高超声速低温喷管横向射流混合反应机理的数值模拟和实验研究
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摘要
高超声速低温喷管作为高能化学激光器先进喷管的代表,在气流输运、混合及反应方面发挥着举足轻重的作用。喷管光腔内会发生多种复杂的物理化学过程,涉及气体动力学、化学非平衡反应动力学以及增益介质的激光物理学,因此对这些关键过程开展全面深入的研究具有十分重要的意义。
本文采用理论分析、数值仿真和实验研究等多种手段,对高超声速低温喷管横向射流的混合反应过程及光腔受激辐射过程进行机理性的研究。
发展了适用于化学激光器喷管及光腔数值模拟的混合RANS/LES方法;综合运用多种流场显示技术和数值仿真手段,系统分析了HYLTE喷管超声速横向喷射流动的混合特征,获得了副喷管喷射角、副喷管间距和射流总压改变对混合特征和激波结构的影响规律。为了增强HYLTE喷管内多射流的混合效果,需要综合考虑射流穿透深度、射流与来流交界面面积、总压损失、混合距离及射流与来流的压力匹配等问题。
通过对HYLTE氧化剂喷管前段进行数值分析得到喷管光腔耦合段入口截面上的流动参数,分析了氧化剂喷管入口总压、喉部高度、超声速段扩张角和氟原子复合效应对流场边界层厚度和气流均匀性的影响。
对典型构型的HYLTE喷管光腔耦合段横向射流的非定常混合过程进行了数值仿真,结果表明,倾斜多射流引入的流向旋涡和交界面的扭曲拉伸是喷管流动混合的显著特征;分析了副喷管喷射角、副喷管串联间距、副喷管并联间距对射流穿透、总压损失及混合效率的影响:喷射角越大,反转旋涡对的强度越大,射流界面的扭曲拉伸越明显,同时射流穿透深度越大,混合效率越高,但压力损失也越大;串联间距及并联间距过大或过小均不利于混合效率和总压恢复性能的提高;增大副喷管喷射角对改善混合效果的作用最为明显。
提出了DF化学激光器两种反应体系下的简化化学反应动力学模型,分析了简化对于预测燃烧温度、热力学参数、介质组分浓度、小信号增益及折射率分布的影响。结果显示,简化模型在有效概括DF化学反应过程的同时较大程度上提高了计算效率,更适合与三维数值仿真程序或软件进行流场耦合计算。
采用简化模型、应用混合RANS/LES方法对HYLTE喷管基准构型和副喷管喷射角改变时的反应流场进行了数值模拟,结果表明,反应放热会导致流场中流向旋涡的强度低于冷态情况,但是反转旋涡对的存在使得反应界面扭曲,有利于燃料与氧化剂的扩散混合,可以加速化学反应进程和增益介质的形成;光腔流场存在局部的低频压力振荡,反应流场的总压损失也高于冷态流场;小信号增益主要分布在光腔中心线附近的狭窄区域,随着副喷管喷射角的增大,高增益区前移并且增益区长度明显缩短;副喷管喷射角增大,总压损失增大,介质气流的非均匀性增加;副喷管喷射角为40度时,高增益区分布位置适中而且增益区长度最长,可以有效降低激光器腔镜的负载。
将几何光学模型耦合到反应流场计算中,模拟了超声速DF化学激光器光场从初始建立到稳定过程中流场及光场的变化情况,发现激光辐射主要影响激射能级分子的布居数和介质气体的能量,对基本流场参量的影响较小;无激射时在较宽的范围内都可以发生DF分子的粒子数全反转,有激射时激光输出是建立在DF分子振–转跃迁的粒子数部分反转基础上的。
提出了一种基于HYLTE喷管的超声速DF-CO_2转移型化学激光器方案,分析了化学反应动力学模型、副喷管组分配比和工作参数对转移型激光器流场以及光学性能的影响,结果表明简化模型能更明了的解释激光器中的物理化学过程,也能准确预测激光器的性能参数;合理的选择副喷管组分配比和工作参数可以得到理想的、分布均匀的小信号增益系数。
Hypersonic low temperature (HYLTE) nozzle is an advanced nozzle for high power chemical laser, which has great influences on gas transporting, mixing and reacting. Many complicated processes are found to exist in this nozzle and contiguous cavity, including gas dynamics, nonequilibrium chemical kinetics, and laser physics of gain mediums. It is important to investigate into these key processes systematically. Using a combination of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and experimental observation, the mechanism of mixing, reacting and radiating processes in the coupled section of HYLTE nozzle and cavity were studied.
