济阳坳陷车西地区潜山储层识别及预测研究
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摘要
碳酸盐岩潜山储层发育孔、洞、缝等多种储集空间类型,由于其成因复杂、非均质性强烈,难以对其特征及发育规律进行准确识别与预测。本文以沉积岩石学、构造地质学、储层地质学等地质理论为指导,综合利用测井、地震等地球物理信息,描述碳酸盐岩潜山储层储集空间特征,对其进行综合识别及预测研究,进而分析储层发育特征及控制因素,分析其分布规律,最终进行有利储层预测。论文研究成果主要体现在:(1)受沉积、成岩、构造等多重因素作用与改造,碳酸盐岩潜山可形成风化壳岩溶型、断裂溶蚀型、内幕层状孔洞型、内幕褶皱构造裂缝型等多种成因类型储层。深入分析上述储层形成地质基础是提高储层识别及预测精度的重要前提。(2)引入“测井地质特征单元”概念,把具有相似测井地质特征的地层段称为“测井地质特征单元”,简称“测井元”。通过利用测井成像特征、曲线形态特征和数值特征,划分了4大类、11次类测井元,建立了典型测井元识别标准模式;在此基础上,结合车西区域地质背景,将潜山储集空间分为4类:与褶皱作用有关的裂缝、与断层作用有关的裂缝、与不整合面溶蚀作用有关的孔洞、与断层侧向溶蚀作用有关的孔洞;分析了这四类储集空间的“测井元”特征,指明其储集空间纵横向分布特点,明确了影响储层发育的3大主控因素,即岩性、构造和岩溶作用。(3)通过对地震资料进行精细层位标定及叠前偏移处理,完成潜山构造形态的落实;在此基础上,综合利用约束地震反演处理、能量吸收衰减特征分析、地震属性分析、地震波形分类等技术手段,取得较为可靠的潜山储层预测效果。(4)综合地质、测井、地震资料,分析车西地区潜山储层分布规律,研究结果表明潜山储层分布平面上具有以下特征:①风化壳岩溶带储层普遍发育;②风化壳岩溶对岩性和层位选择性不强;③反向断层控制断裂溶蚀带有效储层的分布;④白云化作用、断裂及褶皱构造作用共同控制了北部二台阶潜山内幕有效储层的发育。而纵向上储层分布较为复杂,综合评价认为凤山组、冶里-亮甲山组、八陡组最好,其次为上、下马家沟组。在此基础上预测潜山储层有利发育区,指出南部缓坡带无上古生界覆盖的残丘山储层最为发育,而上古生界具有一定残余厚度的反向翘倾断块山的上升盘构造高部位储层也比较发育;北部陡坡带二台阶潜山的构造高部位风化壳型储层比较发育,断层或褶皱作用活动比较剧烈的地区发育多套潜山内幕储层。
Various kinds of reservoir space such as pore, cavern and fracture are existing in carbonate buried hill reservoirs, however, for their complicated genesis and strong heterogeneity, it’s very difficult to identify and predict the characteristics and regularity of those reservoirs. Combining with theories of sedimentary petrography, structural geology, reservoir geology as well as logging and seismic data, carbonate buried hill reservoirs in studied area have been identified and predicted and their reservoir space characteristics have been described. Then this paper analyzed reservoir space characteristics and their controlling factors, built a geologic model of buried hill reservoir, explored their forming mechanism and analyzed reservoir distribution regularity, which aims at predicting favorable reservoirs. The major results have been achieved in the following aspects: (1) Under the affection and reconstruction of multi-factors like sedimentation, diagenesis and structure, various types of reservoirs, such as weathering crust cast type common in buried hill, laminated pore and cavern type in inner buried hill,faulted denudation nearby the fault and fractured type in the structure axial region, are formed in the carbonate buried hill; (2) Well-logging geologic characteristics unit, well-logging unit in short, that is stratigraphic intervals with analogous geologic characteristics, has been introduced in this paper. 4 types and 11 subtypes are classified by using imaging, curve and numerical characteristics and a typical model of well-logging unit identification has been build. Then in combination with regional geological settings of Chexi area, four types of buried hill reservoir space, such as fracture related to both folding and fault, pore and cavern related to both unconformity dissolution and lateral denudation of the fault are divided and those logging unit characteristics are then researched. At last, the distribution characteristics of reservoir space in both vertical and planar directions of different types of buried hill, as well as three major factors affecting reservoir development, lithology, structure and denudation, have been ascertained. (3) The structure form of buried hill has been confirmed through precise calibration and pre-stack depth migration processing of seismic data, and by means of co-utilized constrained inversion processing, energy absorption characteristic analysism, seismic attribute analysis, seismic facies analysis and etc., a comparably reliable effect of buried hill reservoir has been achieved. (4) The distribution regularity of buried hill reservoir in Chexi area is analyzed according to geologic, logging and seismic data, and the results show that planar distribution characteristics of buried hill reservoirs are as follows:①Weathering crust cast reservoirs are common developed;②Weathering crust cast is not strict in lithology and stratigraphic position;③Tthe distribution of effective reservoir in weathering crust cast belt is controlled by inverted fault;④Stepped fault has controlled the favorable reservoirs in inner buried hill. In the vertical direction, the distribution of reservoirs is relatively complicated. Reservoir evaluation suggests best reservoirs in Fengshan Formation, Yeli-Liangjiashan Formation and Badou Formation while secondary ones in upper and lower Majiagou Formation. All of above work shows favorable buried hill reservoirs in studied area. In south gentle slope, reservoirs are well developed in the structural high part of uplifted wall of inverted fault while lower Paleozoic residual hill secondly; Whereas in north artic region, weathering crust reservoirs developed well in the structural high part of second-step buried hill, inner buried hill reservoirs preferred to exist such areas as second-step fault with strong activities.
