祁连山木里天然气水合物钻孔沉积构造特征及与水合物分布关系研究
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摘要
天然气水合物作为21世纪的一种新兴潜在替代能源已备受关注。以往国际上对冻土区天然气水合物的勘察中，关注点多在储层中的水合物赋存状况、储层岩心的粒度、孔隙度、渗透率及多年冻土层厚度与水合物成藏间的关系等方面。近年来，随着研究的深入，科学家们已认识到构造和沉积对水合物分布控制的重要性，但研究程度仍十分薄弱。
本文利用我国首个陆域天然气水合物钻区，通过5个水合物钻孔地层较为系统和详细的描述，结合岩心粒度、矿物、元素分析以及断层破碎带、冻土层属性等的综合分析，对水合物沉积、构造控制特征展开研究，得到以下几点主要成果和认识：
（1）研究区水合物储存首要控制因素是可为深部气源提供流体通道的区域主断层；其它小断层和破碎带可为水合物提供部分流体来源及储存空间；气体来源以深部热解气为主。
（2）厘清了钻孔地层特征、地层单元空间展布情况，识别了研究区地层沉积相类型，并完成了沉积微相的划分，发现：水合物所处地层多位于江仓组上段（J2j2），沉积环境以湖泊为主，推测江仓组地层也可能对水合物有一定的控制作用（岩相控制）；不同沉积环境地层中水合物赋存层段的粒级组分含量不同，局部小断层和粗碎屑沉积可为天然气水合物提供有利储存空间。
（3）通过对冻土层的分析，发现祁连山冻土区水合物的储存不仅受冻土层厚度控制，还与冻土层的构成和岩性有很大关系，如勘探区内DK-2和DK-3钻孔中含煤、渗透性较弱的重复地层可能为水合物储存提供有利“盖层”；
（4）通过各钻孔综合剖面及孔间岩性、沉积相和断层等的对比，确定了中侏罗统各组段界限的识别标志；
（5）通过综合分析，并与加拿大冻土区进行对比，总结了祁连山冻土区在其冻土类型、冻土层厚度、冻土层岩性、水合物赋存层位地层和沉积相等方面的特殊性，较系统的获得了沉积构造特征对水合物的控制作用，这不仅为水合物钻探提供了地层、沉积环境方面的新认识，也为煤田地质工作提供了新的参考资料。
As a new emerging potential alternative sources of energy in 21stcentury, gashydrate (GH) has been studied widly on gas hydrate occurrence, lithology particle size,porosity, permeability of sediment bearing GH and the relation between gas hydratereservoir and thickness of permafrost layer in permafrost regions, previously. Withfurther research, scientists have realized the importance of tectonic activities andsedimentation controlling to gas hydrate distribution, recently. However, the researchstill remain rather weak.
In this article, the effect of tectonic activities and sedimentation on gas hydrate isfirst studied on gas hydrate exploration of permafrost area in China, based on thesystematic and detailed stratum description of five cores bearing gas hydrate, andcomprehensive analysis of particle size, minerals, elements, fault fracture zone andpermafrost properties. Listed below are several results and acknowledgements whichare acquired:
(1) With cores analysing, faults and broken zones identifying, three results wasobtained: (a) gas hydrate reservoir are principally controlled by regional main faultswhich are flow conduits for deep gas source; (b) other small faults and broken zonesprovide fluids partly and storage space for gas hydrate; (c) the source of gas mainlyconsists of deeper thermogenic gas.
(2) The stratigraphic characteristics and special ditribution of stratigraphic unitsdistribution are clarified. Meanwhile, the sedimentary environment was analyzed.Two results was obtained: (a) gas hydrate is mainly existed in Jiangcang Formation(J2j2), where the depositional environment is lake. It is suggested that JiangcangFormation (J2j2) may have some controlling effect on hydrate reservoir (faciescontrolling); (b) the main particle size fraction bearing gas hydrate is different invaried sedimentation. And local coarse sediments provide beneficial storage space forgas hydrate.
(3) Gas hydrate reservoir, found in the permafrost regions of Qilian Mountain, isnot only controlled by permafrost thickness, but also related with permafrost lithology,such as particularly coal-bearing and low permeability stratum in DK-2 and DK-3exploration area being beneficial“craprock”.
(4) With core profile of integration and contrasting with lithology, sedimentary facies and faults, We get some new identification marks of private formationboundaries of the middle Jurassic.
