厦门城市森林生态系统健康评价与调控技术研究
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摘要
随着城市化进程的加快,人类的生存环境急剧恶化、空气污染程度加剧、热岛效应、生物多样性丧失等等,不仅给人们的健康造成了威胁,还制约了城市的可持续发展。城市森林生态系统作为一种新型的森林生态系统,在调节气候、美化和改善环境、涵养水源、防止水土流失、保护生物多样性和生态系统稳定性等方面都起着重大的作用,对居民的身心健康也有一定程度的影响。因此,城市森林生态系统的健康状况将直接关系到全球生态安全和人类社会的可持续发展。所以,开展城市森林健康分析与评价有着非常重要的社会意义。本文针对厦门城市森林的现状,对其健康做出了合理的评价,并提出了切实可行的调控技术措施,研究的内容和结果如下:
(1)本文从结构指标、功能指标、景观指标和效益指标四个方面出发,共选取了19个指标,构建了厦门城市森林健康评价指标体系,并制定了健康评价标准。
(2)通过对健康评价指标的分析,运用定性和定量相结合的方法,即AHP法确定评价指标的权重,并计算出指标的综合评价指数值。
(3)根据综合指数的计算结果,对厦门城市森林的健康进行了综合评价。结果表明,厦门城市森林生态系统综合评价指数为0.6476,健康状况为Ⅲ级,稍微偏向于Ⅱ级,即处于从亚健康状态向健康状态发展阶段;效益指标的评价指数最高,为0.7357,健康等级为Ⅱ级,为健康状态;结构指标的评价指数为0.7029,虽然健康等级也是Ⅱ级,处于健康状态,但它稍偏向于Ⅲ级,表明近些年来,由于国内城市化的加速发展,使城市森林生态系统的结构完整性遭到了人为的破坏,从而向亚健康状态发展;功能指标的评价指数为0.6714,健康等级为Ⅲ级,属于亚健康状态,但它偏向于Ⅱ级;评价指数最低的是景观指标,只有0.5784,完全处于亚健康状态。
从19个因素层的指标来看,它们的健康等级大多都在Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级之间,即亚健康状态和健康状态之间,但是评价指数值之间的变化幅度比较大,评价指数最低的是人文价值,只有0.4000,健康等级为Ⅳ级,处于不健康状态;景观多样性为0.5000,绿地观赏效应和涵养水源功能为0.5714,处于亚健康状态的边缘,表明了随着城市规模地扩大、各种设施的完善以及人口的增加,人文景观、自然景观和艺术景观没有达到很好的结合,而且绿地的效应和功能都没有都没有完全发挥出来,人们的生活质量不高,制约了城市森林的健康和可持续发展。
(4)根据厦门城市森林生态系统健康评价的结果,从数量、质量和管理三方面提出合理有效地调控措施:
数量上:合理地提高厦门市城区绿化覆盖率;保护生物多样性,建立乔、灌、草复合群落结构;
质量上:加强生态公益林的改造;优化景观生态格局;
管理上:加大宣传力度,建立城市森林公众参与制度;应用高新技术,建立高效的管理系统;生态优先,科学进行规划;加强人才的培养,重视城市森林培育的科学研究;将城市森林管理纳入法制化轨道,健全机构管理体制。
Along with the accelerated process of urbanization, the human living environment deteriorate sharply, the intensification of air pollution levels, heat island effect, loss of biological diversity, etc., which not only threat people's health, but also restricted the city's sustainable development. Urban forest ecosystem as a new type of forest ecosystem, it plays an important role in regulating climate, improving the environment, conserving water, preventing soil and water losses, protecting biological diversity and ecosystem stability, etc., and also have a certain extent effect in physical and mental health for people. Therefore, the health of urban forest ecosystem will be directly related to the global ecological security and sustainable development of human society. So, it has a very important social significance in carrying out the analysis and evaluation of urban forest health. In this paper, it make a reasonable assessment for the status of urban forest in Xiamen, and put forward practical measures for the regulation technology, the contents and outcomes of the study are as follows:
(1).This study consists of structural indicators, function indicators, landscape indicators and efficiency indicators, and selects a total of 19 indicators to construct the assessment index system for urban forest health of Xiamen, and develop a health evaluation criteria.
