礁滩储层AVO属性分析
摘要
随着认识与勘探技术的突破,世界上碳酸盐岩层系油气勘探获得重大发现,掀起了在碳酸盐岩中找油气的高潮。碳酸盐岩储层在世界油气生产中占有极其重要的地位。据统计,世界碳酸盐岩储层的油气产量约占世界油气总产量的60%。其中,礁滩储层中油气储量约占世界油气探明储量的12%。所以,研究碳酸盐岩储层特征及其中油气分布规律、碳酸盐岩储层中石油地质特征及成藏组合具有重要的理论意义和实际价值。
但是随着全球对石油天然气需求量的不断增加,简单的处理解释方法已经无法满足对埋藏更深、构造更加复杂的油气藏的勘探要求了,而且从地震资料的信息量来说,在很大程度上,叠后的资料淹没了很多有用的信息,通过对叠前资料的分析,我们希望能从中找到更多有用的信息,例如叠前地震资料中含有更多地获取反映储层流体的信息。近年来,学者们以纵波、横波为基础对储层的流体识别进行了广泛的研究。通过研究表明,横波对流体信息的表达要强于纵波。但是,由于横波勘探的成本高,技术实现难度大等等原因,一直未能得到很好的实现和广泛的应用。但研究同时也表明,垂直入射只有纵波反射,而非垂直入射在界面处则会发生转换横波。为此,纵波,横波和转换横波的综合利用为流体识别提供了一条有效的途径和方向。
因而,以AVO技术为代表的振幅随炮检距变换而变化的相关技术得到了深入的研究。AVO技术是以岩石物理和严谨而系统的数学推导为基础,同时在特殊处理中具有一定的抗噪性,并且能从纵波资料中提取横波信息,所以,这一技术得到迅猛的发展和广泛的应用,并成为重要的油气勘探和储层预测方法。
本文通过对AVO技术的产生背景、发展历史、研究现状和发展趋势的了解和认识,介绍了AVO技术的基本原理和岩石物理基础,介绍了Zoeppritz方程及其不同的近似表达式,并讨论了不同近似表达式的精度。然后针对本文研究的重点礁滩储层进行了礁滩储层的地震响应特征研究,同时对生物礁的定义、分类进行了研究,并结合了实际资料中的生物礁滩地震特征进行了更加深刻的认识。在理论模型分析中,首先针对各种岩石物理参数对理论模型的影响进行了相应的分析,然后对碳酸盐岩礁滩模型进行了AVO反射特征的正演模拟及常规反演属性分析。在理论分析的基础上,通过对西南某地区实际资料进行AVO属性分析,通过部分效果较好的属性进行属性交汇分析,在该地区针对潜在气异常的预测取得了一定效果。
With the breakthrough in understanding and exploration techniques, a series of important discoveries were made in petroleum exploration of carbonate rocks in the world, the climax of finding oil and gas in carbonate rocks war set off. Carbonate reservoirs play an extremely important pole in oil and gas production of the world. According to statistics, the world's oil and gas production in carbonate reservoirs is accounted for about 60% of world oil and gas production. Among them, the world's reef reservoir is accounted for about 12% of oil and gas proved reserves. Therefore, the study of carbonate reservoir characteristics, distribution of oil and gas and petroleum geology and reservoir combinations characterization has important theoretical value and practical value.
With the global increasing demands for oil and natural gas, simple seismic exploration methods have been unable to meet the exploration requirements of oil and gas reservoir which is buried in deeper and more complex structure. It’s considered to use as more as possible amount of information from the seismic data. To a large extent, a lot of useful information is submerged in post-stack data. Through the analysis of pre-stack data, we hope we can find more useful information, for example, pre-stack seismic data contain more information of the reservoir fluid. In recent years, based on pressure wave and shear wave, scholars conducted extensive research in identification of reservoir fluid. Through research, It’s showed that shear wave is stronger than pressure wave at the side of the expression of fluid information. However, due to the high cost, difficult technology and so on, S-wave exploration has not been well implemented and widely used. Study also showed that when incidence is vertical, only P-wave reflection occur, rather than the converted S-wave occurs at the interface with normal incidence. When Non-vertical incidence, S-wave occurs at the interface. To this end, the utilization of pressure wave, shear wave and the converted shear wave provides an effective way and direction for the identification of fluid.
Thus, AVO related technology which is to study the amplitude versus offset has been deeply researched. AVO technology is based on rock physics and rigorous mathematical derivation, at the same time, the data processing procedure has a certain noise immunity, and S-wave information can be extracted from the P-wave. Therefore, this technology has been the rapid developed and wide applied, and become an important way for oil and gas exploration and reservoir prediction.
