绵竹市绵远河地区地震地质灾害发育规律及成因机制研究
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摘要
地震崩塌、滑坡是常见的地震次生灾害,以其巨大的致灾力引起人们的广泛关注。在山岳地区,强烈地震诱发的滑坡、崩塌等灾害具有量大、面广的特点,造成的损失往往超过地震本身。
研究区属于西部山区地形,地形地貌复杂,相对高差大,地形陡峻。区内岩性复杂,断裂构造发育,受龙门山中央断裂和山前断裂影响,研究区物理地质现象相当发育。
本论文应用系统工程地质学的研究方法,在详尽了解区域地质构造环境及研究区的地质构造、环境的基础上,对研究区地质灾害进行详细调查,通过野外大量的调查对各种类型地质灾害分布规律进行分析,分析发现灾害点多是中小型规模,集中在800～1200m之间且密集分布于中央断裂和山前断裂附近,距离断层越远,灾害密度越不发育。然后对典型地质灾害点形成机制进行研究。经过研究发现地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造以及地震力的影响对地震引起的崩塌滑坡等地质灾害有很大影响。地震动峰值加速度大的地方,地震滑坡密度、灾害点数量超过地震加速度小的地方,因此地震是导致大量地质灾害发生的最直接和最关键的因素,是导致地质灾害的外因,地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造是内因。
在地质灾害分布规律和形成机制和主控因素研究分析的基础上,本文研究了在地震作用下,不同坡体形态、不同斜坡类型、不同坡向、不同坡高条件下斜坡土体的地震动响应。在高烈度地震作用下(Ⅷ以上),在凹型坡的变坡点稍上位置会出现较大的变形,在坡面的拐点出现剪应变最大值;同向倾斜边坡比反向倾斜边坡稳定性差;在地震力作用下,坡面倾向与地震波传播方向相同时,灾害加重;坡高小于100m,动峰值加速度一般在1.1g左右,地形放大效应不明显,100～200m处,动峰值加速度一般在1.5～1.7g左右,地形放大效应明显。在地震作用下,不同岩体结构类型、不同地形地貌、不同坡向、不同地震波入射角、不同岩性和斜坡类型对斜坡岩体的地震动响应以及不同坡度和不同坡高下对斜坡孤石的地震动响应。岩体结构中,碎裂结构、层状结构和散体结构受地震作用影响最大,最容易发生崩塌和滑坡;坡面倾向与地震波传播方向相同时,震害加重;地震波入射角小于临界入射角时,结构面上某点将先发生剪切破坏,随着裂纹的延伸,边坡将沿着结构面失稳破坏;坡高不同,其地形放大效应也显著不同,坡高低于100m,其地形放大效应不明显,100～200m,地形放大效应明显,动峰值加速度集中在1.3～1.5g之间,高于200m,动峰值加速度一般在1.6g以上;当岩性软硬相间,容易形成软弱面或滑动面,如果斜坡是顺倾坡,在地震作用下则更容易发生滑坡。
然后运用层次分析法结合地质灾害现状评估及其预测分析对研究区进行了地质灾害危险性综合评估,划分为5个区域,并提出了防治措施,对研究区内工程建设具有借鉴意义。
Landslides and collapse induced by earthquake are common forms of secondary disasters which has caused widely concerned with its enormous power hazards. In mountain areas, landslides, collapse and other disasters induced by earthquake with large quantities and wide range often caused more damage than the earthquake itself.
The study area locating in the western part of China has the following characteristics: mountainous terrain, complex landforms, relative uneven altitude difference, and steep terrain. There are complex lithological characters in the region.The geological phenomena are considerable development, which are influenced by faults of central Longmen Mountain and piedmont.
In this thesis, using research methods of systems engineering geology, based on detailed understanding of geological and structural environment of the study area and the region, investigation of geological disasters, and analysis of the distribution laws of different types of geological disasters shows that disasters are main small and medium-scale, which concentrate on from 800m to 1200m and distributed in the neighborhood of the faults of central and piedmont, and the further away from the faults, the less density development of disaster. Then the formation mechanism of typical geological disaster is studied. The research indicates that topography, stratum lithology, geological structure and seismic force have a significant impact on landslides and other geological disasters induced by earthquake. The place where the acceleration value of seismic peak is larger has denser landslide and more number of disasters. Thus the earthquake is the most direct and critical factor leading to a large number of geological disasters and is also the exterior factor, while the inner factors are topography, stratum lithology, and geological structure.