Various kinds of reservoir space such as pore, cavern and fracture are existing in carbonate buried hill reservoirs, however, for their complicated genesis and strong heterogeneity, it’s very difficult to identify and predict the characteristics and regularity of those reservoirs. Combining with theories of sedimentary petrography, structural geology, reservoir geology as well as logging and seismic data, carbonate buried hill reservoirs in studied area have been identified and predicted and their reservoir space characteristics have been described. Then this paper analyzed reservoir space characteristics and their controlling factors, built a geologic model of buried hill reservoir, explored their forming mechanism and analyzed reservoir distribution regularity, which aims at predicting favorable reservoirs. The major results have been achieved in the following aspects: (1) Under the affection and reconstruction of multi-factors like sedimentation, diagenesis and structure, various types of reservoirs, such as weathering crust cast type common in buried hill, laminated pore and cavern type in inner buried hill,faulted denudation nearby the fault and fractured type in the structure axial region, are formed in the carbonate buried hill; (2) Well-logging geologic characteristics unit, well-logging unit in short, that is stratigraphic intervals with analogous geologic characteristics, has been introduced in this paper. 4 types and 11 subtypes are classified by using imaging, curve and numerical characteristics and a typical model of well-logging unit identification has been build. Then in combination with regional geological settings of Chexi area, four types of buried hill reservoir space, such as fracture related to both folding and fault, pore and cavern related to both unconformity dissolution and lateral denudation of the fault are divided and those logging unit characteristics are then researched. At last, the distribution characteristics of reservoir space in both vertical and planar directions of different types of buried hill, as well as three major factors affecting reservoir development, lithology, structure and denudation, have been ascertained. (3) The structure form of buried hill has been confirmed through precise calibration and pre-stack depth migration processing of seismic data, and by means of co-utilized constrained inversion processing, energy absorption characteristic analysism, seismic attribute analysis, seismic facies analysis and etc., a comparably reliable effect of buried hill reservoir has been achieved. (4) The distribution regularity of buried hill reservoir in Chexi area is analyzed according to geologic, logging and seismic data, and the results show that planar distribution characteristics of buried hill reservoirs are as follows:①Weathering crust cast reservoirs are common developed;②Weathering crust cast is not strict in lithology and stratigraphic position;③Tthe distribution of effective reservoir in weathering crust cast belt is controlled by inverted fault;④Stepped fault has controlled the favorable reservoirs in inner buried hill. In the vertical direction, the distribution of reservoirs is relatively complicated. Reservoir evaluation suggests best reservoirs in Fengshan Formation, Yeli-Liangjiashan Formation and Badou Formation while secondary ones in upper and lower Majiagou Formation. All of above work shows favorable buried hill reservoirs in studied area. In south gentle slope, reservoirs are well developed in the structural high part of uplifted wall of inverted fault while lower Paleozoic residual hill secondly; Whereas in north artic region, weathering crust reservoirs developed well in the structural high part of second-step buried hill, inner buried hill reservoirs preferred to exist such areas as second-step fault with strong activities.
