城市轨道交通乘客交通特性分析及建模
摘要
在采集城市轨道交通乘客进站、出站、换乘、候乘等交通特性数据基础上,从乘客个体和客流群体的角度,分别研究了乘客的微观特性和宏观特性,并建立了相应的模型。
在乘客微观交通特性分析方面,采用数据挖掘的方法,探寻城市轨道交通乘客个体在不同坡度的通道内及楼梯上的步频、步幅、步速特性,建立了乘客个体的步频、步幅、步速基本特性间的关系模型,以及乘客密度对乘客的步频、步幅、步速的影响关系模型;在分析不同属性的乘客对楼梯与自动扶梯的选择特性基础上,采用逐步回归分析方法,提取影响乘客选择的关键因素,建立了乘客对楼梯与自动扶梯的选择模型;根据观测的无中央分隔措施条件下通道内双向乘客的走行特性,提出了反映乘客微观交通特性的元胞更新规则,建立了基于蚁群算法的元胞自动机模型,对通道内双向乘客进行了仿真研究。
在乘客宏观交通特性研究方面,在大量观测的乘客流量、速度、密度数据的基础上,分析了城市轨道交通乘客流在通道内及楼梯上的流量、速度、密度交通特性,建立了水平通道内及楼梯上的乘客流量、速度、密度关系模型;根据乘客在站台上的宏观分布数据,分析了乘客在站台上的分布规律,探究影响乘客选择站台候乘位置的主要因素,建立了乘客候乘位置选择模型;根据乘客的上下车时间特性数据,分析了乘客的上下车特性,建立了基于乘客流分层特性的乘客上下车时间模型;根据出站乘客在楼梯出口处拥挤产生及演化规律,研究了乘客在出站楼梯处的排队机理;基于表明偏好的调查理念,采用乘客感知的问卷调查方法,对城市轨道交通站台的服务水平进行调查,根据调查结果,给出不同等级服务水平的隶属度曲线,用线性插值的方法计算得到城市轨道交通站台服务水平的划分标准。
Field data of passenger traffic characteristics about exit, entrance, transfer, waiting and boarding facilities etc. have been collected as the basic step in urban rail transit. From the point of individual and group passenger, the micro-characteristics and macro-characteristics were analyzed respectively. Then the models reflecting the corresponding characteristics were established.
In the aspect of analyzing passengers' micro-characteristics, firstly, passengers' step frequencies, step size, walking speed characteristics were explored in urban rail transit stairs and passages with different slopes and the relationship models between them were established by taking advantage of data mining method. Following the models between pedestrian density and above basic characteristics was put forward, which can reflect the influence of pedestrian density on the basic characteristics of individuals. Secondly, after the characteristics analysis of choosing stairs or escalators by different passengers with different attributes, stepwise regression analysis method was employed in order to extract the key factors which can influence passengers' choices characteristic. Accordingly, the models of embodying passengers' stairs and escalators choice characteristics were set up. At last, in the light of field survey on walking characteristics of bi-direction passengers in urban rail transit passengers without central partition, the update rules of the cellular, which can reflect the passengers' micro-characteristics, were put forward and the cellular automata (CA) model based on the ant colony algorithms was established as well, and then the simulation of bi-direction passengers in urban rail transit passages were carried out.
In the aspect of analyzing passengers' macro-characteristics, based on numerous field data of passenger flow, speed and density surveyed in urban rail transit passages and stairs, the traffic characteristics of passenger flows in the passages and on the stairs were analyzed and the relationship models between them were also established. In addition, according to field data of the passengers' distribution on the urban rail transit platforms, the distribution rules of passengers on urban rail transit platforms were analyzed and the critical factors influencing the distribution of passengers along the platform were selected too, and then the distribution model of waiting passengers on the platform was set up. Furthermore, in line with the field data of passengers boarding and alighting time, the passengers' characteristics of boarding and alighting were analyzed, and model reflecting the boarding and alighting characteristics was put forward, which based on the stratification phenomenon of the boarding and alighting passenger flow. After those studies, based on the field data of the outbound passengers surveyed at the exit of the platform, evolution process of crowding at the exits was analyzed, and the queuing mechanism of the outbound passengers at the exit stairs was studied. Finally, Level of Service (LOS) for the urban rail transit platform was investigated by using questionnaire survey method, which based on the concept of stating preferences and passengers' perceptions. Under the survey results, the membership curve of different LOS was drawn and the perceived LOS for the platform was classified into five levels based on the congestion level. Using linear interpolation, critical values of the pedestrian density corresponding to different LOS were calculated.
