湖北省农地城市流转效率测度及优化
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摘要
进入21世纪以来,在社会经济全面快速发展的“牵引”下,我国的城市化、工业化进入快速发展阶段。农地城市流转作为我国城市化、工业化发展进程中必然经历的过程,为社会经济持续稳定的发展提供必要的土地要素支撑,同时也造成农用地资源大量流失、城市建设用地粗放利用以及闲置浪费等一系列土地利用问题。在社会经济发展过程中,随着我国城市化、工业化的不断推进,农地城市流转规模呈现逐年增长趋势。据统计,改革开放以来我国农地城市流转规模逐年增大,1978-1989年全国城镇建设占用农用地面积年均值为15.8万公顷,1990-1999年均值达到16.8万公顷,2000-2009年10年间全国城镇建设占用农用地面积年均值突破20万公顷。农地城市流转规模不断扩大的重要原因之一是农地城市流转效率低下所致。因此,提高农地城市流转效率,促进土地资源在不同部门之间的优化配置,是保障区域社会经济快速、持续、稳定发展的基础,是解决城市化、工业化发展过程中产生的国家粮食安全、耕地保护和土地生态环境破坏等一系列土地利用问题的关键。本文从我国当前面临农地城市流转的困境(粮食安全、耕地保护和生态环境保护等与城市建设用地需求不断增长的矛盾)出发,构建宏观、微观不同角度农地城市流转效率研究方法体系。宏观上,以湖北省为例,基于数据包络分析方法研究区域农地城市流转投入、产出因素与农地城市流转宏观效率关系,以及效率变化特征、趋势,探索农地城市流转宏观效率优化路径；其次,构建农地城市流转超越对数生产函数模型,研究农地城市流转宏观效率变化及其影响因素,通过协调社会经济发展过程中各类资源要素投入,探索促进土地资源高效利用的资源配置方式。微观上,基于成本收益理论,研究湖北省农地城市流转过程中微观效率主体(农民)的成本收益情况,通过运用不同方法测算微观效率主体(农民)不同类型的成本收益,估算湖北省及各城市农地城市流转微观效率,探寻湖北省及各城市农地城市流转微观效率损失原因,通过调整微观主体(农民)农地城市流转过程中成本收益状况进而引导微观主体的福利改进。
通过理论分析和实证研究,本文得到以下结论：(1)湖北省农地城市流转宏观效率时间序列上总体成下降趋势,区域空间上宏观效率差异比较显著。基于DEA和SFA方法测算湖北省及各城市农地城市流转宏观效率值,DEA模型计算结果表明2001～2010年湖北省农地城市流转综合效率值总体呈下降趋势,其中鄂东、鄂中地区农地城市流转宏观效率值与湖北省总体变化趋势趋同,但鄂西地区宏观效率值总体呈现上升趋势；且湖北省各城市间农地城市流转宏观效率值差异明显；SFA模型计算结果也表明2006-2010年间湖北省农地城市流转宏观效率值成下降趋势,且湖北省大部分城市五年间农地城市流转宏观效率值下降幅度显著。(2)农地城市流转规模无约束扩张,致使农地城市流转宏观效率成下降趋势。通过DEA模型计算结果显示湖北省总体农地城市流转规模效率值在时间序列上成下降趋势,且下降幅度越来越显著；从区域来看,鄂东、鄂中、鄂西地区农地城市流转规模效率均值都呈现下降趋势,除了个别年份,湖北省农地城市流转规模效率都处于规模递减状态；同时说明湖北省农地城市流转宏观效率低下主要是由规模效率下降所致。(3)农地城市流转宏观效率损失较大,主要是资源要素无效投入所致。通过宏观效率测算结果可以看出,大部分农地城市流转宏观效率值都没有到达效率最优,部分时点和部分区域农地城市流转宏观效率损失较大。通过农地城市流转宏观效率优化分析,得到湖北省及各城市农地城市流转宏观效率优化方案。(4)社会经济各项指标对农地城市流转宏观效率存在不同程度的正面或负面影响。基于SFA方法构造的超越对数生产函数模型研究农地城市流转宏观效率影响因素,研究选取的七个效率影响因素中人口增长额和人均农用地面积对农地城市流转宏观效率的影响不显著,其余的人均建设用地面积、人均GDP、城市化率、土地利用比较效益和产业结构升级等因素对农地城市流转宏观效率的影响都较为显著。(5)DEA和SFA方法测算的农地城市流转宏观效率值差异性整体上不显著。运用曼-惠特尼(Mann-Whitney) U检验方法检验DEA和SFA两种宏观效率分析方法测算湖北省及各城市农地城市流转宏观效率值的差异显著性,检验结果表明两种效率测算方法计算的2006-2010年湖北省整体农地城市流转宏观效率值差异不显著；说明两种方法测算的湖北省及各城市农地城市流转宏观效率存在一定的一致性。(6)基于农民角度的农地城市流转微观效率低下的主要原因是缺乏对农地城市流转过程中农民损失的全面考虑。基于成本收益分析方法构建农地城市流转微观效率研究的方法体系,以农地城市流转过程中农民主体为例,详细界定农地城市流转过程中农民负担的总成本以及获得的总收益,针对不同的成本收益分别运用不同的估算方法,估算基于农民角度的农地城市流转微观效率值；分别比较三种不同农地城市流转补偿标准下农地城市流转微观效率的差异,得出当前农地城市流转补偿政策缺失对农地城市流转过程中农民损失的全面考虑是造成农地城市流转微观效率低下的主要原因。因此,尽可能全面考虑农民当前的和潜在的各方面损失,增加农民在农地城市流转过程中的净收益是优化基于农民角度农地城市流转微观效率的重要途径。