The numerical simulation program suitable for the nozzle and optical cavity was developed, mainly based on the method of hybrid RANS/LES. Utilizing experimental techniques and numerical methods, the flow patterns and mixing characteristics of supersonic angled jets into a supersonic crossflow were investigated and analyzed comprehensively. The changing tendencies of the mixing characteristics with the altering of secondary injection angle, secondary orifice separation and injection stagnation pressure were examined. In order to enhance the mixing effect of multiple oblique injections in HYLTE nozzle, the penetration depth, the contacting area of jets and crossflow, the total pressure loss, the mixing length and the local pressure matching should be considered simultaneously.
The forepart of HYLTE oxidant nozzle was simulated numerically with the purpose of obtaining the inlet flow parameters of the coupled section. The influences of the factors including the inlet stagnation pressure, the throat width, the expanding angle of supersonic section and the recombination effect of F atom on the thickness of the boundary layer and the homogeneity of the gas flow were analyzed.
The three-dimensional unsteady mixing flowfields generated by supersonic transverse injections in HYLTE nozzle with several typical configurations were studied. Results showed that streamwise vortices, contacting surface distorting and stretching dominated and accelerated mixing. Geometric parameters, such as secondary injection angle, tandem distance and parallel distance affecting the penetration depth, the mixing efficiency and the total pressure loss were investigated. The strength of the counter rotating pairs of vortices, and as a result, the reactant surface entrainment increased with increasing injection angle. At the same time, the injectant penetration and mixing rate increased, which was consistent with the increase in total pressure loss. Neither the narrow nor the broad tandem/parallel distance would improve the mixing efficiency and pressure recovery coefficient. The parameter which made an obvious impact on HYLTE nozzle mixing performance was the injection angle of secondary nozzles.
Based on the detailed DF chemical kinetic models of two different reactant systems, the relevant simplified chemical kinetic mechanisms were presented. The simplification affecting the calculation of the combustion temperature, the thermodynamic parameters, the DF mole fractions, the small signal gain and the refractive index were presented. Compared with the detailed mechanism, the simplified mechanism described the general DF combustion process effectively, and at the same time elevated computational efficiency to a great extent, therefore it was more suitable to couple with three-dimensional flowfield numerical simulation code or software.
The reacting flowfields under three different injection angles were simulated with the simplified chemical kinetic model and hybrid RANS/LES method. Results showed that the strength of the streamwise vorticities was reduced as a result of heat release, but the existing of counter rotating pairs of vortices would distort the contacting surface and enhance the mixing of fuel and oxidant, and therefore accelerate the reacting process and the production of gain medium. Combusting flowfields could induce low-frequency pressure instability and higher total pressure losses in the cavity. Moreover, the small signal gain coefficient distributed in a narrow center region in the cavity. As the injection angle increased, the high gain zone appeared to be shorter and closer to the nozzle exit plane. Generally, larger injected angle was associated with greater total pressure loss and nonuniformity of the gas flow. The high gain zone distribution was appropriate and its length reached a maximum with the injection angle of 40 degree, which could reduce the lasing load of cavity mirrors efficiently.
Geometric optical model was coupled to the reacting flowfield computation, the variation of flow and optical fields from the establishment to the stabilization status in supersonic DF chemical laser were simulated. It was observed that laser radiation generally had dominant effects only on the concentrations of the lasing species, and it had relatively minor effects on the basic fluid dynamic parameters. For the case without lasing, the complete population inversion phenomena could be found in wider range, which did not occur for lasing. The lasing output was based on the partial population inversion of the vibration- rotation transition in DF molecules.
A kind of supersonic DF-CO_2 transfer chemical laser based on HYLTE nozzle was presented. The variations in the reacting flowfield and gain performance under different chemical kinetic models, secondary species ratios and operation parameters were obtained. Results showed that the simplification of kinetic model lent itself to easy physical interpretation and permitted efficient and accurate prediction of performance characteristics. Reasonable choices of secondary species ratios and operation parameters could acquire ideal small signal gain uniformly distributed.
