程地质》．2001，5
22．王庆林，王端昌，袁成国．地下及隧道工程的防渗堵漏技术．《施工技术》2001，1
23．陈鸿吟．论岩溶区地下水的不均匀性．《贵州地质》．1994，1
24．王新年．隧洞预注浆技术及其设计方法介绍．《山西水利科技》．1995，2
25．崔玖江．水下隧道注浆堵水．人民铁道出版社．1978
26．刘丹等．华蓥山隧道排水的生态环境问题及效应．《西南交通大学学报》2001，6
27．冯晓燕．隧道突发性涌水涌泥的形成条件及预测．《岩土钻掘矿业工程》1999．3
28．张成满等．国内隧道围岩注浆设备的现状及选型．《铁道建筑技术》1997，5
29．王杰等．帷幕注浆可靠性分析．《沈阳建筑工程学院学报》．1998，1