在乘客微观交通特性分析方面,采用数据挖掘的方法,探寻城市轨道交通乘客个体在不同坡度的通道内及楼梯上的步频、步幅、步速特性,建立了乘客个体的步频、步幅、步速基本特性间的关系模型,以及乘客密度对乘客的步频、步幅、步速的影响关系模型;在分析不同属性的乘客对楼梯与自动扶梯的选择特性基础上,采用逐步回归分析方法,提取影响乘客选择的关键因素,建立了乘客对楼梯与自动扶梯的选择模型;根据观测的无中央分隔措施条件下通道内双向乘客的走行特性,提出了反映乘客微观交通特性的元胞更新规则,建立了基于蚁群算法的元胞自动机模型,对通道内双向乘客进行了仿真研究。
在乘客宏观交通特性研究方面,在大量观测的乘客流量、速度、密度数据的基础上,分析了城市轨道交通乘客流在通道内及楼梯上的流量、速度、密度交通特性,建立了水平通道内及楼梯上的乘客流量、速度、密度关系模型;根据乘客在站台上的宏观分布数据,分析了乘客在站台上的分布规律,探究影响乘客选择站台候乘位置的主要因素,建立了乘客候乘位置选择模型;根据乘客的上下车时间特性数据,分析了乘客的上下车特性,建立了基于乘客流分层特性的乘客上下车时间模型;根据出站乘客在楼梯出口处拥挤产生及演化规律,研究了乘客在出站楼梯处的排队机理;基于表明偏好的调查理念,采用乘客感知的问卷调查方法,对城市轨道交通站台的服务水平进行调查,根据调查结果,给出不同等级服务水平的隶属度曲线,用线性插值的方法计算得到城市轨道交通站台服务水平的划分标准。
Field data of passenger traffic characteristics about exit, entrance, transfer, waiting and boarding facilities etc. have been collected as the basic step in urban rail transit. From the point of individual and group passenger, the micro-characteristics and macro-characteristics were analyzed respectively. Then the models reflecting the corresponding characteristics were established.
In the aspect of analyzing passengers' micro-characteristics, firstly, passengers' step frequencies, step size, walking speed characteristics were explored in urban rail transit stairs and passages with different slopes and the relationship models between them were established by taking advantage of data mining method. Following the models between pedestrian density and above basic characteristics was put forward, which can reflect the influence of pedestrian density on the basic characteristics of individuals. Secondly, after the characteristics analysis of choosing stairs or escalators by different passengers with different attributes, stepwise regression analysis method was employed in order to extract the key factors which can influence passengers' choices characteristic. Accordingly, the models of embodying passengers' stairs and escalators choice characteristics were set up. At last, in the light of field survey on walking characteristics of bi-direction passengers in urban rail transit passengers without central partition, the update rules of the cellular, which can reflect the passengers' micro-characteristics, were put forward and the cellular automata (CA) model based on the ant colony algorithms was established as well, and then the simulation of bi-direction passengers in urban rail transit passages were carried out.
