广西、北京膨胀（岩）土特性及堑坡处治技术对比分析
|
摘要
广西南友路修建时,基于对宁明膨胀土工程地质特性及堑坡破坏特点和规律的深刻认识,长沙理工大学首创柔性支护技术攻克了膨胀土堑坡“屡治屡垮”技术难题。随后的工程推广也在百色残积膨胀土上进行,该技术能否用于北方沉积型膨胀岩(土)?一直为工程师们所关注。2009年柔性支护技术在北京西六环膨胀岩(土)深路堑的成功应用,为分析研究提供了一极好平台。结合亲历的处治实践,本文开展两类膨胀岩土工程特性及堑坡柔性支护技术对比研究,以期为该工程新技术的全面推广做点工作。
基于调研已有的相关研究成果资料,论述了南、北方膨胀岩土的主要成因类型、分布特点、地质特性、工程危害程度、路堑边坡常用工程处治技术措施及应用效果和主要优、缺点。
对开挖边坡进行现场宏观地质结构调查、钻探取样,工程地质类比,结合室内系统土性试验,获得两地典型膨胀岩土物质组成、理化性质、胀缩特性以及南方残积型与北方沉积型膨胀岩土的主要区别:前者为土、岩二元结构,后者是几种极软岩互层的沉积结构;前者以蒙/伊混层矿物为主,有效蒙脱石含量不到18%,后者为单矿蒙脱石且含量超过40%。两者成因类型、地质分类及膨胀性粘土矿物的不同,导致在工程性质上存在较大的差别。
通过对两地膨胀岩土堑坡破坏特点及其演化规律调查研究,得到不同成因、不同气候条件及不同岩土性质的堑坡变形、破坏规律及主要特点,发现它们的破坏形式确实存在差异,但总的仍以浅层坍滑为主,受土、岩性质和气候环境的影响较大。
最后对两地采用柔性支护技术治理滑坍膨胀(岩)土堑坡的设计方案及施工方法进行分析对比,证明了该新技术处治各类膨胀(岩)土堑坡的普遍有效性,但必须针对具体工况“因地制宜”确定技术方案,才能使工程处治获得满意效果。
Based on the knowledge of engineering geological characteristics, cutting slope failure properties and laws for Ningming expansive soil during the construction of Nanyou expressway in Guangxi, the flexible supporting treatment technology developed by Changsha University of Science and Technology overcome the problem of frequent landslide of expansive soil cutting slope. The generalization of this technology was performed on the Baise residual expansive soil. However, whether this technology is suitable to treat the sedimentary expansive rock/soil or not is focused by the engineers. The successful application of flexible supporting treatment technology for Beijing western sixth ring highway in 2009 was a good example for the comparative researches. In this paper, the expansive rock/soil engineering properties and flexible supporting technology of cutting slope for engineering in Baise and Beijing mentioned above were compared to generalize the new treatment technology. According to the investigation of existing relative researches, the major origin, distribution characteristics, geological properties and degree of engineering damage of Northern and Southern expansive rock/soil and the engineering treatment technology measures of expansive soil cutting slope and its effects, main advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
The major differences of chemical composition, physicochemical properties and swelling-shrinkage characteristics between Southern residual and Northern sedimentary expansive rock/soils are obtained according to the field geological structure investigation, drilling sampling, engineering geology analogy and systematical laboratory testing of expansive rock/soil properties. The geological structures of expansive rock/soil in Southern areas are binary, but that in Northern areas are horizontal interlayer. Therefore, the failures of excavated slopes are different for Southern and Northern expansive rock/soils. The effective content of montmorillonite of Southern expansive rock/soil with montmorillonite/illite mixed layer mineral is less than 18% but that of Northern expansive rock/soil with mono-montmorillonite mineral is more than 40%. The engineering characteristics differences between them are analyzed.
According to the cutting slope failure characteristics and the research on its development rule, the deformation, failure rule of expansive rock/soil cutting slope with different origins, climate conditions and soil properties are achieved. It is found that the differences of cutting slope failures are existed but the most cutting slope failures considerably affected by climate are shallow.
Finally, the design scheme and construction method of flexible supporting treatment measures for Southern and Northern expansive rock/soil cutting slopes are compared. The new treatment measures are suitable for various expansive rock/soil cutting slopes. However, the technology scheme should change according to the specific conditions to obtain the satisfactory results.
