全IP移动无线互联网中移动性管理和服务质量的研究
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摘要
随着IP技术的广泛应用和移动通信技术的飞速发展,Internet与各种移动无线接入网络必将融合为全IP移动无线互联网的体系结构。同时,人们希望移动终端能够享受到有线网络一样的图像和宽带视音频等综合多媒体通信业务,这些业务的持续增长要求下一代移动无线网络必须能够承载更加丰富的业务内容。但是,由于终端的移动性、无线链路的低可靠性以及IP协议自身的无连接特性等原因,致使在下一代移动无线网络中很难为移动用户的实时业务提供端到端的QoS保证。因此,对下一代移动无线互联网络中移动性管理和QoS保证机制与相关算法展开研究,有着极为重要的意义。
本论文围绕着下一代移动无线互联网络中的移动性管理和QoS保证机制与算法展开了研究,研究的侧重点选择在基于IEEE802.16d/e无线城域网MAC层QoS保证机制、移动IP网络中的切换协议以及资源预留协议的改进等几个方面。因此,本论文的贡献可以归纳为如下几个方面:
●在网络层,深入研究了Mobile IPv4/Mobile IPv6以及扩展的移动性管理协议,以及基于扩展的资源预留协议(RSVP:Resource reSer Vation Protocol),提出了基于动态指针转发链和概率性资源预留的移动性管理机制(DPFPR:Dynamic Pointer Forwarding and Probabilistic Reservation)。首先,为了实现快速切换,提出了动态指针链的移动性管理机制,定义了新的指针链更新的判决准则,从而使数据包的传输路径所占用的链路资源和由于更新指针转发链引入的信令开销之间获得比较好的折中;其次,针对移动无线IP网络的移动性和无线链路带宽可变的特点,并结合多媒体业务的分层编码特性,提出了基于DRSVP(Dynamic RSVP)的概率性资源预留方案。该方案不仅满足未来移动互联网中多媒体业务的QoS需求,而且大大节省了移动无线IP接入网络的带宽资源,减少了不必要的资源预留,大大提高了网络资源的利用率。
●在MAC层,侧重研究了IEEE 802.16d/e宽带无线接入网络的QoS保证机制,包括调度策略和接纳控制机制。基于一种新的MAC层的QoS架构,提出了标准中未定义的带宽分配和接纳控制机制。该机制通过多媒体自适应速率的业务特征和网络侧对低优先级业务的有控制的适当降质机制,在满足时延敏感性业务的切换连接中断率(CDP:Connection Dropping Probability)要求下,提高了本小区的新业务的连接阻塞率(CBP:Connection BlockingProbability),更加完善了IEEE 802.16e移动宽带无线接入的网络的MAC层的QoS控制机制。该方案不仅提高了网络资源的利用率,而且还可以在保证特定实时业务流的端到端时延的基础上允许网络节点接纳更多的数据业务流。
●基于IEEE 802.16d/e的宽带接入网络和现有的网络融合的架构下,借助于IEEE 802.16e标准中提出的宏分集切换(MDHO:Macro Diversity HandOver)和快速切换(FBSS:Fast Base Station Switching)的机制,提出了跨层优化的通用平滑移动性管理机制。在无线接入网部分,考虑到IEEE802.16e的MAC层提供的特有的QoS特性,提出了IEEE802.16e的MAC层业务和DRSVP业务之间的映射准则。因此该机制不仅缩短了切换时延,减少了信令开销,同时也为网络中的实时业务实现了端到端的服务质量保证
●最后,在总结了现有的异构网络间移动性管理的研究现状的基础上,分析了异构网间的切换方案中待解决的问题。最后深入探讨了基于IEEE 802.16的无线城域网(WMAN:Wireless Metropolitan Access Network)和基于IEEE 802.11的无线局域网(WLAN:Wireless Local AccessNetwork)之间垂直切换(Vertical Handoff)方案,从而实现移动节点在WMAN和WLAN之间的无缝切换。
With the fast development and widely deployment of IP and mobile wireless networking technologies, Internet will be integrated with various mobile wireless access networks in the form of all-IP mobile wireless Internet. On the other hand, more and more applications such as video conferences, multimedia streamings will be expected in all-IP basedmobile wireless networks. However, due to mobility, fluctuant wireelss links and IP connectionless characteristics, it poses many difficulties to provide end-to-end quality-of-service (QoS) guarantee for real-time multimedias widely used in all-IP based mobile wireless networks. So, it is of great importance to study mechanisms and algorithms for mobility management and QoS guarantee in all-IP based mobile wireless networks.
