不同尺度下的灌水均匀度田间试验研究
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摘要
灌水均匀度是指灌溉范围内田间土壤湿润的均匀程度。是评估一个灌溉工程或一种灌水技术质量好坏的重要指标之一,它反映了作物需水得到的可能程度。研究不同尺度下的灌水均匀度对于设计合理的灌溉系统以及制订合理灌溉制度具有重要意义。本文主要从不同尺度下的灌水均匀度入手,通过理论分析与试验相结合的方法,研究点源滴灌、膜下线源滴灌以及喷灌水量在土壤中的水分分布情况,探求点、线、面三者水分分布的关系,从而达到点、线、面、体的有效结合,提高灌水均匀度。主要研究结论如下:
(1)地表点源滴灌土壤水分分布均匀度与滴头流量以及灌水量有关,随着滴头流量和灌水总量的增大,灌水均匀度也逐渐增大。点源滴灌地表湿润半径与入渗时间很好的符合幂函数关系。
(2)线源膜下滴灌条件下,当滴头流量较小时,水分在各层土壤中分布相对均匀。试验中采用的几种滴灌带所测土壤水分分布均匀度均高于70%,且当滴头流量为1.2 L/h时,滴灌土壤水分分布均匀度最高,约为90%以上,适合当地农业生产使用。
(3)单喷头喷洒,水分呈明显的马鞍形分布;多喷头组合喷洒,方形布置水分分布的均匀性优于双喷头以及三喷头布置。
(4)田间喷灌试验中,当喷头喷洒均匀度仅为57.1%时,入渗到土壤中的水分经过再次分布其土壤水分分布均匀度高达90%以上,表明喷灌水量在土壤空间的再分布后,灌溉水在土壤中分布均匀度比喷头喷洒水量均匀度高得多。
(5)点源喷灌土壤水分均匀度与面源喷灌土壤水分分布均匀度基本一致,可以通过点源喷灌的土壤水分分布情况从理论上推导面源喷灌土壤水分的分布情况,并且可以通过这一小部分面源进而逐步扩大到更大的面源。
Irrigation uniformity is the uniform degrees of irrigation water distribution in the irrigated field, which is an important index to estimate an irrigation projects or an irrigation technology, and directly reflects the degree of irrigation water suffice for crops. It has a signification meaning on a reasonable design and running irrigation system. Combined theoretical analysis with experimental methods, irrigation water distribution was studied under the different scale, such as point source drip irrigation, line source mulched drip irrigation, and sprinkler irrigation. Relationships of the uniformity of irrigation distribution were analyzed under point, line and plane. Such achieve effective combination of the points, lines, planes and body, will improve suitable irrigation uniformities. The main conclusions are listed as follows:
(1) Soil water distribution uniformity of point source of surface drip irrigation relates to the emitter discharge and the irrigation quantity, irrigation uniformity increases with the increasing of emitter discharge and the irrigation quantity. Relations of surface soil wetting radius and infiltration time of point source surface irrigation fit well with power function.
(2) Under the conditions of line source mulched drip irrigation, when the emitter flow rate is small, the distribution of soil water is relatively uniform. Measured soil moisture distribution of several experiments drip line were higher than 70%, and when the emitter flow rate of 1.2 L/h, the soil water distribution uniformity was the highest, about 90% or more, for local agriculture production use.
(3) Single spray nozzle, spray water was obvious saddle; combination spray nozzle, water distribution uniformity of a square layout was better than two-nozzle and three nozzle arrangement.
(4) By the field irrigation trials, when the uniformity of sprinkler was only 57.1%, the infiltration soil water distribution uniformity was more than 90% by the re-distribution, indicating that the irrigation water distribution in soil was more uniform than that of spray nozzle spraying.
(5) Soil water distribution uniformity of point source sprinkler irrigation is consistent with non-point source sprinkler. So the soil moisture distribution of non-point source sprinkler could be derived from the theoretical point source sprinkler distribution. And it could be gradually expanded from a point to surface, to a larger non-point source.
(1)地表点源滴灌土壤水分分布均匀度与滴头流量以及灌水量有关,随着滴头流量和灌水总量的增大,灌水均匀度也逐渐增大。点源滴灌地表湿润半径与入渗时间很好的符合幂函数关系。
(2)线源膜下滴灌条件下,当滴头流量较小时,水分在各层土壤中分布相对均匀。试验中采用的几种滴灌带所测土壤水分分布均匀度均高于70%,且当滴头流量为1.2 L/h时,滴灌土壤水分分布均匀度最高,约为90%以上,适合当地农业生产使用。
(3)单喷头喷洒,水分呈明显的马鞍形分布;多喷头组合喷洒,方形布置水分分布的均匀性优于双喷头以及三喷头布置。
(4)田间喷灌试验中,当喷头喷洒均匀度仅为57.1%时,入渗到土壤中的水分经过再次分布其土壤水分分布均匀度高达90%以上,表明喷灌水量在土壤空间的再分布后,灌溉水在土壤中分布均匀度比喷头喷洒水量均匀度高得多。
(5)点源喷灌土壤水分均匀度与面源喷灌土壤水分分布均匀度基本一致,可以通过点源喷灌的土壤水分分布情况从理论上推导面源喷灌土壤水分的分布情况,并且可以通过这一小部分面源进而逐步扩大到更大的面源。
Irrigation uniformity is the uniform degrees of irrigation water distribution in the irrigated field, which is an important index to estimate an irrigation projects or an irrigation technology, and directly reflects the degree of irrigation water suffice for crops. It has a signification meaning on a reasonable design and running irrigation system. Combined theoretical analysis with experimental methods, irrigation water distribution was studied under the different scale, such as point source drip irrigation, line source mulched drip irrigation, and sprinkler irrigation. Relationships of the uniformity of irrigation distribution were analyzed under point, line and plane. Such achieve effective combination of the points, lines, planes and body, will improve suitable irrigation uniformities. The main conclusions are listed as follows:
(1) Soil water distribution uniformity of point source of surface drip irrigation relates to the emitter discharge and the irrigation quantity, irrigation uniformity increases with the increasing of emitter discharge and the irrigation quantity. Relations of surface soil wetting radius and infiltration time of point source surface irrigation fit well with power function.
(2) Under the conditions of line source mulched drip irrigation, when the emitter flow rate is small, the distribution of soil water is relatively uniform. Measured soil moisture distribution of several experiments drip line were higher than 70%, and when the emitter flow rate of 1.2 L/h, the soil water distribution uniformity was the highest, about 90% or more, for local agriculture production use.
(3) Single spray nozzle, spray water was obvious saddle; combination spray nozzle, water distribution uniformity of a square layout was better than two-nozzle and three nozzle arrangement.
(4) By the field irrigation trials, when the uniformity of sprinkler was only 57.1%, the infiltration soil water distribution uniformity was more than 90% by the re-distribution, indicating that the irrigation water distribution in soil was more uniform than that of spray nozzle spraying.
(5) Soil water distribution uniformity of point source sprinkler irrigation is consistent with non-point source sprinkler. So the soil moisture distribution of non-point source sprinkler could be derived from the theoretical point source sprinkler distribution. And it could be gradually expanded from a point to surface, to a larger non-point source.
引文
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