河西绿洲灌区春小麦垄作栽培产量效应及其影响机制的研究
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摘要
本文针对河西绿洲灌区农业生产中水资源不足和传统耕作条件下大水漫灌的问题,通过垄作栽培条件下土壤水分、土壤坚实度、土壤温度、根系生长、叶面积动态、干物质积累变化及灌溉定额、播种密度和施肥量对产量影响的分析,对垄作春小麦的产量效应和节水效应及其影响机制进行了研究。研究结果表明:
1.春小麦垄作栽培条件下节水增产效果明显。在相同灌溉定额下,春小麦垄作栽培的产量均高于相应的平作,较相应平作增产471㎏/hm~2～1239㎏/ hm~2。当灌溉定额在2100 m~3/ hm~2、2850 m~3/hm~2和3600m~3/hm~2时,分别较平作增产1239㎏/hm~2、1371㎏/hm~2和772.5㎏/hm~2,当灌溉定额从2150 m~3/ hm~2增加到为4350m~3/ hm~2时,垄作栽培的水分利用效率较相应平作增加0.31～0.16㎏/㎜。灌溉定额为3600m~3/hm~2处理的垄作小麦产量与相同灌溉定额的平作产量差异显著,但与4350m~3/hm~2的平作产量的差异不显著,可节水750 m~3/ hm~2。
2.随灌溉定额的增加,垄作春小麦的产量增加,灌溉定额为3000m~2/hm~2时,产量最高,分别较1500 m~3/hm~2和2250 m~3/hm~2增产16.11%和7.75%,灌溉定额超过3750 m~3/hm~2时,产量下降。随灌水定额的增加,成穗数、穗粒数和千粒重先增加后降低。成穗数、穗粒数和千粒重均在灌水定额为3000m~2/hm~2达到最高,分别为406.8万穗/ hm~2、36.84粒/穗和47.45 g。灌水时期及灌水比例对成穗数、穗粒数和千粒重影响不明显。垄作春小麦的灌溉定额以3000m~2/hm~2为宜,灌溉时期以三叶、挑旗、抽穗后10天和抽穗后25天灌水为宜,各次灌水量分别为总灌水定额的25%、20%、35%和20%。
3.垄作春小麦施氮量为180kg/hm~2时产量最高,并与120kg/hm~2和150 kg/hm~2处理的产量差异显著,分别增产1023.9 kg/hm~2和303.83kg /hm~2。垄作春小麦产量随播种密度的变化是先增加后下降,当播种密度为达到675万粒/hm~2时,产量达最高,较600万粒/hm~2和525万粒/hm~2的处理分别增产245kg /hm~2和32.5kg/hm~2,继续增加播种密度达到750万粒/hm~2,产量下降。不同垄宽春小麦垄边行和垄中行春小麦的结实小穗、不孕小穗和穗粒数有很大的差异,垄宽越大,其边行的结实小穗数和穗粒数都有不同程度的增加,但较大的垄宽影响中行小麦的结实小穗数,进而影响产量。垄作春小麦播种密度以675万粒/hm~2为宜,施肥量以180kg/hm~2为宜,垄宽以75cm为宜,垄上种4行小麦。
4.垄作栽培减低了土壤坚实度。0～40cm土层中,垄作的土壤坚实度明显低于平作,在15cm处,平作的坚实度接近3000 Kpa,而垄作只有1000 Kpa,在40cm深度,垄作
Aming at the question of water resources insufficiency in Hexi oasis irrigation area agricultural production and the excessively irrigating under traditional cultivation condition, the research to the bed planting spring wheat's output effect, the saving water effect and the influence mechanism has been conducted through the analysis of the bed planting under the soil moisture, soil compactness, the soil temperature, the root system grows, the leaf area tendency, the dry matter accumulation changes and irrigating quota, the density of sowing and the quantity fertilizer to the output influence. The findings indicated that:
1. Saving water and increasing the output effect were obvious under the bed planting spring wheat. Under the same irrigating quota,the spring wheat bed plantimg output is higher than correspondingly does flat planting,corresponding makes the production increase 471㎏/hm~2~1239㎏/ hm~2 compare with flat planting.When irrigating quota in 2100 m~3/ hm~2, 2850 m~3/hm~2 and 3600m~3/hm~2, the output of flat planting increased correspondingly 1239㎏/hm~2、1371㎏/hm~2和772.5㎏/hm~2. When irrigating quota increased from 2150 m~3/ hm~2 to 4350m~3/ hm~2, the water using efficiency of bed planting is corresponding increased 0.31~0.16㎏/㎜ than flat planting. The same irrigating quota made the wheat output remarkable difference between bed planting and flat planting, but did not make remarkable difference with the output of flat planting 4350m~3/hm~2, it can save water 750 m~3/ hm~2。
2. The bed planting spring wheat's output increased along with the irrigating quota. The output is highest when the irrigating quota is 3000m~2/hm~2. The output increased 16.11% and 7.75% compared with 1500 m~3/hm~2 and 2250 m~3/hm~2. The output would decreased when the irrigating quota more than 3750 m~3/hm~2. Along with irrigating quota increased, effective panicles number, sterile spikelet number and the weight of a thousand seeds reduced after increased firstly. effective panicles number, grains per Spikes number and the weight of a thousand seeds reaching the highest value when irrigating quota is 3000m~2/hm~2, which is respectively 406.8×104 spikelets/hm~2,36.84 panicles/ spikelets, and 47.45 g。The influence of the irrigation period and the proportion of irrigation is not obvious with effective panicles number, sterile spikelet number and the weight of a thousand seeds. The fixed quantity bed planting of spring wheat's irrigation is best in 3000m~3/hm~2, the irrigation period is best 10 days after three-leaves、flag、tassel, and is best 25 days after tassel. The irrigation quantity of each time were respectively 25%, 20%, 35% and 20% of irrigating quota.