Aiming at providing QoS-guaranteed multimedia services in next generation mobile wireless networks, this thesis focused on mechanisms and algorithms for mobility management and QoS guarantee from medium access control (MAC) layer, network layer and control plane in all-IP based mobile wireless networks. The main contributions of this thesis are as follows.
1) To provide ubiquitous services and the same real-time services as those available on the wired networks for mobile users, an efficient and intelligent QoS-aware mobility scheme, coined dynamic pointer forwarding and probabilistic reservation (DPFPR) scheme is proposed under mobility scenario in future all-IP wireless networks. Firstly, the proposed scheme models the mobile behavior of a mobile node (MN) as a Markov process, and resources are probabilistically reserved according to MN's sojourn time in a subnet domain during a session. Secondly, in order to overcome deficiencies in conventional pointer forwarding scheme, we develop a new decision criterion for performing forwarding chain update, which achieves a better trade-off between network resource consumed by routing path and signaling load for forwarding chain updates. Based on the performance analyses, our proposed scheme can substantially reduce more resource reservation than the conventional pointer forwarding scheme, thus it can achieve efficient resource utilization and guarantee QoS requirements of multimedia applications widely used in the future wireless all-IP networks.
2) Seriously examining the QoS provisiong schemes in IEEE 802.16d/e-based BWA networks, we propose a QoS-aware architecture for IEEE 802.16 MAC. Particularly, in order to provide seamless QoS-guaranteed services for IEEE 802.16e-based mobile BWA networks (MBWANs), a QoS-adaptive admission control with resource management, which is undefined in IEEE 802.16d/e standard, is developed. Based on the different types of scheduling service in IEEE 802.16e standard, the proposed scheme classifies them into different connections according to handoff-related parameters and uses different bandwidth reservation strategies to guarantee their connection-level QoS. Particularly, for handoff connections, the proposed scheme takes advantages of dynamic guaranteed channel reservation scheme and adaptive bandwidth management to admit more new incoming connections while the QoS guarantee of the existing connections is not greatly degraded. Finally, the simulation results show that our admission control can achieve better performance in terms of CBP and CDP for the IEEE 802.16e-based MBWANs.
3) In order to provide end-to-end QoS-guranteed commnunication between IEEE 802.16e-based MBWANs and Internet, an integrated QoS-aware mobility architecture to achieve the end-to-end QoS guarantee for IEEE 802.16e-based mobile broadband wireless access (BWA) networks is proposed. On the one hand, based on the mobility approach combining both Dynamic RSVP (DRSVP) and crossover router (CR) designed by us, the proposed architecture provides a cross-layer mobility management scheme with the macro diversity handover (MDHO) and Fast BS switching (FBSS) supported by IEEE 802.16e. By obtaining signal strength reports and movement detection information from lower layer in advance, the architecture can make better preparation for a seamless handover on the network layer, so that the packet loss is eliminated and the handover latency is reduced. On the other hand, the architecture further reduces the signaling message overhead and handover delay by mapping three DRSVP services to the five MAC services of IEEE 802.16e, then facilitates providing the end-to-end QoS-guaranteed services for IEEE 802.16e-based mobile BWA networks.
4) Based on the analyses of the exsiting handover schemes among heterogeneous networks, we show unsolved problems in these schemes. Moreover, vertical handoff between WMAN and WLAN is seriously examined to achieve seamless mobility between WMAN and WLAN.