引文
[1]李丕龙,张善文,王永诗,宋国奇编著.多样性潜山成因、成藏与勘探.北京:石油工业出版社.2003.20-84.
[2]华北石油勘探开发设计研究院.潜山油气藏.北京:石油工业出版社.1982.
[3]王端平,金强,戴俊生,张敬轩等编著.基岩潜山油气成藏储集空间分布规律和评价方法.北京:地质出版社.2003.34-88.
[4]强子同.碳酸盐岩储层地质学.石油大学出版社.1998.
[5]王玉芹,王军,范崇海,张敬轩,曲全工.车镇凹陷富台油田古生界潜山裂缝评价.油气地质与采收率.2002.9(3).34-36.
[6]李丕龙等著.陆相断陷盆地油气地质与勘探(卷一、三、四、六).北京:石油工业出版社,地质出版社.2003.92-94.
[7]陆克政主编.构造地质学教程.东营:石油大学出版社.1999.
[8] Dickson J A D,Coleman M L.Changes in carbon and oxygen isotope composition during limestone diagenesis.Sedimentology,1980,27:107～118.
[9] Handford C P,Loucks R G.Carbonate depositional sequences and systems tracts responses of carbonate platforms to relative sea level changes.In:Loucks R G,Sarg J F eds.Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy:Recent Developments and Applications.Am Assoc Petrol Geol Memoir,1994,57:3～41.
[10] Karig D E and Moore G F.Tectonically controlled sedimentation in marginal basins.Earth Plant Sci Lett,1975,26:233～288
[11]马永生,梅冥相,陈小兵(美).1999.碳酸盐岩储层沉积学.北京:地质出版社
[12]王允诚等.1992.裂缝性致密储层.北京:地质出版社
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[14] Wilson J L.Charateristics of carbonate platform margins.Am Assoc Petrol Geol Bull,1974,58:810～824.
[15]杜奉屏编译.1983.碳酸盐岩储集层测井解释文集.北京:石油工业出版社,204
[16] O.塞拉(法)著,肖义越译.测井资料地质解释.北京:石油工业出版社,1992.
[17]司马立强编著.测井地质应用技术.北京:石油工业出版社,2002.
[18]谭廷栋.1987.裂缝性油气藏测井解释模型与评价方法.北京:石油工业出版社
[19]刘红歧、彭仕宓等,基于测井曲线元的裂缝定量识别,测井技术,2004,28(4):306-309.
[20]曹嘉猷刘士安高敏编著.测井资料综合解释.北京:石油工业出版社,2002.
[21]王玉芹、王军、范崇海等.车镇凹陷富台油田古生界潜山裂缝评价.油气地质与采收率,2002,9(3):34-36.
[22]肖慈询,欧阳健.1991.测井地质学在油气勘探中的应用.北京:石油工业出版社
[23]欧阳健等.1994.石油测井解释与储层评价.北京:石油工业出版社
[24]潘元林,孔凡仙,杨申镳,郑和荣主编.1998.中国隐蔽油气藏.北京:地质出版社
[25]中国石油学会石油测井学会编.1992.测井在油藏描述中的应用.北京:石油工业出版社
[26] Haiqing Wu and David D.Pollard:“Image 3-D fracture networks around boreholes”,AAPG Bulletin, v. 86, NO. 4(April 2002),PP.593-604.