(5) Based on analysis and compared with permafrost regions bearing gas hydrate inCanada, we summarize the special aspects of Qilian Mountain gas hydrate strata,including sorts of permafrost, permafrost thickness, permafrost lithology, gas hydrateoccurrence and sedimentary faces. We systematically acquire structural featurescontrol function on gas hydrate. It firstly provides new acknowledgements ofstratigraphic and sedimentary environment for gas hydrate exploration, in addition, itprovides new reference materials for coal geological exploration.
本文利用我国首个陆域天然气水合物钻区，通过5个水合物钻孔地层较为系统和详细的描述，结合岩心粒度、矿物、元素分析以及断层破碎带、冻土层属性等的综合分析，对水合物沉积、构造控制特征展开研究，得到以下几点主要成果和认识：
（1）研究区水合物储存首要控制因素是可为深部气源提供流体通道的区域主断层；其它小断层和破碎带可为水合物提供部分流体来源及储存空间；气体来源以深部热解气为主。
（2）厘清了钻孔地层特征、地层单元空间展布情况，识别了研究区地层沉积相类型，并完成了沉积微相的划分，发现：水合物所处地层多位于江仓组上段（J2j2），沉积环境以湖泊为主，推测江仓组地层也可能对水合物有一定的控制作用（岩相控制）；不同沉积环境地层中水合物赋存层段的粒级组分含量不同，局部小断层和粗碎屑沉积可为天然气水合物提供有利储存空间。
（3）通过对冻土层的分析，发现祁连山冻土区水合物的储存不仅受冻土层厚度控制，还与冻土层的构成和岩性有很大关系，如勘探区内DK-2和DK-3钻孔中含煤、渗透性较弱的重复地层可能为水合物储存提供有利“盖层”；
（4）通过各钻孔综合剖面及孔间岩性、沉积相和断层等的对比，确定了中侏罗统各组段界限的识别标志；
（5）通过综合分析，并与加拿大冻土区进行对比，总结了祁连山冻土区在其冻土类型、冻土层厚度、冻土层岩性、水合物赋存层位地层和沉积相等方面的特殊性，较系统的获得了沉积构造特征对水合物的控制作用，这不仅为水合物钻探提供了地层、沉积环境方面的新认识，也为煤田地质工作提供了新的参考资料。
As a new emerging potential alternative sources of energy in 21stcentury, gashydrate (GH) has been studied widly on gas hydrate occurrence, lithology particle size,porosity, permeability of sediment bearing GH and the relation between gas hydratereservoir and thickness of permafrost layer in permafrost regions, previously. Withfurther research, scientists have realized the importance of tectonic activities andsedimentation controlling to gas hydrate distribution, recently. However, the researchstill remain rather weak.
In this article, the effect of tectonic activities and sedimentation on gas hydrate isfirst studied on gas hydrate exploration of permafrost area in China, based on thesystematic and detailed stratum description of five cores bearing gas hydrate, andcomprehensive analysis of particle size, minerals, elements, fault fracture zone andpermafrost properties. Listed below are several results and acknowledgements whichare acquired:
(1) With cores analysing, faults and broken zones identifying, three results wasobtained: (a) gas hydrate reservoir are principally controlled by regional main faultswhich are flow conduits for deep gas source; (b) other small faults and broken zonesprovide fluids partly and storage space for gas hydrate; (c) the source of gas mainlyconsists of deeper thermogenic gas.
(2) The stratigraphic characteristics and special ditribution of stratigraphic unitsdistribution are clarified. Meanwhile, the sedimentary environment was analyzed.Two results was obtained: (a) gas hydrate is mainly existed in Jiangcang Formation(J2j2), where the depositional environment is lake. It is suggested that JiangcangFormation (J2j2) may have some controlling effect on hydrate reservoir (faciescontrolling); (b) the main particle size fraction bearing gas hydrate is different invaried sedimentation. And local coarse sediments provide beneficial storage space forgas hydrate.
(3) Gas hydrate reservoir, found in the permafrost regions of Qilian Mountain, isnot only controlled by permafrost thickness, but also related with permafrost lithology,such as particularly coal-bearing and low permeability stratum in DK-2 and DK-3exploration area being beneficial“craprock”.
(4) With core profile of integration and contrasting with lithology, sedimentary facies and faults, We get some new identification marks of private formationboundaries of the middle Jurassic.
(5) Based on analysis and compared with permafrost regions bearing gas hydrate inCanada, we summarize the special aspects of Qilian Mountain gas hydrate strata,including sorts of permafrost, permafrost thickness, permafrost lithology, gas hydrateoccurrence and sedimentary faces. We systematically acquire structural featurescontrol function on gas hydrate. It firstly provides new acknowledgements ofstratigraphic and sedimentary environment for gas hydrate exploration, in addition, itprovides new reference materials for coal geological exploration.
引文
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