本论文围绕着下一代移动无线互联网络中的移动性管理和QoS保证机制与算法展开了研究,研究的侧重点选择在基于IEEE802.16d/e无线城域网MAC层QoS保证机制、移动IP网络中的切换协议以及资源预留协议的改进等几个方面。因此,本论文的贡献可以归纳为如下几个方面:
●在网络层,深入研究了Mobile IPv4/Mobile IPv6以及扩展的移动性管理协议,以及基于扩展的资源预留协议(RSVP:Resource reSer Vation Protocol),提出了基于动态指针转发链和概率性资源预留的移动性管理机制(DPFPR:Dynamic Pointer Forwarding and Probabilistic Reservation)。首先,为了实现快速切换,提出了动态指针链的移动性管理机制,定义了新的指针链更新的判决准则,从而使数据包的传输路径所占用的链路资源和由于更新指针转发链引入的信令开销之间获得比较好的折中;其次,针对移动无线IP网络的移动性和无线链路带宽可变的特点,并结合多媒体业务的分层编码特性,提出了基于DRSVP(Dynamic RSVP)的概率性资源预留方案。该方案不仅满足未来移动互联网中多媒体业务的QoS需求,而且大大节省了移动无线IP接入网络的带宽资源,减少了不必要的资源预留,大大提高了网络资源的利用率。
●在MAC层,侧重研究了IEEE 802.16d/e宽带无线接入网络的QoS保证机制,包括调度策略和接纳控制机制。基于一种新的MAC层的QoS架构,提出了标准中未定义的带宽分配和接纳控制机制。该机制通过多媒体自适应速率的业务特征和网络侧对低优先级业务的有控制的适当降质机制,在满足时延敏感性业务的切换连接中断率(CDP:Connection Dropping Probability)要求下,提高了本小区的新业务的连接阻塞率(CBP:Connection BlockingProbability),更加完善了IEEE 802.16e移动宽带无线接入的网络的MAC层的QoS控制机制。该方案不仅提高了网络资源的利用率,而且还可以在保证特定实时业务流的端到端时延的基础上允许网络节点接纳更多的数据业务流。
●基于IEEE 802.16d/e的宽带接入网络和现有的网络融合的架构下,借助于IEEE 802.16e标准中提出的宏分集切换(MDHO:Macro Diversity HandOver)和快速切换(FBSS:Fast Base Station Switching)的机制,提出了跨层优化的通用平滑移动性管理机制。在无线接入网部分,考虑到IEEE802.16e的MAC层提供的特有的QoS特性,提出了IEEE802.16e的MAC层业务和DRSVP业务之间的映射准则。因此该机制不仅缩短了切换时延,减少了信令开销,同时也为网络中的实时业务实现了端到端的服务质量保证
●最后,在总结了现有的异构网络间移动性管理的研究现状的基础上,分析了异构网间的切换方案中待解决的问题。最后深入探讨了基于IEEE 802.16的无线城域网(WMAN:Wireless Metropolitan Access Network)和基于IEEE 802.11的无线局域网(WLAN:Wireless Local AccessNetwork)之间垂直切换(Vertical Handoff)方案,从而实现移动节点在WMAN和WLAN之间的无缝切换。
With the fast development and widely deployment of IP and mobile wireless networking technologies, Internet will be integrated with various mobile wireless access networks in the form of all-IP mobile wireless Internet. On the other hand, more and more applications such as video conferences, multimedia streamings will be expected in all-IP basedmobile wireless networks. However, due to mobility, fluctuant wireelss links and IP connectionless characteristics, it poses many difficulties to provide end-to-end quality-of-service (QoS) guarantee for real-time multimedias widely used in all-IP based mobile wireless networks. So, it is of great importance to study mechanisms and algorithms for mobility management and QoS guarantee in all-IP based mobile wireless networks.
Aiming at providing QoS-guaranteed multimedia services in next generation mobile wireless networks, this thesis focused on mechanisms and algorithms for mobility management and QoS guarantee from medium access control (MAC) layer, network layer and control plane in all-IP based mobile wireless networks. The main contributions of this thesis are as follows.
1) To provide ubiquitous services and the same real-time services as those available on the wired networks for mobile users, an efficient and intelligent QoS-aware mobility scheme, coined dynamic pointer forwarding and probabilistic reservation (DPFPR) scheme is proposed under mobility scenario in future all-IP wireless networks. Firstly, the proposed scheme models the mobile behavior of a mobile node (MN) as a Markov process, and resources are probabilistically reserved according to MN's sojourn time in a subnet domain during a session. Secondly, in order to overcome deficiencies in conventional pointer forwarding scheme, we develop a new decision criterion for performing forwarding chain update, which achieves a better trade-off between network resource consumed by routing path and signaling load for forwarding chain updates. Based on the performance analyses, our proposed scheme can substantially reduce more resource reservation than the conventional pointer forwarding scheme, thus it can achieve efficient resource utilization and guarantee QoS requirements of multimedia applications widely used in the future wireless all-IP networks.