[27] S.Duffy Russell,Mahmoud akbar:“Rock type and permeability prediction from dipmeter and image logs”, v. 86, NO. 4(April 2002),PP.1709-1732.
[28] Lucia, F.J:“Rock-fabric/petrophysical classification of carbonate pore space for reservoir characterization”AAPG Bulletin, V.79, 1275–1300.
[29] Schlumberger,1992,Schlumberger WTA Marketing Service:Fullbore Formation MicroImager:Houston,Texas,Schlumberger Educational Services,3 p.
[30] Schlumberger,1986,Dipmeter interpretation fundamentals:Houston,Texas,Schlumberger Educational Services,5 p.
[31] Newberry,B.M.,L.M.Grace,and D.D.Stief,1996,Analysis of carbonate dual porosity systems from borehole electrical images:Permian Basin Oil and Gas Recovery Conference,Society of Petroleum Engineers Paper 35158,7 p.
[32] Bai,T., D.D.Pollard,2000and H. Gao:“Explanation for fracture spacing in layered materials”,nature,v.403,p.753-756.
[33] Narr,W.,1991,Fracture density in the deep subsurface:techniques with application to Point Arguello oil field:AAPG Bulletin,v.75,p.1300-1323.
[34] Wu,H.,and D.D.Pollard,1994,Detecting subsurface fracture network and drainage area using 1D borehole data:Proceedings of the International Conference of Petroleum and Petroleum Chemistry,14 p.
[35] Tucker,K.E.,P.M.Harris,and R.C.Nolen-Hoeksema,1998,Geologic investigation of cross-well seismic response in a carbonate reservoir,McElroy field,west Texas:AAPG Bulletin,v.82,no.8,p.1463-1503.
[36]彭大钧等.碳酸盐岩含气缝洞系统及其地震波响应模式.复式油气田,1996,6(2):13-17.
[37]刘震编著.1997.储层地震地层学.北京:地质出版社.
[38]孙建孟,王永刚主编.2001.地球物理资料综合应用.北京:石油大学出版社.
[39]王军,刘传虎,闫昭岷.义和庄潜山灰岩裂缝储集层特征与地震预测技术.石油物探,2002,41增刊:159-161.
[40]谭明友,刘福贵,董臣强.埕北30潜山构造演化与油气富集规律研究.石油地球物理勘探,2002,37(2):134-137.
[2]华北石油勘探开发设计研究院.潜山油气藏.北京:石油工业出版社.1982.
[3]王端平,金强,戴俊生,张敬轩等编著.基岩潜山油气成藏储集空间分布规律和评价方法.北京:地质出版社.2003.34-88.
[4]强子同.碳酸盐岩储层地质学.石油大学出版社.1998.
[5]王玉芹,王军,范崇海,张敬轩,曲全工.车镇凹陷富台油田古生界潜山裂缝评价.油气地质与采收率.2002.9(3).34-36.
[6]李丕龙等著.陆相断陷盆地油气地质与勘探(卷一、三、四、六).北京:石油工业出版社,地质出版社.2003.92-94.
[7]陆克政主编.构造地质学教程.东营:石油大学出版社.1999.
[8] Dickson J A D,Coleman M L.Changes in carbon and oxygen isotope composition during limestone diagenesis.Sedimentology,1980,27:107～118.
[9] Handford C P,Loucks R G.Carbonate depositional sequences and systems tracts responses of carbonate platforms to relative sea level changes.In:Loucks R G,Sarg J F eds.Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy:Recent Developments and Applications.Am Assoc Petrol Geol Memoir,1994,57:3～41.
[10] Karig D E and Moore G F.Tectonically controlled sedimentation in marginal basins.Earth Plant Sci Lett,1975,26:233～288
[11]马永生,梅冥相,陈小兵(美).1999.碳酸盐岩储层沉积学.北京:地质出版社
[12]王允诚等.1992.裂缝性致密储层.北京:地质出版社
[13] Wilson J L.Charateristics of carbonate platform margins.Am Assoc Petrol Geol Bull,1974,58:810～824.