本文采用理论分析、数值仿真和实验研究等多种手段,对高超声速低温喷管横向射流的混合反应过程及光腔受激辐射过程进行机理性的研究。
发展了适用于化学激光器喷管及光腔数值模拟的混合RANS/LES方法;综合运用多种流场显示技术和数值仿真手段,系统分析了HYLTE喷管超声速横向喷射流动的混合特征,获得了副喷管喷射角、副喷管间距和射流总压改变对混合特征和激波结构的影响规律。为了增强HYLTE喷管内多射流的混合效果,需要综合考虑射流穿透深度、射流与来流交界面面积、总压损失、混合距离及射流与来流的压力匹配等问题。
通过对HYLTE氧化剂喷管前段进行数值分析得到喷管光腔耦合段入口截面上的流动参数,分析了氧化剂喷管入口总压、喉部高度、超声速段扩张角和氟原子复合效应对流场边界层厚度和气流均匀性的影响。
对典型构型的HYLTE喷管光腔耦合段横向射流的非定常混合过程进行了数值仿真,结果表明,倾斜多射流引入的流向旋涡和交界面的扭曲拉伸是喷管流动混合的显著特征;分析了副喷管喷射角、副喷管串联间距、副喷管并联间距对射流穿透、总压损失及混合效率的影响:喷射角越大,反转旋涡对的强度越大,射流界面的扭曲拉伸越明显,同时射流穿透深度越大,混合效率越高,但压力损失也越大;串联间距及并联间距过大或过小均不利于混合效率和总压恢复性能的提高;增大副喷管喷射角对改善混合效果的作用最为明显。
提出了DF化学激光器两种反应体系下的简化化学反应动力学模型,分析了简化对于预测燃烧温度、热力学参数、介质组分浓度、小信号增益及折射率分布的影响。结果显示,简化模型在有效概括DF化学反应过程的同时较大程度上提高了计算效率,更适合与三维数值仿真程序或软件进行流场耦合计算。
采用简化模型、应用混合RANS/LES方法对HYLTE喷管基准构型和副喷管喷射角改变时的反应流场进行了数值模拟,结果表明,反应放热会导致流场中流向旋涡的强度低于冷态情况,但是反转旋涡对的存在使得反应界面扭曲,有利于燃料与氧化剂的扩散混合,可以加速化学反应进程和增益介质的形成;光腔流场存在局部的低频压力振荡,反应流场的总压损失也高于冷态流场;小信号增益主要分布在光腔中心线附近的狭窄区域,随着副喷管喷射角的增大,高增益区前移并且增益区长度明显缩短;副喷管喷射角增大,总压损失增大,介质气流的非均匀性增加;副喷管喷射角为40度时,高增益区分布位置适中而且增益区长度最长,可以有效降低激光器腔镜的负载。
将几何光学模型耦合到反应流场计算中,模拟了超声速DF化学激光器光场从初始建立到稳定过程中流场及光场的变化情况,发现激光辐射主要影响激射能级分子的布居数和介质气体的能量,对基本流场参量的影响较小;无激射时在较宽的范围内都可以发生DF分子的粒子数全反转,有激射时激光输出是建立在DF分子振–转跃迁的粒子数部分反转基础上的。
提出了一种基于HYLTE喷管的超声速DF-CO_2转移型化学激光器方案,分析了化学反应动力学模型、副喷管组分配比和工作参数对转移型激光器流场以及光学性能的影响,结果表明简化模型能更明了的解释激光器中的物理化学过程,也能准确预测激光器的性能参数;合理的选择副喷管组分配比和工作参数可以得到理想的、分布均匀的小信号增益系数。
Hypersonic low temperature (HYLTE) nozzle is an advanced nozzle for high power chemical laser, which has great influences on gas transporting, mixing and reacting. Many complicated processes are found to exist in this nozzle and contiguous cavity, including gas dynamics, nonequilibrium chemical kinetics, and laser physics of gain mediums. It is important to investigate into these key processes systematically. Using a combination of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and experimental observation, the mechanism of mixing, reacting and radiating processes in the coupled section of HYLTE nozzle and cavity were studied.