Since the21st century, China's industrialization and urbanization has stepped into the rapid development period under the "traction" of social and economic development. Rural-urban land conversion, an inevitable phenomena during the process of industrialization and urbanization, on one hand has provided lots of land required by the rapid development, on the other hand has caused a series of unintended consequences, such as great loss of agricultural land, extensive use and waste of urban construction land. With the acceleration of China's urbanization and industrialization, the scale of rural-urban land conversion showed a trend of increasing year by year. According to statistical data,158,000hectares agricultural land was converted into urban construction land per year from1978to1989,168,000hectares from1990to1999, and the last census from2000to2009counted200,000hectares in China. Inefficiency in rural-urban land conversion is one of the most important reasons for agricultural land conversing to urban construction land so quickly. Therefore, it is very important to improve the efficiency of rural-urban land conversion, and promote the optimal allocation of land resources among different sectors, which can not only remain sustainable, stable and rapid development of regional economy, but also ensure national food security, farmland preservation, and based-land ecological environment. Based on analyzing these problems from rural-urban land conversion, this paper constructs the research methodology on rural-urban land conversion efficiency from the perspective of both macro and micro perspective. From the macro perspective, taking the Hubei province as an example, we found out relations between macroscopic efficiency of regional rural-urban land conversion and input and output factors of rural-urban land conversion by using the Data Envelopment Analysis method. What's more, we analyzed the efficiency's varying characteristics, trends, and found out the efficiency optimizing path of rural-urban land conversion; Besides, we research the variation and influence factors of rural-urban land conversion macroscopic efficiency based on the beyond the logarithm production function model, and explored the optimal way of allocation resources that can promote the efficiency of land resources use by coordinate all kinds of resource input during the process of social and economic development. On the Micro level, we analyzed the farmers'cost and profit during the process of rural-urban land conversion in Hubei province based on the cost-benefit analysis theory. We also calculate the farmers'cost and profit by using different types of methods, estimating the rural-urban land conversion micro efficiency in Hubei province and each cities, exploring the reasons for microscopic efficiency loss, improving the farmers' welfare by adjusting their cost and benefit of rural-urban land conversion.
