中国公共支出体制公平效应评价
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摘要
中国改革开放以后在公共支出上长期追求经济效率,而忽视公共支出的公平问题,那么社会经济发展达到一定水平后即人均国内生产总值超过1000美元后凸现出公平问题的重要。所以,对改革开放以来公共支出的公平性进行评价是一个十分重要的问题。中国公共支出的公平性是由于制度不公平、程序不公平、权利不公平导致的结果不公平,单凭转移支付不能解决社会公平问题。
本文的研究思路是以社会公平目标为出发点,通过对国家职能的演变揭示出人们对国家作用的认识;梳理国家实现公平正义的机制,目的是构建本文的理论基础;对我国改革开放以来公共支出体制演变进行分析,廓清公共支出的范围。在此基础上,通过搜集大量数据对公共支出的公平性进行测度,这种测度从两个方面展开,一是从城乡角度,一是从阶层角度。测度要通过不同的公平指数,以保证测度的正确性;通过找出影响公共支出公平性的因素,为消除公共支出的不公平找到合理的解释和政策变动的空间;为了对公共支出的公平进行合理评价,本文将公共支出纳入新经济增长模型对公共支出与收入分配及其经济增长的关系进行研究。
本文将马克思阶级划分研究方法、制度经济学制度分析和新政治经济学利益集团模型结合起来,在定性分析基础上收集大量历史数据测度公共支出公平性,并且结合计量经济方法对其影响进行定量分析。此外,在对制度演变的研究中,采用历史主义研究方法。
本文的研究框架:本文的理论基础是公平正义理论。政府必须通过公共支出的逆向配置即收入高的人群获得较低的公共支出,收入较低的人群获得较高的公共支出,这也可称之为逆向公平。逆向公平政府要通过政治机制才能实现,而政府实现社会公平的依据是公平正义理论。
其次,在梳理政府实现公平正义理论基础上,对实践中公平测度的方法进行评述。再次,对中国的公共支出制度变化进行描述,根据现行公共支出内容的设置给出公共支出的概念并进行公共支出总量数据测算。
第四,在对总量进行测算以后,对公共支出城乡结构和阶层结构的进行数据测算,然后利用公平性测度方法计算出公共支出城乡和阶层配置的公平指数。
第五,在计算出公平性指数的基础上,利用统计描述和计量方法分析公共支出城乡和阶层配置不公平的原因;用对比方法给出规范性的标准,评价公共支出制度公平性;采用经济增长模型研究公共支出公平性对经济增长、收入分配和社会发展的影响。本文的研究结构和研究内容包括:
第1章绪论。该章包括4节内容。第一节是对中国公共支出现状进行分析,提出公平性评价问题。第二节是对有关公共支出研究文献进行综述。第三节是基本研究思路和研究方法。第四节讨论研究框架和研究的创新。
第2章公共支出的决定机制与公平测度方法。该章包括5节内容。第一节国家职能与公共选择讨论了二个问题:国家职能的演变和公共选择理论。第二节国家公平正义理论综述主要讨论政治伦理哲学中公平正义、公民权利与再分配的理论,经济学对公平效率与公共支出的有关论述。第三节利益集团理论:公共支出的决定因素,提出了中国利益集团在政治经济中的作用问题。第四节新政治经济学再分配模型。第五节公共支出公平效应评价方法。
第3章中国的公共支出制度。该章有四节内容,第一节中国政府的公共支出体制决定从政治体制、决策机制和利益集团三方面讨论政府的运行过程,目的是为了说明公共支出的决定机制。第二节财政体制演变从公共支出角度分析了财政体制演变过程和预算管理体制演变及其存在的问题。第三节预算收入和支出的内容与分类。第四节中国公共支出公平性测度数据在第三节基础上利用《中国统计年鉴》数据对公共支出总量进行测算。
第4章中国公共支出城乡公平性测度与分析。该章包括3节内容。第一节公共支出城乡公平测度,测算出公共支出城乡基尼系数的变动趋势、城乡人均公共支出差距和城乡结构相对系数。第二节城乡税收负担与公共支出利益归宿,测算城乡税收负担总额差距,并对城镇公共支出利益归宿总额与税收负担总额、乡村公共支出利益归宿总额与税收负担总额进行比较分析。第三节中国公共支出城乡公平性分析,利用计量经济学方法分析公共支出城乡基尼系数下降的主要原因。
第5章中国公共支出阶层公平性测度。该章分为4节。第一节公共支出阶层利益归宿测度,测度公共支出利益阶层归宿总量变化趋势、公共支出利益阶层归宿总量比重分布和各阶层人均利益归宿水平。第二节各阶层人均公共支出利益归宿公平性测度,利用计量经济学方法找出导致不公平的主要因素。第三节财政收入各阶层贡献的公平性测度,对各阶层人均财政收入贡献的公平性进行判断。第四节财政收入贡献与公共支出利益归宿公平性,对财政收入贡献与公共支出利益归宿公平性之间的关系进行规范思考和实际判别。
第6章中国公共支出公平效应评价。该章分为4节。第一节中国公共支出公平的经济效应评价,利用提出的经济增长模型和公共支出公平性数据对公共支出公平性与经济增长的关系进行了实证分析。第二节中国公共支出公平性的收入分配效应评价,利用数据实证分析公共支出不公平对收入分配不平等的作用。第三节中国公共支出公平的社会效应评价,对中国公共支出公平性与社会发展进行了实证分析。第四节中国公共支出公平性与技术进步关系实证分析,实证分析公共支出公平性与技术进步的关系。