By learning and understanding the AVO technology background, history, current research situation and development trends, this article introduced the basic principles of AVO technology and its rock physics basis, introduced Zoeppritz equation and its approximate expression in different ways, and discussed the accuracy of different approximate expressions. Then, the paper showed the research results of the characteristics of the seismic response of reef reservoir which is the focus of this paper. At the same time, the definition and classification of reef has been studied. Combining with the characteristics of seismic response of reef flat in the actual data, I have a more profound understanding. In the analysis of theoretical model, first of all, it is analyzed that a variety of rock physical parameter’s the corresponding impact to the theoretical model. Based on the carbonate reef flat model, we do AVO forward modeling and inversion of conventional properties. Based on theoretical analysis, we researched AVO attribute of the actual data in an area which is in southwestern China. We do cross-plot analysis of some of properties which is good and find a potential anomaly of gas reservoir in the region。
但是随着全球对石油天然气需求量的不断增加,简单的处理解释方法已经无法满足对埋藏更深、构造更加复杂的油气藏的勘探要求了,而且从地震资料的信息量来说,在很大程度上,叠后的资料淹没了很多有用的信息,通过对叠前资料的分析,我们希望能从中找到更多有用的信息,例如叠前地震资料中含有更多地获取反映储层流体的信息。近年来,学者们以纵波、横波为基础对储层的流体识别进行了广泛的研究。通过研究表明,横波对流体信息的表达要强于纵波。但是,由于横波勘探的成本高,技术实现难度大等等原因,一直未能得到很好的实现和广泛的应用。但研究同时也表明,垂直入射只有纵波反射,而非垂直入射在界面处则会发生转换横波。为此,纵波,横波和转换横波的综合利用为流体识别提供了一条有效的途径和方向。
因而,以AVO技术为代表的振幅随炮检距变换而变化的相关技术得到了深入的研究。AVO技术是以岩石物理和严谨而系统的数学推导为基础,同时在特殊处理中具有一定的抗噪性,并且能从纵波资料中提取横波信息,所以,这一技术得到迅猛的发展和广泛的应用,并成为重要的油气勘探和储层预测方法。
本文通过对AVO技术的产生背景、发展历史、研究现状和发展趋势的了解和认识,介绍了AVO技术的基本原理和岩石物理基础,介绍了Zoeppritz方程及其不同的近似表达式,并讨论了不同近似表达式的精度。然后针对本文研究的重点礁滩储层进行了礁滩储层的地震响应特征研究,同时对生物礁的定义、分类进行了研究,并结合了实际资料中的生物礁滩地震特征进行了更加深刻的认识。在理论模型分析中,首先针对各种岩石物理参数对理论模型的影响进行了相应的分析,然后对碳酸盐岩礁滩模型进行了AVO反射特征的正演模拟及常规反演属性分析。在理论分析的基础上,通过对西南某地区实际资料进行AVO属性分析,通过部分效果较好的属性进行属性交汇分析,在该地区针对潜在气异常的预测取得了一定效果。
With the breakthrough in understanding and exploration techniques, a series of important discoveries were made in petroleum exploration of carbonate rocks in the world, the climax of finding oil and gas in carbonate rocks war set off. Carbonate reservoirs play an extremely important pole in oil and gas production of the world. According to statistics, the world's oil and gas production in carbonate reservoirs is accounted for about 60% of world oil and gas production. Among them, the world's reef reservoir is accounted for about 12% of oil and gas proved reserves. Therefore, the study of carbonate reservoir characteristics, distribution of oil and gas and petroleum geology and reservoir combinations characterization has important theoretical value and practical value.
With the global increasing demands for oil and natural gas, simple seismic exploration methods have been unable to meet the exploration requirements of oil and gas reservoir which is buried in deeper and more complex structure. It’s considered to use as more as possible amount of information from the seismic data. To a large extent, a lot of useful information is submerged in post-stack data. Through the analysis of pre-stack data, we hope we can find more useful information, for example, pre-stack seismic data contain more information of the reservoir fluid. In recent years, based on pressure wave and shear wave, scholars conducted extensive research in identification of reservoir fluid. Through research, It’s showed that shear wave is stronger than pressure wave at the side of the expression of fluid information. However, due to the high cost, difficult technology and so on, S-wave exploration has not been well implemented and widely used. Study also showed that when incidence is vertical, only P-wave reflection occur, rather than the converted S-wave occurs at the interface with normal incidence. When Non-vertical incidence, S-wave occurs at the interface. To this end, the utilization of pressure wave, shear wave and the converted shear wave provides an effective way and direction for the identification of fluid.