基于调研已有的相关研究成果资料,论述了南、北方膨胀岩土的主要成因类型、分布特点、地质特性、工程危害程度、路堑边坡常用工程处治技术措施及应用效果和主要优、缺点。
对开挖边坡进行现场宏观地质结构调查、钻探取样,工程地质类比,结合室内系统土性试验,获得两地典型膨胀岩土物质组成、理化性质、胀缩特性以及南方残积型与北方沉积型膨胀岩土的主要区别:前者为土、岩二元结构,后者是几种极软岩互层的沉积结构;前者以蒙/伊混层矿物为主,有效蒙脱石含量不到18%,后者为单矿蒙脱石且含量超过40%。两者成因类型、地质分类及膨胀性粘土矿物的不同,导致在工程性质上存在较大的差别。
通过对两地膨胀岩土堑坡破坏特点及其演化规律调查研究,得到不同成因、不同气候条件及不同岩土性质的堑坡变形、破坏规律及主要特点,发现它们的破坏形式确实存在差异,但总的仍以浅层坍滑为主,受土、岩性质和气候环境的影响较大。
最后对两地采用柔性支护技术治理滑坍膨胀(岩)土堑坡的设计方案及施工方法进行分析对比,证明了该新技术处治各类膨胀(岩)土堑坡的普遍有效性,但必须针对具体工况“因地制宜”确定技术方案,才能使工程处治获得满意效果。
Based on the knowledge of engineering geological characteristics, cutting slope failure properties and laws for Ningming expansive soil during the construction of Nanyou expressway in Guangxi, the flexible supporting treatment technology developed by Changsha University of Science and Technology overcome the problem of frequent landslide of expansive soil cutting slope. The generalization of this technology was performed on the Baise residual expansive soil. However, whether this technology is suitable to treat the sedimentary expansive rock/soil or not is focused by the engineers. The successful application of flexible supporting treatment technology for Beijing western sixth ring highway in 2009 was a good example for the comparative researches. In this paper, the expansive rock/soil engineering properties and flexible supporting technology of cutting slope for engineering in Baise and Beijing mentioned above were compared to generalize the new treatment technology. According to the investigation of existing relative researches, the major origin, distribution characteristics, geological properties and degree of engineering damage of Northern and Southern expansive rock/soil and the engineering treatment technology measures of expansive soil cutting slope and its effects, main advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
The major differences of chemical composition, physicochemical properties and swelling-shrinkage characteristics between Southern residual and Northern sedimentary expansive rock/soils are obtained according to the field geological structure investigation, drilling sampling, engineering geology analogy and systematical laboratory testing of expansive rock/soil properties. The geological structures of expansive rock/soil in Southern areas are binary, but that in Northern areas are horizontal interlayer. Therefore, the failures of excavated slopes are different for Southern and Northern expansive rock/soils. The effective content of montmorillonite of Southern expansive rock/soil with montmorillonite/illite mixed layer mineral is less than 18% but that of Northern expansive rock/soil with mono-montmorillonite mineral is more than 40%. The engineering characteristics differences between them are analyzed.
According to the cutting slope failure characteristics and the research on its development rule, the deformation, failure rule of expansive rock/soil cutting slope with different origins, climate conditions and soil properties are achieved. It is found that the differences of cutting slope failures are existed but the most cutting slope failures considerably affected by climate are shallow.
Finally, the design scheme and construction method of flexible supporting treatment measures for Southern and Northern expansive rock/soil cutting slopes are compared. The new treatment measures are suitable for various expansive rock/soil cutting slopes. However, the technology scheme should change according to the specific conditions to obtain the satisfactory results.