本文力图在以下方面开展创新性工作:(1)分析框架方面研究的创新性工作。首次提出了公共支出公平性评价问题,从公平正义理论出发,将马克思主义的阶级分析方法、制度经济学的制度决定和演变理论和新政治经济学的政治对经济结果影响模型结合起来。
(2)评价方法方面研究的创新性工作—利用统计方法测度了公共支出城乡公平指数和阶层公平指数。
(3)评价机制方面研究的创新性工作-运用对比方法分析了公共支出城乡公平问题和阶层公平问题的合理性,对中国公共支出公平性给出了评价;运用新经济增长模型对公共支出不公平的经济效应、分配效应进行了评价。
(4)数据应用方面研究的创新性工作—对1978年以来公共支出在城乡之间和各阶层之间分布数据进行了测算;测算了机会公平和结果公平数据;测算了1978年以来财政收入在城乡和阶层之间分布数据;测算了中国1980-2005年的收入分配基尼系数。
本文的不足之处:(1)由于有些原始数据无法得到,本文采取外推等方法推算,可能使数据测度出现偏差,但不影响趋势变化。(2)由于侧重于公平性测度,本文采用传统的计量经济方法进行分析。
Since Reform and Opening up, China has kept on running after the economic efficiency of public spending while the equity is neglected. So when the economy grows to a certain level which means per capita gross domestic product is more than 1,000 U.S. dollars, the importance of the issue is highlighted. Therefore, evaluating the equity of public spending since Reform and Opening up to is a very important issue. The unfair results of China's public spending are due the unjust system, the unjust procedures and the unjust rights; We can not solve the problems of social equity only by transfer payments.
This paper takes social equity objectives as a start-point, reveals people's awareness of the role of the State through the evolution of state functions; then discusses the systems to achieve fairness and justice, aims at building the theoretical foundation of this article; after that, this paper analyzes the evolvement of the public spending institution since Reform and Opening up, dissects the scope of public spending. On the base of theoretical analysis, this paper measures the equity of public spending by large amounts of data. The measuring is expanded at two aspects, one is from the perspective of urban and rural areas, and the other is from the perspective of classes. I use different equity indexes to measure the fairness for accuracy. I also identify the factors which affected the fairness of public spending to find a reasonable explanation and feasible policy adjustments of public spending inequity. This paper researches the relationship between public spending, income distribution and economy growth by bringing public expenditure into endogenous growth model to estimate the equity of public spending logically.