In the aspect of analyzing passengers' macro-characteristics, based on numerous field data of passenger flow, speed and density surveyed in urban rail transit passages and stairs, the traffic characteristics of passenger flows in the passages and on the stairs were analyzed and the relationship models between them were also established. In addition, according to field data of the passengers' distribution on the urban rail transit platforms, the distribution rules of passengers on urban rail transit platforms were analyzed and the critical factors influencing the distribution of passengers along the platform were selected too, and then the distribution model of waiting passengers on the platform was set up. Furthermore, in line with the field data of passengers boarding and alighting time, the passengers' characteristics of boarding and alighting were analyzed, and model reflecting the boarding and alighting characteristics was put forward, which based on the stratification phenomenon of the boarding and alighting passenger flow. After those studies, based on the field data of the outbound passengers surveyed at the exit of the platform, evolution process of crowding at the exits was analyzed, and the queuing mechanism of the outbound passengers at the exit stairs was studied. Finally, Level of Service (LOS) for the urban rail transit platform was investigated by using questionnaire survey method, which based on the concept of stating preferences and passengers' perceptions. Under the survey results, the membership curve of different LOS was drawn and the perceived LOS for the platform was classified into five levels based on the congestion level. Using linear interpolation, critical values of the pedestrian density corresponding to different LOS were calculated.
引文
[1]Henderson L F,Lyons D.J.Sexual diferences in humancrowds motion[J].Nature,1972,240:353-355.
[2]Henderson L F.The statistics of crowd fluids[J].Nature,1971,229:381-383.
[3]Fruin J J.Pedestrian Planning and Design,Metropolitan Association of Urban Designers and Environmental Planners[M].New York:1971.
[4]Pushkarev B S,Jeffrey M Zupan.Urban Space for Pedestrians[M].Boston:MIT Press,1975.
[5]John E Baerwald,Matthew J Huber,Louis E.Keefer.Transportation and traffic engineering handbook Institute of Traffic Engineers[M].New Jersey:Prentice-Hall,1976.
[6]Roddin Marc.A Manual to Determine Benefits of Separating Pedestrians and Vehicles[C].The 61th TRB Annual Meeting,Washington D.C:National Research Council,1981.
[7]Tanaboriboon,Y,S S Hwa,C H Chor.Pedestrian Characteristics Study in Singapore[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering,ASCE,1986.112(3):229-235.
[8]Konblauch R L,Pietrucha M T,Nitzburg M.1996,Field Studies of Pedestrian Walking Speed and Start-Up Time[J].Transportation Research Record,1996,1538:27-38.
[9]Joseph S Milazzo Ⅱ,Nagui M Rouphail.Quality of Service for Uninterrupted Pedestrian Facilities in the 2000 Highway Capacity Manual[C].The 78th TRB Annual Meeting,Washington D.C:National Research Council,1999.
[10]Joseph S Milazzo Ⅱ,Nagui M.Rouphail.Quality of Service for Interrupted Pedestrian Facilities in the 2000 Highway Capacity Manual[C].The 78th TRB Annual Meeting,Washington D.C:National Research Council,1999.
[11]Transportation Research Board.Highway Capacity Manual 2000[M].Washington DC:National Research Council,2000.
[12]Hoogendoorn.Pedestrian dynamics-presentation[EB/OL].http://vkk042.citg.tudelft.nl/verke erskunde/staff/hoogendorn,2003.
[13]Robert E Dewar,Paul L.Olson.Human Factors in Traffic Safety[M].Tucson,USA:Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company,2005.
[14]史建港.大型活动乘客交通特性研究[D].北京:北京工业大学,2007.
[15]Griffiths J D,J G Hunt,M Marlow.Delays at Pedestrian Crossings:1.Site Observations and the Interpretation of Data[J].Traffic Engineering and Control,1984,25:355-371.
[16]William HKLam,John F.Morrall,Herbert Ho.Pedestrian Flow Characteristics in Hong Kong[J].Transportation Research Record,1995,1487:56-62.
[17]Thomas F Fugger.Analysis of pedestrian gait and percepetion/reaction at signal-controlled crosswalk intersections[C].The 79th TRB Annual Meeting,Washington DC:National Research Council,2000.