引文
[1]郑健龙,杨和平.中国公路膨胀土工程问题、研究现状及展望.第二届全国膨胀土学术研讨会论文集《膨胀土处治理论、技术与实践》[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2004:3-23
[2]交通部西部膨胀土项目课题组.膨胀土地区公路修筑成套技术研究总报告[R].长沙:长沙理工大学,2007,11
[3] Jones.D.E,Holtz.W.G.Expansive Soils-the Hidden Disaster.Civil Engineering,ASCE,l973,43
[4]索洛昌,徐祖森等译.膨胀土建筑物的设计与施工[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1982
[5]袁从华,周健等.高速公路膨胀土边坡整治[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(增1):3073-3078
[6]交通部西部膨胀土项目课题组.西部地区膨胀土路基工程典型案例的调研与分析报告[R].长沙:长沙理工大学,2006,12
[7] He-Ping Yang , Jian-Long Zheng , Ph.Dand Rui-Zhang.Addressing ExpansiveSoils.Civil Engineering(ASCE),March 2006,Volume 77:62-69
[8]杨和平,倪啸,肖杰.膨胀土上修建高速公路互通匝道的工程案例[J].公路,2010,1:9-13
[9] He-ping YANG, Xiao NI,Jie XIAO. A CONSTRUCTION CASE OF RAMPS LOCATED ON THE EXPANSIVE SOIL FOR HIGHWAY INTERCHANGE,roc. of Int. Symp. on Geoenvironmental Eng., ISGE2009
[10] Detoumay,E.and C.Fairhurst. Two dimensional elasto-plastic analysis of a long,cylindrical cavity under non hydrostatic loading[M]. Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.& Geomech. 1987,15:211-215
[11] Brown,E.T.and E.Hock. Trends in relationships between measured in-situ stresses and depth[M]. Int.J.Rock Mech.Mill.Sci.&Geomech.Abstr.,15,1978,21:1-215 [ 1 2] Gauthier-Villars . Carranza-Torres , C.(1998)Self-similarity analysis of the elasto·plastic response of underground openings in rock and effects of practical variables[M].PhD Thesis,University of Minnesota 225-229
[13] Caquot,A.and J.Kcfisel(1956)Traitd de mdcanique des sols[M].Paris:105-108
[14] Fredlund D G,Rahordio H.So il mechaniCS for unsaturated soils[M].NewYork:John Wily and Sons,inc,1993
[15]廖世文.膨胀土与铁路工程[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1984
[16]铁道部第二设计院第三总队.铁道工程地质经验汇编[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1975
[17]肖久荣.渡口地区昔格达粘土滑坡发生机理的探讨[M].西安地质学院学报,1988,8(4):74-79
[18]曲永新.地面岩体工程加固新进展[M].北京:科技出版社,1975
[19]廖济川.安徽硬粘土的工程地质特征及工程实践.全国第三次工程地质大会论文集(上集),成都:成都科技大学出版社.1988
[20]刘特洪.工程建设中的膨胀土问题[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1997
[21]李生林.中国膨胀土工程地质研究[M].南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1992
[22]徐辉,杨志波,王初生.湖北省襄荆高速公路与汉十高速公路膨胀土膨胀特性的对比研究[J].中国地质大学学报(地球科学版),2001,26(4):395-397
[23]杨虹,孙莉萍,刘义虎,彭立.南方地区膨胀土性质对比试验[J].中南公路工程,2005,30(4):203-206
[24]罗文柯,杨果林.我国部分省(区)膨胀土分布与工程特性对比研究[J].山西建筑,2005,31(23):68-69
[25]杨和平,曲永新,郑健龙.宁明膨胀土研究的新进展[J].岩土工程学报,2005,27(9):981-987
[26]王萍,陈靖甫.长江流域膨胀土的分布及对工程的危害性[J].水利水电快报,2006,27(4):9-11
[27]刘特洪.长江流域膨胀土工程地质特征及工程处理[J].人民长江,2005,36(3):13-15