This paper comprehensively uses research methods Marxist classes-division research methods, institutional analysis of Institution Economics and interest groups model of New Political Economy. On the basis of the qualitative analysis, I measure the equity of public spending by collecting large quantity of historical data. In addition, in the study of the evolution of the system, I use research methods of Historicism.
The Framework: The theoretical basis of this paper is Fair Just Theory. Government must reversely allocate public spending, that is, high-income people access to lower public spending and the lower income groups receive a higher public expenditure, which can also be called“reverse fairness”.“Reverse fairness”can be realized only by political mechanism, and the realization of social equity is on the theoretical basis of Fair Just Theory. Second, I review the practical methods to measure equity on the basis of discussing the theories of realizing justice and fairness by government.
Third, I research the transformations of China’s public expenditure system. I define the concept of public spending and measure the gross number of public spending.
Fourth, after measuring the gross number, I measure the urban and rural areas structure and class structure. Then I calculate the equity index of public spending allocated between urban and rural areas and among classes by method of measuring equity.
Fifth, after calculating the equity index, I analyses the reason for the inequity of public spending distribution between districts and classes by statistical description and econometric methods. And I evaluate the equity of public expenditure system according to the normative criterion given by antitheses; I research the influence of public spending equity to economics, income distribution and society development by using economic growth model.
The research structure and contents are as follows:
Chapter 1 is“Introduction”. This chapter consists of 4 sections. SectionⅠanalyzes the actuality of China’s public expenditure and raises the issue of evaluating its equity. SectionⅡsummarizes related literatures on public spending. SectionⅢgives the basic research ideas and methods. SectionⅣdiscusses the research frame and innovation.
Chapter 2 is“The decision-making mechanism and measuring methods of equity”. This chapter consists of 5 sections. SectionⅠ“State functions and public choice”discusses two issues: the evolution of state functions and public choice theory. SectionⅡ“Overview of national fairness and justice”focuses on the theory of fairness and justice, civil rights and redistribution in the political ethics philosophy and related economic research on the efficiency and fairness of public spending. Section III“Interest groups: determining factor of public expenditure”raises the issue of China’s interest groups’role in political and economic areas. SectionⅣis“Redistribution model of new political economics”. Section V is“Evaluation methods of equity of public expenditure”.
Chapter 3 is“China's public expenditure system”. This chapter consists of four sections. SectionⅠ“The determinative system of public expenditure of Chinese government”discusses the operation process of government in three aspects: political system, decision-making system and interest groups. Section II“Evolution of the financial system”analyzes the evolution of the financial system and budget management system and its existing problems from the public point of view. Section III is“The content and classification of budget income and expenditure”. SectionⅣ“Data for measuring fairness of China’s public spending”
Chapter 4 is“Measurement and analysis of the equity of China’s public expenditure in urban and rural area”. This chapter consists of 3 sections. SectionⅠ“The equity measurement and analysis on public expenditure in urban and rural area”, estimates the trends of Gini Coefficient of urban and rural public expenditures, per capita public spending gap between urban and rural areas and urban-rural relative structure factor. Section II“the urban and rural area tax burden and the interests destination of public expenditure”, estimates the gap between the urban and rural area’s total tax burden, and does a comparative analysis of the tax burden and interests destination of urban and rural areas. Section III“Analysis of China's public expenditure fairness between urban and rural areas”explains the most important reason why Gini Coefficient of China public expenditure in urban and rural areas by econometric methods.
