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强化栽培对水稻生理生态、产量及品质的影响
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摘要
以杂交水稻协优527为材料,研究了在强化栽培条件下,不同密度间植株的生理生态特性、群体发育特点、品质变化、产量表现等。结果表明:
     (1)在强化栽培条件下,根系干重明显增加,尤其是上层根系(土层0-12cm内的根系),生育后期可溶性糖含量降低,根系活力及磷含量提高,特别是在籽粒灌浆结实的关键时期,根系伤流强度明显高于常规栽培。且伤流强度与冠层叶片衰减指数、结实率、千粒重呈显著或极显著正相关,因此,根系伤流强度可作为衡量水稻高产栽培群体质量的诊断指标之一。
     (2)强化栽培单株叶面积大于常规栽培,叶面积指数在抽穗时低于常规栽培,但抽穗后叶面积衰减速度缓慢,能维持较高的光合势。同时强化栽培上3叶叶基角小,剑叶、倒2、3叶叶基角顺次适当增大,优化了群体结构,改善了群体冠层的受光姿态,增强了中下层叶片的受光,提高了群体光合生产力。
     (3)籽粒产量与抽穗期干物重、抽穗后干物质积累量均呈显著正相关。强化栽培与常规栽培在拔节时干物质积累差异甚小,但抽穗期及抽穗后,强化栽培由于叶片叶绿素含量高,叶片衰老缓慢,具有较强的光合生产力,物质积累多,其总生物产量均显著高于常规栽培;且强化栽培水稻抽穗后茎鞘物质向穗部的运转率、运转量、转换率也显著高于常规栽培。
     (4)在同一栽培条件下,单株不同位次分蘖抽穗的早迟,稻米品质有较大差异,即随着抽穗时期的推迟,稻米品质随着降低。强化栽培抽穗历时比常规栽培相对较长或相当,但是,在强化栽培条件下,稻米品质有显著改善,特别是精米率、整精米率提高,垩白粒率、垩白度降低,对籽粒长宽比影响则较小。
     (5)在强化栽培条件下,水稻产量显著高于常规栽培,其原因是:强化栽培实行小苗移栽、稀植,充分发挥了个体的分蘖潜力,提高了分蘖成穗率,植株个体生长健壮,群体透光率提高,穗部性状得到了改善,使结实率、千粒重增加,产量提高。在本试验条件下,强化栽培适宜的栽插密度为9-13.5万株/hm~2。
     本研究结果表明:在强化栽培条件下,采用适宜的密度,选择分蘖潜力强的品种,是水稻优质高产的重要栽培技术。同时,也提出了强化栽培技术体系在四川生产应用
    
    中存在一些鱼待解决的问题。
Rice eco-physiological characteristics, population development, grain quality changes and representation of yield, under SRI ( system of rice intensification ) condition were studied by different planting density with hybrid rice Xieyou 527. The main results were as follow:
    ( 1 ) SRI obviously promoted the dry weight of root, especially of root that distributed within 0-12cm of soil layer ( from the surface of soil ), and reduced total soluble sugar content of root, enhanced root activity and phosphotase content in later growth. Root system flux activity was increased obviously in later grain-filling period by SRI, and was significant or high significant positive correlation with reducing index of canopy leaves, seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight. Therefore, it was suggested that root system flux activity could be used as one of the indicators for high yield cultivation of rice.
    ( 2 ) Under SRI condition, leaf area of single plant was higher than that of TC (traditional cultivation), leaf area index was lower than that of TC at heading stage, but the decling rate of leaf area was slower than that of TC after heading. So SRI could maintenance high photosynthetic potential from heading to ripening. The top 3 leaves of SRI was erecter by SRI than that of TC, and the leaf angle of flag leaf, 2nd and 3rd leaf from top increased in sequence. Therefore, SRI had an ideal plant type, and improved photic gesture of group canopy, increased photis of levels leaf at middle and lower position, improved photosynthetic productivity.
    ( 3 ) Grain yield was significant positive correlation with dry weight at heading and dry matter accumulation after heading. The dry matter weight at jointing stage had no different between SRI and TC. However, the photosynthetic productivity and dry matter accumulation significantly increased at heading and after heading by SRI because of the high chlorophyll content of leaves, and the slow senescence of leaves. This resulted in the biomass of SRI was significant higher than that of TC. SRI also had high export percentage, high export amount and transformation of the matter in stems and shealthes to panicle compared with TC.
    
    
    ( 4 ) Under the same cultivation, grain quality had significant different to early or later heading of different tillers per plant. With heading stage retarded, grain quality decreased. Heading duration of gRJ was relatively longer or correspond than that of TC, but SRI can improve grain quality, especially increase milled rice and head milled rice, decrease the percentage of chalky kernel and chalkiness, have no markedly effect on kernel shape.
    ( 5 ) Grain yield of SRI was significantly higher than that of TC. The main reason for its high yield was that SRI by sparse planting with young seeding, were beneficial to increasing individual tillering potential, and improving effective tiller rate, raising transmittance of population, improving panicle characteristics, promoting seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight, so increasing grain yield. On the condition of this experiment, the suitable planting density by SRI was 90,000 to 135,000 plant per hectare.
    These results indicated that SRI with the coordination with suitable planting density and cultivars with higher tillering potential was an important culturing practices of high-yielding and good-quality in rice. And some problems of SRI that need to be resolved in the production practice of Sichuan were brought forward.
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