[18]孙智勇,信号交叉口人行横道的乘客交通特性研究[D].北京:北京工业大学,2004.
[19]史建港,陈艳艳,任福田,荣建.无信号灯控路段人行横道乘客过街交通特性分析[C].第 四届亚太可持续发展交通与环境技术大会论文集.2005:837-841.
[20]Shi Jiangang,Chen Yanyan,Ren Futian and Rong Jian.Research on pedestrian behaviors and traffic characteristics at unsignalized midblock crosswalk:a case study in Beijing[C].The 86th TRB Annual Meeting,Washington DC:National Research Council,2007.
[21]Lam,W.Pedestrian Speed/Flow Relationships for Walking Facilities in Hong Kong[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering,2000,126(3):343-349.
[22]Seth B Yound.Evaluation of pedestrian walking speeds in airport terminals[C].The 78th TRB Annual Meeting,Washington DC:National Research Council,1999.
[23]陈然,董力耘.中国大都市乘客交通特征的实测和初步分析[J].上海大学学报(自然科学版),2005,2:93-97.
[24]Jake L Paul.A personal perspective on research,consulting and codes standards development in fire-related human behaviour,1969-1999,with an emphasis on space and time factors[J].Fire and Materials,1999,23:265-272.
[25]Jake L Paul.Suggestions on evacuation models and research questions.Proceedings of 3rd international symposium on human behaviour in fires[C].Interscience communications,London,2004:23-33.
[26]WHK Lam,Jodie Y S Lee,C Y Cheung.A study of the bi-directional pedestrian flow characteristics at Hong Kong signalized crosswalk facilities[J].Transportation,2002,29:169-192.
[27]徐吉谦.交通工程总论(第三版)[M].北京:人民交通出版社.2001.
[28]周商吾.交通工程(第一版)[M].上海:同济大学出版社.1987.
[29]任福田.道路通行能力手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1991.
[30]中国公路学会交通工程手册编委会.交通工程手册[M].北京:人民交通出版社.1998.
[31]JGJ50-2001,城市道路和建筑物无障碍设计规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社出版,2001.
[32]任福田,刘小明,荣建.交通工程学[M].北京.人民交通出版社.2003.
[33]Weidmann,U Transporttechnik Der Fussgaenger ETH[R].Schrifienreihe Ivt-Berichte 90.Zuerich.1993.
[34]陈宽民,严保杰.道路通行能力分析[M].北京.人民交通出版社.2003.
[35]Kristin Hoskin.Fire Protection and Evacuation Procedures of Stadia Venues in New Zealand [D].Christchurch,New Zealand:Department of Civil Engineering University of Canterbury,2004.
[36]CJJ37-90,城市道路设计规范(1998年修订版)[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1991.
[37]GB50220-95,城市道路交通规划设计规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,1995.
[38]GB50157-2003,地铁设计规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2003.
[39]Victor J Blue and Jeffrey L Adler.Modeling four-directional pedestrian movements[C].The 80th TRB Annual Meeting,Washington DC:National Research Council,2001.
[40]Hoogendoorn S.P.,Piet H.L.Bovy.Gas-kinetic modeling and simulation of pedestrian flows[C].The 80th TRB Annual Meeting,Washington DC:National Research Council,2001.
[41]Daamen,W SPH.Experimental Researeh of Pedestrian Walking Behavior[J].Transportation Research Record.2003,1828:20-30.
[42]Ando,K,Oto T A.Forecasting the Flow of People[J].Railway Research Review.1988,45(8):8-14.
[43]Dirk Helbing,Peter Molnar Illes J,Farkas K B.Self-organizing Pedestrian Movement[J].Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design.2001,28:361-383.
[44]Peter A Thompson.Developing new techniques for modelling crowd movement[D].Edinburgh,University of Edinburgh,1994.
[45]Reynolds C W.Steering behaviors for autonomous Characters[DB].http://www.red.com/cwr/,1995.