[28]冯玉勇,徐卫亚,王思敬,曲永新.南阳膨胀土的工程地质特征和填筑适宜性[J].岩土力学,2005,26(10):1645-1651
[29]高国瑞,韩爱民.论中国区域性土的分布和岩土性质的形成[J].岩土工程学报,2005,27(5):511-515
[30]倪宏革,周红.道路工程中膨胀土的成因研究意义[J].路基工程,2007,5:19-21
[31]张永双,曲永新,周瑞光.南水北调中线工程上第三系膨胀性硬粘土的工程地质特性研究[J].工程地质学报,2002,10(4):367-377
[32]张加桂,曲永新.三峡库区膨胀土的发现和研究[J].岩土工程学报,2001,23(6):724-727
[33]张永双,曲永新,吴树仁,谭成轩.秦岭北缘仙游寺粘土(膨胀土)的发现及初步研究[J].现代地质,2004,18(3):383-388
[34]来弘鹏,谢永利,杨晓华.西汉高速公路膨胀土堑坡浅层稳定性研究[J].武汉理工大学学报,2010,32(1):29-33
[35]李青云,程展林,龚壁卫等.南水北调中线膨胀土(岩)地段渠道破坏机理和处治技术研究[J].长江科学院院报,2009,26(11):1-9
[36]王文生,谢永利,梁军林.膨胀土路堑边坡的破坏型式和稳定性[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2005,25(1):20-24
[37]吕俊娥.渭阳公路西坡膨胀土滑坡的稳定性研究[D].西安科技大学,2009
[38]潘军利.泥岩路堑边坡破坏机理和防治措施研究[D].长安大学,2005
[39]武雄等.延吉盆地强膨胀软岩边坡变形机理及防治措施[J]煤炭学报,2009,34(1):69-73
[40]刘龙武,郑健龙,缪伟.广西宁明膨胀土胀缩活动带特征及滑坡破坏模式研究[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(1):28-33
[41]杨和平,郑鹏.南友路膨胀土堑坡滑坍的地质调查与思考[J].长沙理工大学学报(自然科学版),2004,1(1):14-19
[42]庄仲欣.朔黄铁路膨胀土路堑设计[J].铁道标准设计,2005,3:16-17
[43]张永防,王秉勇.用锚杆框架护坡加固南昆线膨胀土边坡的研究[J].铁道工程学报,2000,9(3):92-95
[44]袁从华,周健,杨明亮.高速公路膨胀土边坡整治[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(增1):3074-3078
[45]杜英.高速公路膨胀土路堑边坡的设计和施工技术[J].公路,2005,7(7):118-121
[46] He-Ping Yang and Jian-Long Zheng.The New Engineering Treatment Techniques of Expansive Soil Subgrade for GuangXi Nanning-Youyi Guan Expressway[A].Proceedings of The Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils,2006:439-450
[47]杨和平,曲永新,郑健龙.南友路宁明段膨胀土土性研究.膨胀土处治理论技术与实践[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2004:97-106
[48]杨和平,郑健龙等.广西南宁至友谊关公路膨胀土路基的工程处治技术[J].中国公路学会2005学术年会论文集,2005:156-163
[49]李生林,施斌,杜延军.中国膨胀土工程地质研究[J].自然杂志,1997,19(2):82-86
[50]曲永新,张永双等.中国膨胀性岩、土一体化工程地质分类的理论与实践.中国工程地质五十年[M].北京:地震出版社,2000
[51]曲永新.国内外膨胀土工程地质信息集成[R].中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所地质工程中心,2000
[52]曲永新等.云南蒙自盆地泥灰岩残积红粘土的环境工程地质问题[J].岩体工程地质问题[M].北京:科学出版社,1988
[53]肖荣久.陕西膨胀土及其灾害地质研究[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1995
[54]曲永新等.中国东部膨胀岩研究的新进展.90年代地质科学研究的新进展[M].北京:海洋出版社,1992
[55]蒋忠信,秦小林,李敏.南昆铁路膨胀岩土及其防治的研究进展[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报.1995.6:1-8
[56]蒋忠信,李敏等.南昆铁路膨胀泥岩路堑边坡工程试验[J].路基工程,1999.(5):35-42
[57] H.PYang , J.Xiao , S.Wang. Treat cut slopes with expansive soils adoptinggeogrid-reinforced technique, Proceeding of the 4th Asian Regional Conference on Geosynthetics, June , 2008
[58]曲永新.泥质岩的工程分类系统.中国科学院工程地质力学开放实验室1992年年报[R].北京:地震出版社,1993
[59]曲永新等.泥岩成岩胶结作用的工程地质研究.中国科学院工程地质力学开放实验室1992年年报[R].北京:地质出版社,1993
[60]曲永新等.煤矿泥质岩成岩胶结作用的工程地质研究.中国软岩巷道支护理论与实践[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1996