(2).Through the analysis of indicators of health evaluation, using a method named AHP as a combination of qualitative and quantitative to determine the weight of evaluation index, and calculate the synthetical evaluation index number for every index.
(3).According to the calculation results of composite index, this text conducts a comprehensive evaluation to the health of forest health for Xiamen. The results show that the comprehensive evaluation index of urban forest ecosystem in Xiamen is 0.6476, the condition of the health is gradeⅢ,more close to gradeⅡ, that is from subhealth towards health; the evaluation index of efficiency indicators is the highest for 0.7357,the health rank is gradeⅡ,belong to health; the evaluation index of structural indicators is 0.7929, although the health rank is gradeⅡ, in a healthy state, but it is more close to gradeⅢ,it shows that in recent years, the accelerated development of urbanization in China have made the structural integrity of urban forest ecosystem, which has been destroyed by people, so as to the subhealth; the evaluation index of function index is 0.6714, the health rank is gradeⅢ, belong to subhealth, more close to gradeⅡ;the lowest evaluation index is landscape indicators for 0.5784, compeletely in the subhealth state.
From the indicators of 19 layers, most of their health between gradeⅡand gradeⅢ,as between subhealth and health, but the changing magnitude of the evaluation index values is large relatively, the lowest of the evaluation index is human values for 0.4000, the health rank is gradeⅣ,belong to unhealthy; the diversity of landscape is 0.5000,the ornamental effect of greenbelt and the function of water conservation is 0.5714,at the edge of subhealth, shows that, along with the expansion of city size, the improvement of various equipments and the increase of population, cultural landscape, natural landscape and the arts landscape has not reached a very good combination, but also the effects and function of greenbelt are not fully played out, the quality of people's life is not high, which restrict the healthy and sustainable development of urban forest.
(4).According to the results of health assessment of urban forest ecosystem in Xiamen, this article offer some reasonable and effective control measures from the quantity, quality and management:
In terms of quantity: increase the percentage of greenery coverage of Xiamen city reasonably; protect the biological diversity and constitute the multiple community structure including arbor, shrub and grass;
In terms of quality: Strengthening the transformation of ecological forest; optimize the ecological patterns of landscape;
In terms of management: enlarge the propaganda dynamics and establish the public participation system of urban forest; apply the high and new technology, establish a highly efficient management system; give priority to ecology, process scientific planning; strengthening the training of personnel, attach importance to the scientific research of urban forest cultivation; make the management of urban forest into the legal track and improve the agency management system.
(1)本文从结构指标、功能指标、景观指标和效益指标四个方面出发,共选取了19个指标,构建了厦门城市森林健康评价指标体系,并制定了健康评价标准。
(2)通过对健康评价指标的分析,运用定性和定量相结合的方法,即AHP法确定评价指标的权重,并计算出指标的综合评价指数值。
(3)根据综合指数的计算结果,对厦门城市森林的健康进行了综合评价。结果表明,厦门城市森林生态系统综合评价指数为0.6476,健康状况为Ⅲ级,稍微偏向于Ⅱ级,即处于从亚健康状态向健康状态发展阶段;效益指标的评价指数最高,为0.7357,健康等级为Ⅱ级,为健康状态;结构指标的评价指数为0.7029,虽然健康等级也是Ⅱ级,处于健康状态,但它稍偏向于Ⅲ级,表明近些年来,由于国内城市化的加速发展,使城市森林生态系统的结构完整性遭到了人为的破坏,从而向亚健康状态发展;功能指标的评价指数为0.6714,健康等级为Ⅲ级,属于亚健康状态,但它偏向于Ⅱ级;评价指数最低的是景观指标,只有0.5784,完全处于亚健康状态。
从19个因素层的指标来看,它们的健康等级大多都在Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级之间,即亚健康状态和健康状态之间,但是评价指数值之间的变化幅度比较大,评价指数最低的是人文价值,只有0.4000,健康等级为Ⅳ级,处于不健康状态;景观多样性为0.5000,绿地观赏效应和涵养水源功能为0.5714,处于亚健康状态的边缘,表明了随着城市规模地扩大、各种设施的完善以及人口的增加,人文景观、自然景观和艺术景观没有达到很好的结合,而且绿地的效应和功能都没有都没有完全发挥出来,人们的生活质量不高,制约了城市森林的健康和可持续发展。
(4)根据厦门城市森林生态系统健康评价的结果,从数量、质量和管理三方面提出合理有效地调控措施:
数量上:合理地提高厦门市城区绿化覆盖率;保护生物多样性,建立乔、灌、草复合群落结构;
质量上:加强生态公益林的改造;优化景观生态格局;
管理上:加大宣传力度,建立城市森林公众参与制度;应用高新技术,建立高效的管理系统;生态优先,科学进行规划;加强人才的培养,重视城市森林培育的科学研究;将城市森林管理纳入法制化轨道,健全机构管理体制。