Based on formation mechanism of distribution laws and the analysis of controlling factors in geological disasters, this paper has studied on the ground motion response of slope soil under the conditions of the different slope morphology, different types of slope, different direction of slope, different highness of slope impacting on earthquake. Under high-intensity earthquake (Ⅷabove), above the Change Point location of concave slope will appear larger deformation, and the inflexion of the slope occurs the maximum shear strain; contrasting reverse tilt with the tilt slope, the former has poor stability; in the seismic force, in the same direction of the slope inclination and seismic wave propagation, the density of geological disasters are becoming more; slope height is less than 100m, the acceleration of moving peak value is about 1.1g peak, topographic amplification effect is not obvious, while in 100 ~ 200m height, the peak value is about from1.5g to 1.7g, topographic amplification effect is obvious. In the earthquake, the different types of rock structure, different topography, different direction of slope, different incident angle of seismic wave, different types of lithology and slope have different seismic response to rock slopes and different grade and slope height have different ground motion response to boulders. Rock structure, cataclastic texture, layered structure and the granular structure are mostly affected by the earthquake, and most easily caused to collapse and landslide; at the same direction of slope orientation and seismic wave propagation, the damage caused by earthquake aggravates; when the incident angle of seismic wave is less than the critical incident angle, a certain point of structural surface occurs with shear failure first, with the crack extension along the structural surface, slope will become instability and be finally failure; Slope height is different, while the terrain amplification was also significantly different. When the slope height is less than 100m, the terrain is not obvious amplification, and 100 ~ 200m height, the terrain amplification is obvious and the acceleration of moving the peak value clearly focused on range from 1.3g to 1.5g. When the height is more than 200m, the acceleration of moving the peak value is above 1.6g; when hard rock alternate with soft one, it is easy to form a soft surface or sliding surface, and if the slope is weak interface slope, it becomes much more easily causing landslide under the condition of earthquake.
Then combining AHP with assessment and prediction analysis of geological disasters in the study area, the synthetical evaluation of geological disaster hazard has been studied and has divided into 5 regions, at last preventive measures have been proposed, which have significant using for reference to the construction of the study area.
研究区属于西部山区地形,地形地貌复杂,相对高差大,地形陡峻。区内岩性复杂,断裂构造发育,受龙门山中央断裂和山前断裂影响,研究区物理地质现象相当发育。
本论文应用系统工程地质学的研究方法,在详尽了解区域地质构造环境及研究区的地质构造、环境的基础上,对研究区地质灾害进行详细调查,通过野外大量的调查对各种类型地质灾害分布规律进行分析,分析发现灾害点多是中小型规模,集中在800～1200m之间且密集分布于中央断裂和山前断裂附近,距离断层越远,灾害密度越不发育。然后对典型地质灾害点形成机制进行研究。经过研究发现地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造以及地震力的影响对地震引起的崩塌滑坡等地质灾害有很大影响。地震动峰值加速度大的地方,地震滑坡密度、灾害点数量超过地震加速度小的地方,因此地震是导致大量地质灾害发生的最直接和最关键的因素,是导致地质灾害的外因,地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造是内因。
在地质灾害分布规律和形成机制和主控因素研究分析的基础上,本文研究了在地震作用下,不同坡体形态、不同斜坡类型、不同坡向、不同坡高条件下斜坡土体的地震动响应。在高烈度地震作用下(Ⅷ以上),在凹型坡的变坡点稍上位置会出现较大的变形,在坡面的拐点出现剪应变最大值;同向倾斜边坡比反向倾斜边坡稳定性差;在地震力作用下,坡面倾向与地震波传播方向相同时,灾害加重;坡高小于100m,动峰值加速度一般在1.1g左右,地形放大效应不明显,100～200m处,动峰值加速度一般在1.5～1.7g左右,地形放大效应明显。在地震作用下,不同岩体结构类型、不同地形地貌、不同坡向、不同地震波入射角、不同岩性和斜坡类型对斜坡岩体的地震动响应以及不同坡度和不同坡高下对斜坡孤石的地震动响应。岩体结构中,碎裂结构、层状结构和散体结构受地震作用影响最大,最容易发生崩塌和滑坡;坡面倾向与地震波传播方向相同时,震害加重;地震波入射角小于临界入射角时,结构面上某点将先发生剪切破坏,随着裂纹的延伸,边坡将沿着结构面失稳破坏;坡高不同,其地形放大效应也显著不同,坡高低于100m,其地形放大效应不明显,100～200m,地形放大效应明显,动峰值加速度集中在1.3～1.5g之间,高于200m,动峰值加速度一般在1.6g以上;当岩性软硬相间,容易形成软弱面或滑动面,如果斜坡是顺倾坡,在地震作用下则更容易发生滑坡。
然后运用层次分析法结合地质灾害现状评估及其预测分析对研究区进行了地质灾害危险性综合评估,划分为5个区域,并提出了防治措施,对研究区内工程建设具有借鉴意义。
Landslides and collapse induced by earthquake are common forms of secondary disasters which has caused widely concerned with its enormous power hazards. In mountain areas, landslides, collapse and other disasters induced by earthquake with large quantities and wide range often caused more damage than the earthquake itself.