Chapter 5 is“Equity measurement on estates of China’s public expenditure”. This chapter consists of 4 sections. SectionⅠ“Measurement of public expenditure benefit destination among estates”, estimates its tendency, its gross proportion distribution among classes and per capita benefit in each class. SectionⅡ“Measurement on public expenditure equity among estates”, finds out the main factor resulting in the unfairness by econometric methods. SectionⅢ“Measurement on revenue contribution equity among estates”, judges the equity of per capita revenue contribution among estates. SectionⅣ“The equity of financial revenue contribution and public expenditure interest destination”discusses the relationship between financial revenue and equity of public spending benefit destination and remarks on it
Chapter 6 is“Evaluation on equity effect of China public expenditure”. It consists of 4 sections. SectionⅠ“Evaluation on equity effect of China public expenditure in economy” raises an economic growth model and uses public expenditure’s equity data to empirically analyze the relationship between public expenditure’s equity and economic growth. SectionⅡ“Evaluation on income and distribution effect of China public expenditure equity”do empirical analysis to interpret inequity’s effect on income and distribution’s imparity. SectionⅢ“Evaluation on social effect of China public expenditure equity”, empirically analyzes the public expenditure equity and social development. SectionⅣis“empirical analysis on relationship between China’s public expenditure equity and technology development”. Innovation:
(1) Analyze framework. This paper puts forward the evaluation of public expenditure’s equity for the first time. It sets out from Fair Just Theory., combines Marxism’s classic analyzing method, system decision and evolvement model of Institution economics and the policy-economy model of New Political Economy together.
(2) Evaluation method. This paper uses new statistical method, it measures equity index of public expenditure in urban and rural area and in each estate.
(3) Evaluation mechanism. This paper comparatively analyzes the rationality of equity of public expenditure in urban and rural area and in each estate, and evaluates the equity of China public expenditure. I also use the new economic growth model to evaluate the economic effect, distribution effect and social effect on the inequity of the public expenditure.
(4) Data .The essay estimates the data of public expenditure in urban and rural area and in each estate from 1978 till now, gets the gross income, per capita income and equity index. I also calculate the data of opportunity equity and result equity, the distribution data of public expenditure in urban and rural area and in each estate from 1978 till now. Then I estimate the gross contribution, per capita contribution and equity index. I evaluate the Gini Coefficient of income distribution from 1980 to 2005, and then use it to calculate the economic growth rate which includes social welfare evaluation. I calculate the public expenditure including social welfare evaluation by using the public expenditure’s equality index.