Thus, AVO related technology which is to study the amplitude versus offset has been deeply researched. AVO technology is based on rock physics and rigorous mathematical derivation, at the same time, the data processing procedure has a certain noise immunity, and S-wave information can be extracted from the P-wave. Therefore, this technology has been the rapid developed and wide applied, and become an important way for oil and gas exploration and reservoir prediction.
By learning and understanding the AVO technology background, history, current research situation and development trends, this article introduced the basic principles of AVO technology and its rock physics basis, introduced Zoeppritz equation and its approximate expression in different ways, and discussed the accuracy of different approximate expressions. Then, the paper showed the research results of the characteristics of the seismic response of reef reservoir which is the focus of this paper. At the same time, the definition and classification of reef has been studied. Combining with the characteristics of seismic response of reef flat in the actual data, I have a more profound understanding. In the analysis of theoretical model, first of all, it is analyzed that a variety of rock physical parameter’s the corresponding impact to the theoretical model. Based on the carbonate reef flat model, we do AVO forward modeling and inversion of conventional properties. Based on theoretical analysis, we researched AVO attribute of the actual data in an area which is in southwestern China. We do cross-plot analysis of some of properties which is good and find a potential anomaly of gas reservoir in the region。
引文
[1] Koefoed. On the Effect of Poissin’s Ratios of Rock Strate on the Reflection Coefficients of Plane Wave[J]. Geophysical Prospecting, 1955, 3(4):381-387.
[2] Bortfeld,R.Approximation to the reflection and transmission coefficients of plane longitudinal and transverse wave[J].Geophysics Prospecting,1961,9(4):485-502.
[3] Aki, K. I., and Richards, P. G., Quantitative seismology[M]: W. H. Freeman and Co,1980.
[4] Hilterman, F. Seismic Lithology[M].SEG Continuing Education,1983:115.
[5] Ostrander W.J.Plane waves reflection coefficient s for gas sands at normal angles of incidence[J]. Geophysics,1984,49(10):1637-1648.
[6] Gassaway, G.S. Sample:seismic amplitude measurement for primary lithology estimation[C]. 53 th Annual Internet SEG Meeting,1983:610-613.
[7] Shuey. A simplification of the zoppritz equations. Geophysics ,1984 ,50 (4) :609-634.
[8] Smith, G.C, Gidlow P.M. Weighted stacking for rock property estimation and detection of gas[J]. Geophysical Prospecting,1987, , 35, 993-1014.
[9] Rutherford S R, Williams R H. Amplitude versus off set variations in gas sands[J]. Geophysics,1989,54(6):680-688.
[10]容娇君.弹性AVO反演[D].成都:成都理工大学信息工程学院, 2008.
[11]李录明,罗省贤.多波多分量地震勘探原理及数据处理方法[M].成都:成都科技大学出版社,1997.
[12] Antonio C B R ,Thomas L D.三维AVO分析和模拟用于煤层气储层的裂缝检测.赵岩译.国外油气勘探,1999 ,11 (1) :72-86.
[13] Li Yongyi , Jonathan D. The applications of amplitude versus offset in carbonate reservoirs: renexamining the potential[C]. SEG 70 th Annual Meeting Expanded Abstracts. Calgary, 2000.
[14] Mahob P N, Castagna J P, Young R A. AVO inversion of a Gulf of Mexico bright spot-acase study[J]. Geophysics, 1999, Vol.64:1480-1491.
[15] Gray D.. Bridging the gap: using AVO to detect chan-ges in fundamental elastic constants[C]. 59th Ann Internet Expanded Abstract, 1999, 852-855.
[16] Mahob, P.N., and Castagna, JP., AVO hodogram and polarization attributes[J], The leading EDGE, 2002, 21(1):18-27.
[17] Keho, T., Lemanski RP., and Tambunan BR., The AVO hodogram: Using polarization to identify anomalies[J], The leading EDGE, 2001, 20(11): 1214-1224.
[18] Goodway W , Chen T , Downton J . Improved AVO fluid detection and lithologydiscrimination using Lame petrophysical parameters from P and S inversion[C].ExpandedAbstracts of 68th Annual Internet SEG Mtg.1997: 83-186.
[19] Russell B H,Hedlin K,Hilterman F J,et al.Fluid property discrimination with AVO:A Biot-Gassmann perspective[J].Geophysics,2003,68(1):29-39
[20] Dillon L,Schwedersky G,Guilherme V, et a1.A multiscale DHI elastic attributes evaluation[J].The Leading Edge,2003,22(10):1024-1029
[21]陈遵德,朱广生.地震储层预测方法研究进展[J].地球物理学进展,1997,12(4):76-84.