The study area locating in the western part of China has the following characteristics: mountainous terrain, complex landforms, relative uneven altitude difference, and steep terrain. There are complex lithological characters in the region.The geological phenomena are considerable development, which are influenced by faults of central Longmen Mountain and piedmont.
In this thesis, using research methods of systems engineering geology, based on detailed understanding of geological and structural environment of the study area and the region, investigation of geological disasters, and analysis of the distribution laws of different types of geological disasters shows that disasters are main small and medium-scale, which concentrate on from 800m to 1200m and distributed in the neighborhood of the faults of central and piedmont, and the further away from the faults, the less density development of disaster. Then the formation mechanism of typical geological disaster is studied. The research indicates that topography, stratum lithology, geological structure and seismic force have a significant impact on landslides and other geological disasters induced by earthquake. The place where the acceleration value of seismic peak is larger has denser landslide and more number of disasters. Thus the earthquake is the most direct and critical factor leading to a large number of geological disasters and is also the exterior factor, while the inner factors are topography, stratum lithology, and geological structure.
Based on formation mechanism of distribution laws and the analysis of controlling factors in geological disasters, this paper has studied on the ground motion response of slope soil under the conditions of the different slope morphology, different types of slope, different direction of slope, different highness of slope impacting on earthquake. Under high-intensity earthquake (Ⅷabove), above the Change Point location of concave slope will appear larger deformation, and the inflexion of the slope occurs the maximum shear strain; contrasting reverse tilt with the tilt slope, the former has poor stability; in the seismic force, in the same direction of the slope inclination and seismic wave propagation, the density of geological disasters are becoming more; slope height is less than 100m, the acceleration of moving peak value is about 1.1g peak, topographic amplification effect is not obvious, while in 100 ~ 200m height, the peak value is about from1.5g to 1.7g, topographic amplification effect is obvious. In the earthquake, the different types of rock structure, different topography, different direction of slope, different incident angle of seismic wave, different types of lithology and slope have different seismic response to rock slopes and different grade and slope height have different ground motion response to boulders. Rock structure, cataclastic texture, layered structure and the granular structure are mostly affected by the earthquake, and most easily caused to collapse and landslide; at the same direction of slope orientation and seismic wave propagation, the damage caused by earthquake aggravates; when the incident angle of seismic wave is less than the critical incident angle, a certain point of structural surface occurs with shear failure first, with the crack extension along the structural surface, slope will become instability and be finally failure; Slope height is different, while the terrain amplification was also significantly different. When the slope height is less than 100m, the terrain is not obvious amplification, and 100 ~ 200m height, the terrain amplification is obvious and the acceleration of moving the peak value clearly focused on range from 1.3g to 1.5g. When the height is more than 200m, the acceleration of moving the peak value is above 1.6g; when hard rock alternate with soft one, it is easy to form a soft surface or sliding surface, and if the slope is weak interface slope, it becomes much more easily causing landslide under the condition of earthquake.
Then combining AHP with assessment and prediction analysis of geological disasters in the study area, the synthetical evaluation of geological disaster hazard has been studied and has divided into 5 regions, at last preventive measures have been proposed, which have significant using for reference to the construction of the study area.
引文
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