The defect of the essay: (1)Because some original data are unobtainable, I have to use projection methods such as extrapolation. So there is inevitable deviation of measured data, but that doesn’t affect the tendency of movement.(2) As focus on the measure of equity, this paper uses the traditional Econometric analysis methods.
本文的研究思路是以社会公平目标为出发点,通过对国家职能的演变揭示出人们对国家作用的认识;梳理国家实现公平正义的机制,目的是构建本文的理论基础;对我国改革开放以来公共支出体制演变进行分析,廓清公共支出的范围。在此基础上,通过搜集大量数据对公共支出的公平性进行测度,这种测度从两个方面展开,一是从城乡角度,一是从阶层角度。测度要通过不同的公平指数,以保证测度的正确性;通过找出影响公共支出公平性的因素,为消除公共支出的不公平找到合理的解释和政策变动的空间;为了对公共支出的公平进行合理评价,本文将公共支出纳入新经济增长模型对公共支出与收入分配及其经济增长的关系进行研究。
本文将马克思阶级划分研究方法、制度经济学制度分析和新政治经济学利益集团模型结合起来,在定性分析基础上收集大量历史数据测度公共支出公平性,并且结合计量经济方法对其影响进行定量分析。此外,在对制度演变的研究中,采用历史主义研究方法。
本文的研究框架:本文的理论基础是公平正义理论。政府必须通过公共支出的逆向配置即收入高的人群获得较低的公共支出,收入较低的人群获得较高的公共支出,这也可称之为逆向公平。逆向公平政府要通过政治机制才能实现,而政府实现社会公平的依据是公平正义理论。
其次,在梳理政府实现公平正义理论基础上,对实践中公平测度的方法进行评述。再次,对中国的公共支出制度变化进行描述,根据现行公共支出内容的设置给出公共支出的概念并进行公共支出总量数据测算。
第四,在对总量进行测算以后,对公共支出城乡结构和阶层结构的进行数据测算,然后利用公平性测度方法计算出公共支出城乡和阶层配置的公平指数。
第五,在计算出公平性指数的基础上,利用统计描述和计量方法分析公共支出城乡和阶层配置不公平的原因;用对比方法给出规范性的标准,评价公共支出制度公平性;采用经济增长模型研究公共支出公平性对经济增长、收入分配和社会发展的影响。本文的研究结构和研究内容包括:
第1章绪论。该章包括4节内容。第一节是对中国公共支出现状进行分析,提出公平性评价问题。第二节是对有关公共支出研究文献进行综述。第三节是基本研究思路和研究方法。第四节讨论研究框架和研究的创新。
第2章公共支出的决定机制与公平测度方法。该章包括5节内容。第一节国家职能与公共选择讨论了二个问题:国家职能的演变和公共选择理论。第二节国家公平正义理论综述主要讨论政治伦理哲学中公平正义、公民权利与再分配的理论,经济学对公平效率与公共支出的有关论述。第三节利益集团理论:公共支出的决定因素,提出了中国利益集团在政治经济中的作用问题。第四节新政治经济学再分配模型。第五节公共支出公平效应评价方法。
第3章中国的公共支出制度。该章有四节内容,第一节中国政府的公共支出体制决定从政治体制、决策机制和利益集团三方面讨论政府的运行过程,目的是为了说明公共支出的决定机制。第二节财政体制演变从公共支出角度分析了财政体制演变过程和预算管理体制演变及其存在的问题。第三节预算收入和支出的内容与分类。第四节中国公共支出公平性测度数据在第三节基础上利用《中国统计年鉴》数据对公共支出总量进行测算。
第4章中国公共支出城乡公平性测度与分析。该章包括3节内容。第一节公共支出城乡公平测度,测算出公共支出城乡基尼系数的变动趋势、城乡人均公共支出差距和城乡结构相对系数。第二节城乡税收负担与公共支出利益归宿,测算城乡税收负担总额差距,并对城镇公共支出利益归宿总额与税收负担总额、乡村公共支出利益归宿总额与税收负担总额进行比较分析。第三节中国公共支出城乡公平性分析,利用计量经济学方法分析公共支出城乡基尼系数下降的主要原因。
第5章中国公共支出阶层公平性测度。该章分为4节。第一节公共支出阶层利益归宿测度,测度公共支出利益阶层归宿总量变化趋势、公共支出利益阶层归宿总量比重分布和各阶层人均利益归宿水平。第二节各阶层人均公共支出利益归宿公平性测度,利用计量经济学方法找出导致不公平的主要因素。第三节财政收入各阶层贡献的公平性测度,对各阶层人均财政收入贡献的公平性进行判断。第四节财政收入贡献与公共支出利益归宿公平性,对财政收入贡献与公共支出利益归宿公平性之间的关系进行规范思考和实际判别。
第6章中国公共支出公平效应评价。该章分为4节。第一节中国公共支出公平的经济效应评价,利用提出的经济增长模型和公共支出公平性数据对公共支出公平性与经济增长的关系进行了实证分析。第二节中国公共支出公平性的收入分配效应评价,利用数据实证分析公共支出不公平对收入分配不平等的作用。第三节中国公共支出公平的社会效应评价,对中国公共支出公平性与社会发展进行了实证分析。第四节中国公共支出公平性与技术进步关系实证分析,实证分析公共支出公平性与技术进步的关系。
本文力图在以下方面开展创新性工作:(1)分析框架方面研究的创新性工作。首次提出了公共支出公平性评价问题,从公平正义理论出发,将马克思主义的阶级分析方法、制度经济学的制度决定和演变理论和新政治经济学的政治对经济结果影响模型结合起来。
(2)评价方法方面研究的创新性工作—利用统计方法测度了公共支出城乡公平指数和阶层公平指数。
(3)评价机制方面研究的创新性工作-运用对比方法分析了公共支出城乡公平问题和阶层公平问题的合理性,对中国公共支出公平性给出了评价;运用新经济增长模型对公共支出不公平的经济效应、分配效应进行了评价。
(4)数据应用方面研究的创新性工作—对1978年以来公共支出在城乡之间和各阶层之间分布数据进行了测算;测算了机会公平和结果公平数据;测算了1978年以来财政收入在城乡和阶层之间分布数据;测算了中国1980-2005年的收入分配基尼系数。
本文的不足之处:(1)由于有些原始数据无法得到,本文采取外推等方法推算,可能使数据测度出现偏差,但不影响趋势变化。(2)由于侧重于公平性测度,本文采用传统的计量经济方法进行分析。
Since Reform and Opening up, China has kept on running after the economic efficiency of public spending while the equity is neglected. So when the economy grows to a certain level which means per capita gross domestic product is more than 1,000 U.S. dollars, the importance of the issue is highlighted. Therefore, evaluating the equity of public spending since Reform and Opening up to is a very important issue. The unfair results of China's public spending are due the unjust system, the unjust procedures and the unjust rights; We can not solve the problems of social equity only by transfer payments.