[22]刘文玲,牛彦良,李刚,等.多信息储层预测与地震属性提取与有效性分析方法[J].石油物探,2002,41(1):100-106.
[23]于建国,姜秀清.地震属性优化在储层预测中的应用[J].石油与天然气地质,2003,24(3):291～295.
[24]王西文,刘全新,周嘉玺,等.精细储层预测技术在板南5—3井区的应用[J].石油物探,2003,42(3):389-394.
[25]王西文.岩性油气藏的储层预测及评价技术研究[J].石油物探,2004,43(6):511-517.
[26]杨午阳,杨文采,王西文,等.综合储层预测技术在包1庙4井区的应用[J].石油物探,2004,43(6):578-583.
[27]张洪波,王纬,顾汉明.高精度地震属性储层预测技术研究[J].天然气工业,2005,25(7):35-37.
[28]宁忠华,贺振华,黄德济.基于地震资料的高灵敏度流体识别因子[J].石油物探,2006,45(3):239-241.
[29] Biot, M.A.,General theory of three-dimensional consolidation[J], Journal of Applied Physics, 1941,12:155-164.
[30] Biot, M.A.,Theory of propagation of elastic waves in fluid saturated porous solid,I:Low frequence range, and II: Higher-frequence range[J]. Jounal of the Acoustical Society of America,1956,28:168-196.
[31] Gassmann, F.,Uber die Elastizitat poroser Medien, Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zurich[J],1951,96:1-23.
[32] Gassmann, F.,Elastic wave through a packing of spheres[J]. Geophysics,1951,16:673-685.
[33] Zhijing Wang, Amos M.Nur and Michael L.Batzle. Effect of different pore fluids on velocities in rocks[C].58th Annual International SEG Meeting,S10.4:928-930.
[34] Zhijing Wang. Fundamentals of seismic rock physics[J]. Geophysics,2001,66(2):398-412.
[35]荫八斤,曾灏,杨在岩.AVO理论与实践[M].石油工业出版社,1995.
[36]陈颙,黄庭芳.岩石物理学[M].北京大学出版社,2001.
[37] Wyllie M.R.J., Gregory A.R., and Gardner L.W., Elastic wave velocities in heterogeneous and porous media[J], Geophysics, 1956,21: 41-70.
[38] Wyllie M.R.J., Gregory A.R., and Gardner L.W., An experimental investigation of factors affecting elastic wave velocities in porous media[J]. Geophysics, 1958, 23:459-493.
[39] Castagna J P, Batzle M.L and Eastwood R.L. Relationships between compressional-wave and shear-wave velocities in clastic silicate rocks[J].1985,50(4):571-581.
[40] Castagna J P, Swan H W, Foster D J. Framework for AVO gradient and intercept interpretation[J]. Geophysics, 1998, 63 (3): 948-956.
[41] Hilterman F.Seismic Lithology[M].SEG—continuing Education.1983.
[42]陆基孟.地震勘探原理.东营:石油大学出版社,1993.
[43] Ramirez Luis C. AVO statistical analysis: A useful tool for interbedded salt body detection[C]. 60th Annual Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, 1990, 90, 1483-1485.
[44] Castagna J P, Swan H W. Princip les of AVO cross plotting [J].The Leading Edge, 1997, (4): 337– 342
[45]李庆忠,王建花.多波地震勘探的难点与展望[M].中国海洋大学出版社,2007.
[2] Bortfeld,R.Approximation to the reflection and transmission coefficients of plane longitudinal and transverse wave[J].Geophysics Prospecting,1961,9(4):485-502.
[3] Aki, K. I., and Richards, P. G., Quantitative seismology[M]: W. H. Freeman and Co,1980.
[4] Hilterman, F. Seismic Lithology[M].SEG Continuing Education,1983:115.
[5] Ostrander W.J.Plane waves reflection coefficient s for gas sands at normal angles of incidence[J]. Geophysics,1984,49(10):1637-1648.
[6] Gassaway, G.S. Sample:seismic amplitude measurement for primary lithology estimation[C]. 53 th Annual Internet SEG Meeting,1983:610-613.
[7] Shuey. A simplification of the zoppritz equations. Geophysics ,1984 ,50 (4) :609-634.
[8] Smith, G.C, Gidlow P.M. Weighted stacking for rock property estimation and detection of gas[J]. Geophysical Prospecting,1987, , 35, 993-1014.
[9] Rutherford S R, Williams R H. Amplitude versus off set variations in gas sands[J]. Geophysics,1989,54(6):680-688.