[46]Julian Hine.Pedestrian travel experience:Assessing the impact of traffic on behaviour and perceptions of safety using an in-depth interview technique[J].Journal of transport geography.1996,4(3):179-199.
[47]Cheung CY,WHK Lam.A Study of the Bi-directional Pedestrian Flow Characteristics in the Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway Stations[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering,1997,2(5):1607-1619.
[48]CY Cheung,WHK Lam.Pedestrian route choices between escalator and stairway in Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway stations[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering,ASCE,1998,124(3):277-285.
[49]JYS Lee,WHK Lam.,Wong SC.Pedestrian Simulation Model for Hong Kong Underground Stations[C].Oakland:IEEE,2001.
[50]WHK Lam,JYS Lee.Level of service for stairway in Hong Kong Underground Stations[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering,2003,129(2):196-202.
[51]Young-in Kwon.Analysis of pedestrian behavior and planning guidelines with missed traffic for narrow urban streets[C].The 77th TRB Annual Metting,Washington DC:National Research Council,1998.
[52]Hoogendoorn,SP,Daamen W.Design assessment of Lisbon Transfer stations using microscopic pedestrian simulation[C].Dresden,Germany:WIT Press,2004.
[53]W Daamen.Modeling passenger flows in public transport facilities[D].The Netherlands:Delft University,2004.
[54]Daamen W,Bovy,P.L,Hoogendoom SP et al.Passenger Route Choice Concerning Level Changes in Railway Stations[C].The 84th TRB Annual Metting,Washington DC:National Research Council,2005.
[55]Kay Kitazawa,Michal Batty.Pedestrian behaivour modelling:an application to retail movements using a Genetic Algorithm[C].7th International Conference on Design&Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning,Enihoven,Netherlands,2004.
[56]Dirk Helbing,Lubos Buzna,Anders Johansson et al.Self-Organized Pedestrian Crowd Dynamics:Experiments,Simulations,and Design Solutions[J].Transportation Science,200539(1):1-24.
[57]林上闵.都市商业区乘客对步行道类型选择偏好之研究[D].台湾:台湾交通大学交通运输研究所.1997.
[58]冯诗纯.百货公司广场乘客移动自我组织现象之研究[D].台湾:台湾交通大学交通运输研究所.2002.
[59]张小星,李勇.广州火车站地区人流交通调查[J].热带建筑,2004,2(2):24-29.
[60]吴建平,黄岭,赵坚利.北京市道路信号交叉口自行车和乘客的行为研究[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2004,4(2):105-114.
[61]朱山江,史其信.基于元胞自动机的乘客管理[J].ITS通讯,39-41.
[62]W Zhu,H Timmermans.Exploring pedestrian shopping decision processes:an application of Gene Expression Programming[C].Proceeding of PED2005,Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics 2005,Vienna,Austria:Springer,2006.
[63]李得伟.城市轨道交通枢纽乘客集散模型及微观仿真理论[D].北京:北京交通大学,2007.
[64]张琦.城市轨道交通枢纽乘客与环境交互理论[D].北京:北京交通大学,2008.
[65]Abishai Polus,Joseph L Schofer,Ariela Ushpiz.Pedestrian Flow and Level of Service[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering,1983,109(1):46-56.
[66]Mark R Virkler,Sathish Elayadath.Pedestrian density characteristics and shockwaves[J].Proceeding of the Second Intemational Symposium on Highway Capacity,1994,2:671-684.
[67]Roger L Hughes.A continuum theory for the flow of pedestrians[J].Transportation Research Part B,2002,36:507-535.
[68]Predtechemkii VM,Milinski AI.Planning for Foot Trafic Flow in Building[M].Moscow:Stroiizdat Publishers,1969.
[69]Ando K,Ota H,Oki T.Forecasting the flow of people(in Japanese)[J].Railway Research Review,1988,45(8):8-14.
[70]Thompson P,Marchant E.A computer model for the evacuation of large building population[J].Fire Safety,1995,24:131-148.