Through the theoretical analysis and empirical research, the present research got the following conclusions:(1) Macro efficiency of rural-urban land conversion of Hubei province showed a downward trend on the time series, and the macro efficiency is significantly different among the regions. Based on the results of DEA method, from2001to2010the declining trend of rural-urban land conversion efficiency in the whole region, eastern region, and middle region of Hubei province are convergent, however, the rural-urban land conversion efficiency in western region of Hubei province is increasing. Besides, the spacious difference is significant among the cities. While the SFA model also shows that the macro efficiency of rural-urban land conversion in Hubei province is declining, and the declining rate is obvious during the past five years.(2) The unrestricted expansion scale leads to the decreasing trend of the macro efficiency of rural-urban land conversion. According to the results of DEA model, the macro efficiency of rural-urban land conversion in Hubei showed a trend of falling, and the falling rate becomes larger as time goes on; As for regions, the average efficiency of rural-urban land conversion was decreasing in the eastern, middle, western part of Hubei Province. The scale efficiency of rural-urban land conversion was also falling, except the specific years; we can also get the conclusion that the macro inefficiency of rural-urban land conversion in Hubei province is mainly caused by the decrease in scale efficiency.(3) The macro efficiency loss of rural-urban land conversion is huge, which was mainly caused by invalid input of resource. According to the results of macro efficiency analysis, most cities have not reached the optimal efficiency of rural-urban land conversion, and the macro efficiency loss of rural-urban land conversion is huge in some cities sometimes. Through the analysis of rural-urban land conversion macro efficiency, we can get the optimal way of macro efficiency of Hubei province and each cities.(4) Social economic indicators imposed different degrees of positive or negative influence on the macro efficiency of rural-urban land conversion. Based on the beyond logarithm production function of SFA method, we can get the factors affecting the macro efficiency of rural-urban land conversion. Among the seven social economic indicators, only population growth and average farmland area were not significant, while the rest factors including the average construction land area, the average GDP, the urbanization rate, the comparative benefit of land use and upgrading of industrial structure, all have significant impacts on the macro efficiency of rural-urban land conversion.(5) The difference of macro efficiency of rural-urban land conversion measured respectively by DEA and SFA method was not significant. We used the Significance test of Mann-Whitney U method to test the significance of difference of macro efficiency of rural-urban land conversion calculated by these two methods. The results show that the difference is not significant in Hubei province from2006to2010; suggesting that there is consistency between the results of these two methods.(6) From the farmers' perspective, the main reason for the low efficiency of rural-urban land conversion is lacking of consideration of farmers' loss during this process. Based on cost benefit analysis method, we constructed research method system to study the rural-urban land conversion micro efficiency by calculating the farmers' exact total income and total cost during the process of rural-urban land conversion, using different methods according to different kinds of income and cost to evaluate the rural-urban land conversion micro efficiency. Through comparing the difference among the rural-urban land conversion micro efficiency of three different rural-urban land conversion compensation standard, we got the conclusion that lacking of consideration of farmers' loss during the process of rural-urban land conversion is the main reason for the low micro efficiency of rural-urban land conversion. Therefore, the farmers' benefit and other potential loss should be taken more consideration during this process and increasing farmers' net income in the rural-urban land conversion process is the most important way to optimize the rural-urban land conversion micro efficiency based on the view of farmers.