[61]工程地质手册编委会.工程地质手册[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007
[2]交通部西部膨胀土项目课题组.膨胀土地区公路修筑成套技术研究总报告[R].长沙:长沙理工大学,2007,11
[3] Jones.D.E,Holtz.W.G.Expansive Soils-the Hidden Disaster.Civil Engineering,ASCE,l973,43
[4]索洛昌,徐祖森等译.膨胀土建筑物的设计与施工[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1982
[5]袁从华,周健等.高速公路膨胀土边坡整治[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(增1):3073-3078
[6]交通部西部膨胀土项目课题组.西部地区膨胀土路基工程典型案例的调研与分析报告[R].长沙:长沙理工大学,2006,12
[7] He-Ping Yang , Jian-Long Zheng , Ph.Dand Rui-Zhang.Addressing ExpansiveSoils.Civil Engineering(ASCE),March 2006,Volume 77:62-69
[8]杨和平,倪啸,肖杰.膨胀土上修建高速公路互通匝道的工程案例[J].公路,2010,1:9-13
[9] He-ping YANG, Xiao NI,Jie XIAO. A CONSTRUCTION CASE OF RAMPS LOCATED ON THE EXPANSIVE SOIL FOR HIGHWAY INTERCHANGE,roc. of Int. Symp. on Geoenvironmental Eng., ISGE2009
[10] Detoumay,E.and C.Fairhurst. Two dimensional elasto-plastic analysis of a long,cylindrical cavity under non hydrostatic loading[M]. Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.& Geomech. 1987,15:211-215
[11] Brown,E.T.and E.Hock. Trends in relationships between measured in-situ stresses and depth[M]. Int.J.Rock Mech.Mill.Sci.&Geomech.Abstr.,15,1978,21:1-215 [ 1 2] Gauthier-Villars . Carranza-Torres , C.(1998)Self-similarity analysis of the elasto·plastic response of underground openings in rock and effects of practical variables[M].PhD Thesis,University of Minnesota 225-229
[13] Caquot,A.and J.Kcfisel(1956)Traitd de mdcanique des sols[M].Paris:105-108
[14] Fredlund D G,Rahordio H.So il mechaniCS for unsaturated soils[M].NewYork:John Wily and Sons,inc,1993
[15]廖世文.膨胀土与铁路工程[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1984
[16]铁道部第二设计院第三总队.铁道工程地质经验汇编[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1975
[17]肖久荣.渡口地区昔格达粘土滑坡发生机理的探讨[M].西安地质学院学报,1988,8(4):74-79
[18]曲永新.地面岩体工程加固新进展[M].北京:科技出版社,1975
[19]廖济川.安徽硬粘土的工程地质特征及工程实践.全国第三次工程地质大会论文集(上集),成都:成都科技大学出版社.1988
[20]刘特洪.工程建设中的膨胀土问题[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1997
[21]李生林.中国膨胀土工程地质研究[M].南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1992
[22]徐辉,杨志波,王初生.湖北省襄荆高速公路与汉十高速公路膨胀土膨胀特性的对比研究[J].中国地质大学学报(地球科学版),2001,26(4):395-397
[23]杨虹,孙莉萍,刘义虎,彭立.南方地区膨胀土性质对比试验[J].中南公路工程,2005,30(4):203-206
[24]罗文柯,杨果林.我国部分省(区)膨胀土分布与工程特性对比研究[J].山西建筑,2005,31(23):68-69
[25]杨和平,曲永新,郑健龙.宁明膨胀土研究的新进展[J].岩土工程学报,2005,27(9):981-987
[26]王萍,陈靖甫.长江流域膨胀土的分布及对工程的危害性[J].水利水电快报,2006,27(4):9-11
[27]刘特洪.长江流域膨胀土工程地质特征及工程处理[J].人民长江,2005,36(3):13-15
[28]冯玉勇,徐卫亚,王思敬,曲永新.南阳膨胀土的工程地质特征和填筑适宜性[J].岩土力学,2005,26(10):1645-1651