This paper takes social equity objectives as a start-point, reveals people's awareness of the role of the State through the evolution of state functions; then discusses the systems to achieve fairness and justice, aims at building the theoretical foundation of this article; after that, this paper analyzes the evolvement of the public spending institution since Reform and Opening up, dissects the scope of public spending. On the base of theoretical analysis, this paper measures the equity of public spending by large amounts of data. The measuring is expanded at two aspects, one is from the perspective of urban and rural areas, and the other is from the perspective of classes. I use different equity indexes to measure the fairness for accuracy. I also identify the factors which affected the fairness of public spending to find a reasonable explanation and feasible policy adjustments of public spending inequity. This paper researches the relationship between public spending, income distribution and economy growth by bringing public expenditure into endogenous growth model to estimate the equity of public spending logically.
This paper comprehensively uses research methods Marxist classes-division research methods, institutional analysis of Institution Economics and interest groups model of New Political Economy. On the basis of the qualitative analysis, I measure the equity of public spending by collecting large quantity of historical data. In addition, in the study of the evolution of the system, I use research methods of Historicism.
The Framework: The theoretical basis of this paper is Fair Just Theory. Government must reversely allocate public spending, that is, high-income people access to lower public spending and the lower income groups receive a higher public expenditure, which can also be called“reverse fairness”.“Reverse fairness”can be realized only by political mechanism, and the realization of social equity is on the theoretical basis of Fair Just Theory. Second, I review the practical methods to measure equity on the basis of discussing the theories of realizing justice and fairness by government.
Third, I research the transformations of China’s public expenditure system. I define the concept of public spending and measure the gross number of public spending.
Fourth, after measuring the gross number, I measure the urban and rural areas structure and class structure. Then I calculate the equity index of public spending allocated between urban and rural areas and among classes by method of measuring equity.
Fifth, after calculating the equity index, I analyses the reason for the inequity of public spending distribution between districts and classes by statistical description and econometric methods. And I evaluate the equity of public expenditure system according to the normative criterion given by antitheses; I research the influence of public spending equity to economics, income distribution and society development by using economic growth model.
The research structure and contents are as follows:
Chapter 1 is“Introduction”. This chapter consists of 4 sections. SectionⅠanalyzes the actuality of China’s public expenditure and raises the issue of evaluating its equity. SectionⅡsummarizes related literatures on public spending. SectionⅢgives the basic research ideas and methods. SectionⅣdiscusses the research frame and innovation.
Chapter 2 is“The decision-making mechanism and measuring methods of equity”. This chapter consists of 5 sections. SectionⅠ“State functions and public choice”discusses two issues: the evolution of state functions and public choice theory. SectionⅡ“Overview of national fairness and justice”focuses on the theory of fairness and justice, civil rights and redistribution in the political ethics philosophy and related economic research on the efficiency and fairness of public spending. Section III“Interest groups: determining factor of public expenditure”raises the issue of China’s interest groups’role in political and economic areas. SectionⅣis“Redistribution model of new political economics”. Section V is“Evaluation methods of equity of public expenditure”.