通过理论分析和实证研究,本文得到以下结论：(1)湖北省农地城市流转宏观效率时间序列上总体成下降趋势,区域空间上宏观效率差异比较显著。基于DEA和SFA方法测算湖北省及各城市农地城市流转宏观效率值,DEA模型计算结果表明2001～2010年湖北省农地城市流转综合效率值总体呈下降趋势,其中鄂东、鄂中地区农地城市流转宏观效率值与湖北省总体变化趋势趋同,但鄂西地区宏观效率值总体呈现上升趋势；且湖北省各城市间农地城市流转宏观效率值差异明显；SFA模型计算结果也表明2006-2010年间湖北省农地城市流转宏观效率值成下降趋势,且湖北省大部分城市五年间农地城市流转宏观效率值下降幅度显著。(2)农地城市流转规模无约束扩张,致使农地城市流转宏观效率成下降趋势。通过DEA模型计算结果显示湖北省总体农地城市流转规模效率值在时间序列上成下降趋势,且下降幅度越来越显著；从区域来看,鄂东、鄂中、鄂西地区农地城市流转规模效率均值都呈现下降趋势,除了个别年份,湖北省农地城市流转规模效率都处于规模递减状态；同时说明湖北省农地城市流转宏观效率低下主要是由规模效率下降所致。(3)农地城市流转宏观效率损失较大,主要是资源要素无效投入所致。通过宏观效率测算结果可以看出,大部分农地城市流转宏观效率值都没有到达效率最优,部分时点和部分区域农地城市流转宏观效率损失较大。通过农地城市流转宏观效率优化分析,得到湖北省及各城市农地城市流转宏观效率优化方案。(4)社会经济各项指标对农地城市流转宏观效率存在不同程度的正面或负面影响。基于SFA方法构造的超越对数生产函数模型研究农地城市流转宏观效率影响因素,研究选取的七个效率影响因素中人口增长额和人均农用地面积对农地城市流转宏观效率的影响不显著,其余的人均建设用地面积、人均GDP、城市化率、土地利用比较效益和产业结构升级等因素对农地城市流转宏观效率的影响都较为显著。(5)DEA和SFA方法测算的农地城市流转宏观效率值差异性整体上不显著。运用曼-惠特尼(Mann-Whitney) U检验方法检验DEA和SFA两种宏观效率分析方法测算湖北省及各城市农地城市流转宏观效率值的差异显著性,检验结果表明两种效率测算方法计算的2006-2010年湖北省整体农地城市流转宏观效率值差异不显著；说明两种方法测算的湖北省及各城市农地城市流转宏观效率存在一定的一致性。(6)基于农民角度的农地城市流转微观效率低下的主要原因是缺乏对农地城市流转过程中农民损失的全面考虑。基于成本收益分析方法构建农地城市流转微观效率研究的方法体系,以农地城市流转过程中农民主体为例,详细界定农地城市流转过程中农民负担的总成本以及获得的总收益,针对不同的成本收益分别运用不同的估算方法,估算基于农民角度的农地城市流转微观效率值；分别比较三种不同农地城市流转补偿标准下农地城市流转微观效率的差异,得出当前农地城市流转补偿政策缺失对农地城市流转过程中农民损失的全面考虑是造成农地城市流转微观效率低下的主要原因。因此,尽可能全面考虑农民当前的和潜在的各方面损失,增加农民在农地城市流转过程中的净收益是优化基于农民角度农地城市流转微观效率的重要途径。
Since the21st century, China's industrialization and urbanization has stepped into the rapid development period under the "traction" of social and economic development. Rural-urban land conversion, an inevitable phenomena during the process of industrialization and urbanization, on one hand has provided lots of land required by the rapid development, on the other hand has caused a series of unintended consequences, such as great loss of agricultural land, extensive use and waste of urban construction land. With the acceleration of China's urbanization and industrialization, the scale of rural-urban land conversion showed a trend of increasing year by year. According to statistical data,158,000hectares agricultural land was converted into urban construction land per year from1978to1989,168,000hectares from1990to1999, and the last census from2000to2009counted200,000hectares in China. Inefficiency in rural-urban land conversion is one of the most important reasons for agricultural land conversing to urban construction land so quickly. Therefore, it is very important to improve the efficiency of rural-urban land conversion, and promote the optimal allocation of land resources among different sectors, which can not only remain sustainable, stable and rapid development of regional economy, but also ensure national food security, farmland preservation, and based-land ecological environment. Based on analyzing these problems from rural-urban land conversion, this paper constructs the research methodology on rural-urban land conversion efficiency from the perspective of both macro and micro perspective. From the macro perspective, taking the Hubei province as an example, we found out relations between macroscopic efficiency of regional rural-urban land conversion and input and output factors of rural-urban land conversion by using the Data Envelopment Analysis method. What's more, we analyzed the efficiency's varying characteristics, trends, and found out the efficiency optimizing path of rural-urban land conversion; Besides, we research the variation and influence factors of rural-urban land conversion macroscopic efficiency based on the beyond the logarithm production function model, and explored the optimal way of allocation resources that can promote the efficiency of land resources use by coordinate all kinds of resource input during the process of social and economic development. On the Micro level, we analyzed the farmers'cost and profit during the process of rural-urban land conversion in Hubei province based on the cost-benefit analysis theory. We also calculate the farmers'cost and profit by using different types of methods, estimating the rural-urban land conversion micro efficiency in Hubei province and each cities, exploring the reasons for microscopic efficiency loss, improving the farmers' welfare by adjusting their cost and benefit of rural-urban land conversion.