[29]高国瑞,韩爱民.论中国区域性土的分布和岩土性质的形成[J].岩土工程学报,2005,27(5):511-515
[30]倪宏革,周红.道路工程中膨胀土的成因研究意义[J].路基工程,2007,5:19-21
[31]张永双,曲永新,周瑞光.南水北调中线工程上第三系膨胀性硬粘土的工程地质特性研究[J].工程地质学报,2002,10(4):367-377
[32]张加桂,曲永新.三峡库区膨胀土的发现和研究[J].岩土工程学报,2001,23(6):724-727
[33]张永双,曲永新,吴树仁,谭成轩.秦岭北缘仙游寺粘土(膨胀土)的发现及初步研究[J].现代地质,2004,18(3):383-388
[34]来弘鹏,谢永利,杨晓华.西汉高速公路膨胀土堑坡浅层稳定性研究[J].武汉理工大学学报,2010,32(1):29-33
[35]李青云,程展林,龚壁卫等.南水北调中线膨胀土(岩)地段渠道破坏机理和处治技术研究[J].长江科学院院报,2009,26(11):1-9
[36]王文生,谢永利,梁军林.膨胀土路堑边坡的破坏型式和稳定性[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2005,25(1):20-24
[37]吕俊娥.渭阳公路西坡膨胀土滑坡的稳定性研究[D].西安科技大学,2009
[38]潘军利.泥岩路堑边坡破坏机理和防治措施研究[D].长安大学,2005
[39]武雄等.延吉盆地强膨胀软岩边坡变形机理及防治措施[J]煤炭学报,2009,34(1):69-73
[40]刘龙武,郑健龙,缪伟.广西宁明膨胀土胀缩活动带特征及滑坡破坏模式研究[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(1):28-33
[41]杨和平,郑鹏.南友路膨胀土堑坡滑坍的地质调查与思考[J].长沙理工大学学报(自然科学版),2004,1(1):14-19
[42]庄仲欣.朔黄铁路膨胀土路堑设计[J].铁道标准设计,2005,3:16-17
[43]张永防,王秉勇.用锚杆框架护坡加固南昆线膨胀土边坡的研究[J].铁道工程学报,2000,9(3):92-95
[44]袁从华,周健,杨明亮.高速公路膨胀土边坡整治[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(增1):3074-3078
[45]杜英.高速公路膨胀土路堑边坡的设计和施工技术[J].公路,2005,7(7):118-121
[46] He-Ping Yang and Jian-Long Zheng.The New Engineering Treatment Techniques of Expansive Soil Subgrade for GuangXi Nanning-Youyi Guan Expressway[A].Proceedings of The Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils,2006:439-450
[47]杨和平,曲永新,郑健龙.南友路宁明段膨胀土土性研究.膨胀土处治理论技术与实践[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2004:97-106
[48]杨和平,郑健龙等.广西南宁至友谊关公路膨胀土路基的工程处治技术[J].中国公路学会2005学术年会论文集,2005:156-163
[49]李生林,施斌,杜延军.中国膨胀土工程地质研究[J].自然杂志,1997,19(2):82-86
[50]曲永新,张永双等.中国膨胀性岩、土一体化工程地质分类的理论与实践.中国工程地质五十年[M].北京:地震出版社,2000
[51]曲永新.国内外膨胀土工程地质信息集成[R].中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所地质工程中心,2000
[52]曲永新等.云南蒙自盆地泥灰岩残积红粘土的环境工程地质问题[J].岩体工程地质问题[M].北京:科学出版社,1988
[53]肖荣久.陕西膨胀土及其灾害地质研究[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1995
[54]曲永新等.中国东部膨胀岩研究的新进展.90年代地质科学研究的新进展[M].北京:海洋出版社,1992
[55]蒋忠信,秦小林,李敏.南昆铁路膨胀岩土及其防治的研究进展[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报.1995.6:1-8
[56]蒋忠信,李敏等.南昆铁路膨胀泥岩路堑边坡工程试验[J].路基工程,1999.(5):35-42
[57] H.PYang , J.Xiao , S.Wang. Treat cut slopes with expansive soils adoptinggeogrid-reinforced technique, Proceeding of the 4th Asian Regional Conference on Geosynthetics, June , 2008
[58]曲永新.泥质岩的工程分类系统.中国科学院工程地质力学开放实验室1992年年报[R].北京:地震出版社,1993
[59]曲永新等.泥岩成岩胶结作用的工程地质研究.中国科学院工程地质力学开放实验室1992年年报[R].北京:地质出版社,1993
[60]曲永新等.煤矿泥质岩成岩胶结作用的工程地质研究.中国软岩巷道支护理论与实践[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1996
[61]工程地质手册编委会.工程地质手册[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007