3. The spring wheat output of bed planting is highest when fertilizer is 180kg/hm~2.And it
1.春小麦垄作栽培条件下节水增产效果明显。在相同灌溉定额下,春小麦垄作栽培的产量均高于相应的平作,较相应平作增产471㎏/hm~2～1239㎏/ hm~2。当灌溉定额在2100 m~3/ hm~2、2850 m~3/hm~2和3600m~3/hm~2时,分别较平作增产1239㎏/hm~2、1371㎏/hm~2和772.5㎏/hm~2,当灌溉定额从2150 m~3/ hm~2增加到为4350m~3/ hm~2时,垄作栽培的水分利用效率较相应平作增加0.31～0.16㎏/㎜。灌溉定额为3600m~3/hm~2处理的垄作小麦产量与相同灌溉定额的平作产量差异显著,但与4350m~3/hm~2的平作产量的差异不显著,可节水750 m~3/ hm~2。
2.随灌溉定额的增加,垄作春小麦的产量增加,灌溉定额为3000m~2/hm~2时,产量最高,分别较1500 m~3/hm~2和2250 m~3/hm~2增产16.11%和7.75%,灌溉定额超过3750 m~3/hm~2时,产量下降。随灌水定额的增加,成穗数、穗粒数和千粒重先增加后降低。成穗数、穗粒数和千粒重均在灌水定额为3000m~2/hm~2达到最高,分别为406.8万穗/ hm~2、36.84粒/穗和47.45 g。灌水时期及灌水比例对成穗数、穗粒数和千粒重影响不明显。垄作春小麦的灌溉定额以3000m~2/hm~2为宜,灌溉时期以三叶、挑旗、抽穗后10天和抽穗后25天灌水为宜,各次灌水量分别为总灌水定额的25%、20%、35%和20%。
3.垄作春小麦施氮量为180kg/hm~2时产量最高,并与120kg/hm~2和150 kg/hm~2处理的产量差异显著,分别增产1023.9 kg/hm~2和303.83kg /hm~2。垄作春小麦产量随播种密度的变化是先增加后下降,当播种密度为达到675万粒/hm~2时,产量达最高,较600万粒/hm~2和525万粒/hm~2的处理分别增产245kg /hm~2和32.5kg/hm~2,继续增加播种密度达到750万粒/hm~2,产量下降。不同垄宽春小麦垄边行和垄中行春小麦的结实小穗、不孕小穗和穗粒数有很大的差异,垄宽越大,其边行的结实小穗数和穗粒数都有不同程度的增加,但较大的垄宽影响中行小麦的结实小穗数,进而影响产量。垄作春小麦播种密度以675万粒/hm~2为宜,施肥量以180kg/hm~2为宜,垄宽以75cm为宜,垄上种4行小麦。
4.垄作栽培减低了土壤坚实度。0～40cm土层中,垄作的土壤坚实度明显低于平作,在15cm处,平作的坚实度接近3000 Kpa,而垄作只有1000 Kpa,在40cm深度,垄作
Aming at the question of water resources insufficiency in Hexi oasis irrigation area agricultural production and the excessively irrigating under traditional cultivation condition, the research to the bed planting spring wheat's output effect, the saving water effect and the influence mechanism has been conducted through the analysis of the bed planting under the soil moisture, soil compactness, the soil temperature, the root system grows, the leaf area tendency, the dry matter accumulation changes and irrigating quota, the density of sowing and the quantity fertilizer to the output influence. The findings indicated that:
1. Saving water and increasing the output effect were obvious under the bed planting spring wheat. Under the same irrigating quota,the spring wheat bed plantimg output is higher than correspondingly does flat planting,corresponding makes the production increase 471㎏/hm~2~1239㎏/ hm~2 compare with flat planting.When irrigating quota in 2100 m~3/ hm~2, 2850 m~3/hm~2 and 3600m~3/hm~2, the output of flat planting increased correspondingly 1239㎏/hm~2、1371㎏/hm~2和772.5㎏/hm~2. When irrigating quota increased from 2150 m~3/ hm~2 to 4350m~3/ hm~2, the water using efficiency of bed planting is corresponding increased 0.31~0.16㎏/㎜ than flat planting. The same irrigating quota made the wheat output remarkable difference between bed planting and flat planting, but did not make remarkable difference with the output of flat planting 4350m~3/hm~2, it can save water 750 m~3/ hm~2。
2. The bed planting spring wheat's output increased along with the irrigating quota. The output is highest when the irrigating quota is 3000m~2/hm~2. The output increased 16.11% and 7.75% compared with 1500 m~3/hm~2 and 2250 m~3/hm~2. The output would decreased when the irrigating quota more than 3750 m~3/hm~2. Along with irrigating quota increased, effective panicles number, sterile spikelet number and the weight of a thousand seeds reduced after increased firstly. effective panicles number, grains per Spikes number and the weight of a thousand seeds reaching the highest value when irrigating quota is 3000m~2/hm~2, which is respectively 406.8×104 spikelets/hm~2,36.84 panicles/ spikelets, and 47.45 g。The influence of the irrigation period and the proportion of irrigation is not obvious with effective panicles number, sterile spikelet number and the weight of a thousand seeds. The fixed quantity bed planting of spring wheat's irrigation is best in 3000m~3/hm~2, the irrigation period is best 10 days after three-leaves、flag、tassel, and is best 25 days after tassel. The irrigation quantity of each time were respectively 25%, 20%, 35% and 20% of irrigating quota.
3. The spring wheat output of bed planting is highest when fertilizer is 180kg/hm~2.And it
引文
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