Through the theoretical analysis and empirical research, the present research got the following conclusions:(1) Macro efficiency of rural-urban land conversion of Hubei province showed a downward trend on the time series, and the macro efficiency is significantly different among the regions. Based on the results of DEA method, from2001to2010the declining trend of rural-urban land conversion efficiency in the whole region, eastern region, and middle region of Hubei province are convergent, however, the rural-urban land conversion efficiency in western region of Hubei province is increasing. Besides, the spacious difference is significant among the cities. While the SFA model also shows that the macro efficiency of rural-urban land conversion in Hubei province is declining, and the declining rate is obvious during the past five years.(2) The unrestricted expansion scale leads to the decreasing trend of the macro efficiency of rural-urban land conversion. According to the results of DEA model, the macro efficiency of rural-urban land conversion in Hubei showed a trend of falling, and the falling rate becomes larger as time goes on; As for regions, the average efficiency of rural-urban land conversion was decreasing in the eastern, middle, western part of Hubei Province. The scale efficiency of rural-urban land conversion was also falling, except the specific years; we can also get the conclusion that the macro inefficiency of rural-urban land conversion in Hubei province is mainly caused by the decrease in scale efficiency.(3) The macro efficiency loss of rural-urban land conversion is huge, which was mainly caused by invalid input of resource. According to the results of macro efficiency analysis, most cities have not reached the optimal efficiency of rural-urban land conversion, and the macro efficiency loss of rural-urban land conversion is huge in some cities sometimes. Through the analysis of rural-urban land conversion macro efficiency, we can get the optimal way of macro efficiency of Hubei province and each cities.(4) Social economic indicators imposed different degrees of positive or negative influence on the macro efficiency of rural-urban land conversion. Based on the beyond logarithm production function of SFA method, we can get the factors affecting the macro efficiency of rural-urban land conversion. Among the seven social economic indicators, only population growth and average farmland area were not significant, while the rest factors including the average construction land area, the average GDP, the urbanization rate, the comparative benefit of land use and upgrading of industrial structure, all have significant impacts on the macro efficiency of rural-urban land conversion.(5) The difference of macro efficiency of rural-urban land conversion measured respectively by DEA and SFA method was not significant. We used the Significance test of Mann-Whitney U method to test the significance of difference of macro efficiency of rural-urban land conversion calculated by these two methods. The results show that the difference is not significant in Hubei province from2006to2010; suggesting that there is consistency between the results of these two methods.(6) From the farmers' perspective, the main reason for the low efficiency of rural-urban land conversion is lacking of consideration of farmers' loss during this process. Based on cost benefit analysis method, we constructed research method system to study the rural-urban land conversion micro efficiency by calculating the farmers' exact total income and total cost during the process of rural-urban land conversion, using different methods according to different kinds of income and cost to evaluate the rural-urban land conversion micro efficiency. Through comparing the difference among the rural-urban land conversion micro efficiency of three different rural-urban land conversion compensation standard, we got the conclusion that lacking of consideration of farmers' loss during the process of rural-urban land conversion is the main reason for the low micro efficiency of rural-urban land conversion. Therefore, the farmers' benefit and other potential loss should be taken more consideration during this process and increasing farmers' net income in the rural-urban land conversion process is the most important way to optimize the rural-urban land conversion micro efficiency based on the view of farmers.
引文
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