[10]容娇君.弹性AVO反演[D].成都:成都理工大学信息工程学院, 2008.
[11]李录明,罗省贤.多波多分量地震勘探原理及数据处理方法[M].成都:成都科技大学出版社,1997.
[12] Antonio C B R ,Thomas L D.三维AVO分析和模拟用于煤层气储层的裂缝检测.赵岩译.国外油气勘探,1999 ,11 (1) :72-86.
[13] Li Yongyi , Jonathan D. The applications of amplitude versus offset in carbonate reservoirs: renexamining the potential[C]. SEG 70 th Annual Meeting Expanded Abstracts. Calgary, 2000.
[14] Mahob P N, Castagna J P, Young R A. AVO inversion of a Gulf of Mexico bright spot-acase study[J]. Geophysics, 1999, Vol.64:1480-1491.
[15] Gray D.. Bridging the gap: using AVO to detect chan-ges in fundamental elastic constants[C]. 59th Ann Internet Expanded Abstract, 1999, 852-855.
[16] Mahob, P.N., and Castagna, JP., AVO hodogram and polarization attributes[J], The leading EDGE, 2002, 21(1):18-27.
[17] Keho, T., Lemanski RP., and Tambunan BR., The AVO hodogram: Using polarization to identify anomalies[J], The leading EDGE, 2001, 20(11): 1214-1224.
[18] Goodway W , Chen T , Downton J . Improved AVO fluid detection and lithologydiscrimination using Lame petrophysical parameters from P and S inversion[C].ExpandedAbstracts of 68th Annual Internet SEG Mtg.1997: 83-186.
[19] Russell B H,Hedlin K,Hilterman F J,et al.Fluid property discrimination with AVO:A Biot-Gassmann perspective[J].Geophysics,2003,68(1):29-39
[20] Dillon L,Schwedersky G,Guilherme V, et a1.A multiscale DHI elastic attributes evaluation[J].The Leading Edge,2003,22(10):1024-1029
[21]陈遵德,朱广生.地震储层预测方法研究进展[J].地球物理学进展,1997,12(4):76-84.
[22]刘文玲,牛彦良,李刚,等.多信息储层预测与地震属性提取与有效性分析方法[J].石油物探,2002,41(1):100-106.
[23]于建国,姜秀清.地震属性优化在储层预测中的应用[J].石油与天然气地质,2003,24(3):291～295.
[24]王西文,刘全新,周嘉玺,等.精细储层预测技术在板南5—3井区的应用[J].石油物探,2003,42(3):389-394.
[25]王西文.岩性油气藏的储层预测及评价技术研究[J].石油物探,2004,43(6):511-517.
[26]杨午阳,杨文采,王西文,等.综合储层预测技术在包1庙4井区的应用[J].石油物探,2004,43(6):578-583.
[27]张洪波,王纬,顾汉明.高精度地震属性储层预测技术研究[J].天然气工业,2005,25(7):35-37.
[28]宁忠华,贺振华,黄德济.基于地震资料的高灵敏度流体识别因子[J].石油物探,2006,45(3):239-241.
[29] Biot, M.A.,General theory of three-dimensional consolidation[J], Journal of Applied Physics, 1941,12:155-164.
[30] Biot, M.A.,Theory of propagation of elastic waves in fluid saturated porous solid,I:Low frequence range, and II: Higher-frequence range[J]. Jounal of the Acoustical Society of America,1956,28:168-196.
[31] Gassmann, F.,Uber die Elastizitat poroser Medien, Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zurich[J],1951,96:1-23.
[32] Gassmann, F.,Elastic wave through a packing of spheres[J]. Geophysics,1951,16:673-685.
[33] Zhijing Wang, Amos M.Nur and Michael L.Batzle. Effect of different pore fluids on velocities in rocks[C].58th Annual International SEG Meeting,S10.4:928-930.
[34] Zhijing Wang. Fundamentals of seismic rock physics[J]. Geophysics,2001,66(2):398-412.
[35]荫八斤,曾灏,杨在岩.AVO理论与实践[M].石油工业出版社,1995.
[36]陈颙,黄庭芳.岩石物理学[M].北京大学出版社,2001.
[37] Wyllie M.R.J., Gregory A.R., and Gardner L.W., Elastic wave velocities in heterogeneous and porous media[J], Geophysics, 1956,21: 41-70.
[38] Wyllie M.R.J., Gregory A.R., and Gardner L.W., An experimental investigation of factors affecting elastic wave velocities in porous media[J]. Geophysics, 1958, 23:459-493.
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