Chapter 3 is“China's public expenditure system”. This chapter consists of four sections. SectionⅠ“The determinative system of public expenditure of Chinese government”discusses the operation process of government in three aspects: political system, decision-making system and interest groups. Section II“Evolution of the financial system”analyzes the evolution of the financial system and budget management system and its existing problems from the public point of view. Section III is“The content and classification of budget income and expenditure”. SectionⅣ“Data for measuring fairness of China’s public spending”
Chapter 4 is“Measurement and analysis of the equity of China’s public expenditure in urban and rural area”. This chapter consists of 3 sections. SectionⅠ“The equity measurement and analysis on public expenditure in urban and rural area”, estimates the trends of Gini Coefficient of urban and rural public expenditures, per capita public spending gap between urban and rural areas and urban-rural relative structure factor. Section II“the urban and rural area tax burden and the interests destination of public expenditure”, estimates the gap between the urban and rural area’s total tax burden, and does a comparative analysis of the tax burden and interests destination of urban and rural areas. Section III“Analysis of China's public expenditure fairness between urban and rural areas”explains the most important reason why Gini Coefficient of China public expenditure in urban and rural areas by econometric methods.
Chapter 5 is“Equity measurement on estates of China’s public expenditure”. This chapter consists of 4 sections. SectionⅠ“Measurement of public expenditure benefit destination among estates”, estimates its tendency, its gross proportion distribution among classes and per capita benefit in each class. SectionⅡ“Measurement on public expenditure equity among estates”, finds out the main factor resulting in the unfairness by econometric methods. SectionⅢ“Measurement on revenue contribution equity among estates”, judges the equity of per capita revenue contribution among estates. SectionⅣ“The equity of financial revenue contribution and public expenditure interest destination”discusses the relationship between financial revenue and equity of public spending benefit destination and remarks on it
Chapter 6 is“Evaluation on equity effect of China public expenditure”. It consists of 4 sections. SectionⅠ“Evaluation on equity effect of China public expenditure in economy” raises an economic growth model and uses public expenditure’s equity data to empirically analyze the relationship between public expenditure’s equity and economic growth. SectionⅡ“Evaluation on income and distribution effect of China public expenditure equity”do empirical analysis to interpret inequity’s effect on income and distribution’s imparity. SectionⅢ“Evaluation on social effect of China public expenditure equity”, empirically analyzes the public expenditure equity and social development. SectionⅣis“empirical analysis on relationship between China’s public expenditure equity and technology development”. Innovation:
(1) Analyze framework. This paper puts forward the evaluation of public expenditure’s equity for the first time. It sets out from Fair Just Theory., combines Marxism’s classic analyzing method, system decision and evolvement model of Institution economics and the policy-economy model of New Political Economy together.
(2) Evaluation method. This paper uses new statistical method, it measures equity index of public expenditure in urban and rural area and in each estate.
(3) Evaluation mechanism. This paper comparatively analyzes the rationality of equity of public expenditure in urban and rural area and in each estate, and evaluates the equity of China public expenditure. I also use the new economic growth model to evaluate the economic effect, distribution effect and social effect on the inequity of the public expenditure.
(4) Data .The essay estimates the data of public expenditure in urban and rural area and in each estate from 1978 till now, gets the gross income, per capita income and equity index. I also calculate the data of opportunity equity and result equity, the distribution data of public expenditure in urban and rural area and in each estate from 1978 till now. Then I estimate the gross contribution, per capita contribution and equity index. I evaluate the Gini Coefficient of income distribution from 1980 to 2005, and then use it to calculate the economic growth rate which includes social welfare evaluation. I calculate the public expenditure including social welfare evaluation by using the public expenditure’s equality index.
The defect of the essay: (1)Because some original data are unobtainable, I have to use projection methods such as extrapolation. So there is inevitable deviation of measured data, but that doesn’t affect the tendency of movement.(2) As focus on the measure of equity, this paper uses the traditional Econometric analysis methods.
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