The numerical simulation program suitable for the nozzle and optical cavity was developed, mainly based on the method of hybrid RANS/LES. Utilizing experimental techniques and numerical methods, the flow patterns and mixing characteristics of supersonic angled jets into a supersonic crossflow were investigated and analyzed comprehensively. The changing tendencies of the mixing characteristics with the altering of secondary injection angle, secondary orifice separation and injection stagnation pressure were examined. In order to enhance the mixing effect of multiple oblique injections in HYLTE nozzle, the penetration depth, the contacting area of jets and crossflow, the total pressure loss, the mixing length and the local pressure matching should be considered simultaneously.
The forepart of HYLTE oxidant nozzle was simulated numerically with the purpose of obtaining the inlet flow parameters of the coupled section. The influences of the factors including the inlet stagnation pressure, the throat width, the expanding angle of supersonic section and the recombination effect of F atom on the thickness of the boundary layer and the homogeneity of the gas flow were analyzed.
The three-dimensional unsteady mixing flowfields generated by supersonic transverse injections in HYLTE nozzle with several typical configurations were studied. Results showed that streamwise vortices, contacting surface distorting and stretching dominated and accelerated mixing. Geometric parameters, such as secondary injection angle, tandem distance and parallel distance affecting the penetration depth, the mixing efficiency and the total pressure loss were investigated. The strength of the counter rotating pairs of vortices, and as a result, the reactant surface entrainment increased with increasing injection angle. At the same time, the injectant penetration and mixing rate increased, which was consistent with the increase in total pressure loss. Neither the narrow nor the broad tandem/parallel distance would improve the mixing efficiency and pressure recovery coefficient. The parameter which made an obvious impact on HYLTE nozzle mixing performance was the injection angle of secondary nozzles.
Based on the detailed DF chemical kinetic models of two different reactant systems, the relevant simplified chemical kinetic mechanisms were presented. The simplification affecting the calculation of the combustion temperature, the thermodynamic parameters, the DF mole fractions, the small signal gain and the refractive index were presented. Compared with the detailed mechanism, the simplified mechanism described the general DF combustion process effectively, and at the same time elevated computational efficiency to a great extent, therefore it was more suitable to couple with three-dimensional flowfield numerical simulation code or software.
The reacting flowfields under three different injection angles were simulated with the simplified chemical kinetic model and hybrid RANS/LES method. Results showed that the strength of the streamwise vorticities was reduced as a result of heat release, but the existing of counter rotating pairs of vortices would distort the contacting surface and enhance the mixing of fuel and oxidant, and therefore accelerate the reacting process and the production of gain medium. Combusting flowfields could induce low-frequency pressure instability and higher total pressure losses in the cavity. Moreover, the small signal gain coefficient distributed in a narrow center region in the cavity. As the injection angle increased, the high gain zone appeared to be shorter and closer to the nozzle exit plane. Generally, larger injected angle was associated with greater total pressure loss and nonuniformity of the gas flow. The high gain zone distribution was appropriate and its length reached a maximum with the injection angle of 40 degree, which could reduce the lasing load of cavity mirrors efficiently.
Geometric optical model was coupled to the reacting flowfield computation, the variation of flow and optical fields from the establishment to the stabilization status in supersonic DF chemical laser were simulated. It was observed that laser radiation generally had dominant effects only on the concentrations of the lasing species, and it had relatively minor effects on the basic fluid dynamic parameters. For the case without lasing, the complete population inversion phenomena could be found in wider range, which did not occur for lasing. The lasing output was based on the partial population inversion of the vibration- rotation transition in DF molecules.
A kind of supersonic DF-CO_2 transfer chemical laser based on HYLTE nozzle was presented. The variations in the reacting flowfield and gain performance under different chemical kinetic models, secondary species ratios and operation parameters were obtained. Results showed that the simplification of kinetic model lent itself to easy physical interpretation and permitted efficient and accurate prediction of performance characteristics. Reasonable choices of secondary species ratios and operation parameters could acquire ideal small signal gain uniformly distributed.
引文
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