Along with the accelerated process of urbanization, the human living environment deteriorate sharply, the intensification of air pollution levels, heat island effect, loss of biological diversity, etc., which not only threat people's health, but also restricted the city's sustainable development. Urban forest ecosystem as a new type of forest ecosystem, it plays an important role in regulating climate, improving the environment, conserving water, preventing soil and water losses, protecting biological diversity and ecosystem stability, etc., and also have a certain extent effect in physical and mental health for people. Therefore, the health of urban forest ecosystem will be directly related to the global ecological security and sustainable development of human society. So, it has a very important social significance in carrying out the analysis and evaluation of urban forest health. In this paper, it make a reasonable assessment for the status of urban forest in Xiamen, and put forward practical measures for the regulation technology, the contents and outcomes of the study are as follows:
(1).This study consists of structural indicators, function indicators, landscape indicators and efficiency indicators, and selects a total of 19 indicators to construct the assessment index system for urban forest health of Xiamen, and develop a health evaluation criteria.
(2).Through the analysis of indicators of health evaluation, using a method named AHP as a combination of qualitative and quantitative to determine the weight of evaluation index, and calculate the synthetical evaluation index number for every index.
(3).According to the calculation results of composite index, this text conducts a comprehensive evaluation to the health of forest health for Xiamen. The results show that the comprehensive evaluation index of urban forest ecosystem in Xiamen is 0.6476, the condition of the health is gradeⅢ,more close to gradeⅡ, that is from subhealth towards health; the evaluation index of efficiency indicators is the highest for 0.7357,the health rank is gradeⅡ,belong to health; the evaluation index of structural indicators is 0.7929, although the health rank is gradeⅡ, in a healthy state, but it is more close to gradeⅢ,it shows that in recent years, the accelerated development of urbanization in China have made the structural integrity of urban forest ecosystem, which has been destroyed by people, so as to the subhealth; the evaluation index of function index is 0.6714, the health rank is gradeⅢ, belong to subhealth, more close to gradeⅡ;the lowest evaluation index is landscape indicators for 0.5784, compeletely in the subhealth state.
From the indicators of 19 layers, most of their health between gradeⅡand gradeⅢ,as between subhealth and health, but the changing magnitude of the evaluation index values is large relatively, the lowest of the evaluation index is human values for 0.4000, the health rank is gradeⅣ,belong to unhealthy; the diversity of landscape is 0.5000,the ornamental effect of greenbelt and the function of water conservation is 0.5714,at the edge of subhealth, shows that, along with the expansion of city size, the improvement of various equipments and the increase of population, cultural landscape, natural landscape and the arts landscape has not reached a very good combination, but also the effects and function of greenbelt are not fully played out, the quality of people's life is not high, which restrict the healthy and sustainable development of urban forest.
(4).According to the results of health assessment of urban forest ecosystem in Xiamen, this article offer some reasonable and effective control measures from the quantity, quality and management:
In terms of quantity: increase the percentage of greenery coverage of Xiamen city reasonably; protect the biological diversity and constitute the multiple community structure including arbor, shrub and grass;
In terms of quality: Strengthening the transformation of ecological forest; optimize the ecological patterns of landscape;
In terms of management: enlarge the propaganda dynamics and establish the public participation system of urban forest; apply the high and new technology, establish a highly efficient management system; give priority to ecology, process scientific planning; strengthening the training of personnel, attach importance to the scientific research of urban forest cultivation; make the management of urban forest into the legal track and improve the agency management system.
引文
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