2) Seriously examining the QoS provisiong schemes in IEEE 802.16d/e-based BWA networks, we propose a QoS-aware architecture for IEEE 802.16 MAC. Particularly, in order to provide seamless QoS-guaranteed services for IEEE 802.16e-based mobile BWA networks (MBWANs), a QoS-adaptive admission control with resource management, which is undefined in IEEE 802.16d/e standard, is developed. Based on the different types of scheduling service in IEEE 802.16e standard, the proposed scheme classifies them into different connections according to handoff-related parameters and uses different bandwidth reservation strategies to guarantee their connection-level QoS. Particularly, for handoff connections, the proposed scheme takes advantages of dynamic guaranteed channel reservation scheme and adaptive bandwidth management to admit more new incoming connections while the QoS guarantee of the existing connections is not greatly degraded. Finally, the simulation results show that our admission control can achieve better performance in terms of CBP and CDP for the IEEE 802.16e-based MBWANs.
3) In order to provide end-to-end QoS-guranteed commnunication between IEEE 802.16e-based MBWANs and Internet, an integrated QoS-aware mobility architecture to achieve the end-to-end QoS guarantee for IEEE 802.16e-based mobile broadband wireless access (BWA) networks is proposed. On the one hand, based on the mobility approach combining both Dynamic RSVP (DRSVP) and crossover router (CR) designed by us, the proposed architecture provides a cross-layer mobility management scheme with the macro diversity handover (MDHO) and Fast BS switching (FBSS) supported by IEEE 802.16e. By obtaining signal strength reports and movement detection information from lower layer in advance, the architecture can make better preparation for a seamless handover on the network layer, so that the packet loss is eliminated and the handover latency is reduced. On the other hand, the architecture further reduces the signaling message overhead and handover delay by mapping three DRSVP services to the five MAC services of IEEE 802.16e, then facilitates providing the end-to-end QoS-guaranteed services for IEEE 802.16e-based mobile BWA networks.
4) Based on the analyses of the exsiting handover schemes among heterogeneous networks, we show unsolved problems in these schemes. Moreover, vertical handoff between WMAN and WLAN is seriously examined to achieve seamless mobility between WMAN and WLAN.
引文
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[1]Hui-Juan Yao and Geng-Sheng(G.S.)Kuo,"Dynamic Point Forwarding Scheme for QoS-aware Mobility in Future All-IP Wireless Networks," Proc.Of 2006 IEEE 63rd Vehicular Technology Conference(VTC2006-Spring),vol.3,pp.1073-1077,May 2006.
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[18]David Johnston,Vivek Gupta,PrakashIyer,Xiaoyu Liu,Stephen McCann and Mani Mahalingam.Media Independent Handover.Presented at IEEE 802.21 session 5,pp.8-30,Jan 2005.
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[1]Hui-Juan Yao and Geng-Sheng(G.S.)Kuo,"Dynamic Point Forwarding Scheme for QoS-aware Mobility in Future All-IP Wireless Networks," Proc.Of 2006 IEEE 63rd Vehicular Technology Conference(VTC2006-Spring),vol.3,pp.1073-1077,May 2006.
[2]C.Perkins Ed.,"IP Mobility Support for IPv4," RFC 3344,Aug.2002.
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[8]J.Manner and M.Kojo Ed.,"Mobility Related Terminology," RFC 3753,June 2004.
[9]E.Rosen,A.Viswanathan and R.Callon,"Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture,"RFC 3031,Jan.2001.
[10]hong Ren,Chen-Khong Tham,Chun-Choong Foo and Chi-Chung Ko,"Integration of Mobile IP and Multi-protocol Label Switching," Proc.of IEEE ICC 2001,vol.7,pp.2123-2127,June 2001.
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