[14] Wilson J L.Charateristics of carbonate platform margins.Am Assoc Petrol Geol Bull,1974,58:810～824.
[15]杜奉屏编译.1983.碳酸盐岩储集层测井解释文集.北京:石油工业出版社,204
[16] O.塞拉(法)著,肖义越译.测井资料地质解释.北京:石油工业出版社,1992.
[17]司马立强编著.测井地质应用技术.北京:石油工业出版社,2002.
[18]谭廷栋.1987.裂缝性油气藏测井解释模型与评价方法.北京:石油工业出版社
[19]刘红歧、彭仕宓等,基于测井曲线元的裂缝定量识别,测井技术,2004,28(4):306-309.
[20]曹嘉猷刘士安高敏编著.测井资料综合解释.北京:石油工业出版社,2002.
[21]王玉芹、王军、范崇海等.车镇凹陷富台油田古生界潜山裂缝评价.油气地质与采收率,2002,9(3):34-36.
[22]肖慈询,欧阳健.1991.测井地质学在油气勘探中的应用.北京:石油工业出版社
[23]欧阳健等.1994.石油测井解释与储层评价.北京:石油工业出版社
[24]潘元林,孔凡仙,杨申镳,郑和荣主编.1998.中国隐蔽油气藏.北京:地质出版社
[25]中国石油学会石油测井学会编.1992.测井在油藏描述中的应用.北京:石油工业出版社
[26] Haiqing Wu and David D.Pollard:“Image 3-D fracture networks around boreholes”,AAPG Bulletin, v. 86, NO. 4(April 2002),PP.593-604.
[27] S.Duffy Russell,Mahmoud akbar:“Rock type and permeability prediction from dipmeter and image logs”, v. 86, NO. 4(April 2002),PP.1709-1732.
[28] Lucia, F.J:“Rock-fabric/petrophysical classification of carbonate pore space for reservoir characterization”AAPG Bulletin, V.79, 1275–1300.
[29] Schlumberger,1992,Schlumberger WTA Marketing Service:Fullbore Formation MicroImager:Houston,Texas,Schlumberger Educational Services,3 p.
[30] Schlumberger,1986,Dipmeter interpretation fundamentals:Houston,Texas,Schlumberger Educational Services,5 p.
[31] Newberry,B.M.,L.M.Grace,and D.D.Stief,1996,Analysis of carbonate dual porosity systems from borehole electrical images:Permian Basin Oil and Gas Recovery Conference,Society of Petroleum Engineers Paper 35158,7 p.
[32] Bai,T., D.D.Pollard,2000and H. Gao:“Explanation for fracture spacing in layered materials”,nature,v.403,p.753-756.
[33] Narr,W.,1991,Fracture density in the deep subsurface:techniques with application to Point Arguello oil field:AAPG Bulletin,v.75,p.1300-1323.
[34] Wu,H.,and D.D.Pollard,1994,Detecting subsurface fracture network and drainage area using 1D borehole data:Proceedings of the International Conference of Petroleum and Petroleum Chemistry,14 p.
[35] Tucker,K.E.,P.M.Harris,and R.C.Nolen-Hoeksema,1998,Geologic investigation of cross-well seismic response in a carbonate reservoir,McElroy field,west Texas:AAPG Bulletin,v.82,no.8,p.1463-1503.
[36]彭大钧等.碳酸盐岩含气缝洞系统及其地震波响应模式.复式油气田,1996,6(2):13-17.
[37]刘震编著.1997.储层地震地层学.北京:地质出版社.
[38]孙建孟,王永刚主编.2001.地球物理资料综合应用.北京:石油大学出版社.
[39]王军,刘传虎,闫昭岷.义和庄潜山灰岩裂缝储集层特征与地震预测技术.石油物探,2002,41增刊:159-161.
[40]谭明友,刘福贵,董臣强.埕北30潜山构造演化与油气富集规律研究.石油地球物理勘探,2002,37(2):134-137.