[71]张培红,鲁韬,陈宝智,卢兆明.时间压力下人员流动状态的观测和分析[J].人类工效学,2005,11(1):8-10,17.
[72]Weidmann U.Transporttechnik Der Fussgaenger ETH[R].Schriftenreihe Ivt-Berichte 90,Zuerich.1993.
[73]Aoki T.The simulation system of passenger flow[J].Quarterly Review of Rail Technical Research Institute,1994,35(2).
[74]Hughes RL.The flow of large crowds of pedestrians[J].Mathematics and Computers in Simulation,2000,53:367-370.
[75]Liu Hongwan,Foong K Wai,C H Chor.A Study of Pedestrian Flow using Fluid Dynamics[DB].http://staff.science.nus.edu.sg/～scilooe/srp_2003/sci_paper/civil/research%20paper/liu_hongwa n.pdf
[76]Z Fang,S M Lo,J A Lu.On the Relationship between Crowd Density and Movement Velocity[J].Fire Safety Journal,2003,38:271-283.
[77]B D Hankin,R A Wright.Passenger Flow in Subways[J].Operational Research Quarterly.1958,9(2):81-88.
[78]W Daaman,P Hoogendoom,L Bovy.First-order pedestrian traffic flow theory[C].The 84th TRB Annual Metting,Washington DC:National Research Council,2005.
[79]Older,S J,Movement of Pedestrians on Footways in Shopping Streets[J].Traffic Engineering and Control,1968,10(4):160-163.
[80]Fruin,J J,Design for Pedestrians:A Level-of-Service Concept[J].Highway Research Record,1971 355:1-15.
[81]Weidmann,U.Transporttechnik der Fug(a|¨)nger.ETH Z(u|¨)rich.1993.
[82]Virkler M R,S Elayadath.Pedestrian Speed-Flow-Density Relationships[J].Transportation Research Record,1994.1438:51-58.
[83]Sarkar,A K and K S V S Janardhan.A Study on Pedestrian Flow Characteristics[C].The 76th TRB Annual Metting,Washington DC:National Research Council,1997.
[84]Pushkarev B,and J Zupan.Urban Space for Pedestrians[M].Mass Cambridge,MIT Press,1975.
[85]Daly,P N,McGrath F.Pedestrian speed/flow relationships for underground stations[J].Traffic Engineer & Control.1991:75-78.
[86]William HK Lam,Chung-Yu Cheung,C F Lam.A study of crowding effects at the Hong Kong light rail transit stations[J].Transportation Research Part A,1999,33:401-415.
[87]沈景炎.乘客动态分布与站台宽度的研究[J].城市轨道交通研究,2001,1:21-25.
[88]徐尉南,吴正.地铁候车厅客流运动的数学模型[J].铁道科学与工程学报,2005,2(2):70-75.
[89]饶雪平.轨道交通车站楼梯和自动扶梯处客流延时分析[J].交通与运输,2005,7:13-15.
[90]徐良杰,王炜.信号交叉口乘客过街时间模型[J].交通运输工程学报,2005,3:111-115.
[91]徐蔷薇.城市轨道交通枢纽乘客个体出行行为分析及建模[D].北京:北京交通大学,2008.
[92]李灿.城市轨道交通枢纽乘客流交通特性分析及建模[D].北京:北京交通大学,2008.
[93]D Helbing,P Molnar.Social force model for pedestrian dynamics[J].Physical review E,Statistical physics,plasmas,fluids,and related interdisciplinary topics.1995,51(5):4282-4286.
[94]Dirk Helbing,Lubos Buzna,Anders Johansson T W.Self-organized Pedestrian Crowd Dynamics:ExPeriments,Shaulations,and Design Solutions[J].Transportation Science,2005,39(1):1-24.
[95]Helbing D.Collective Phenomena and States in Traffic and Self-driven Many-particle Systems[J].Computational Materials Science.2004,30:180-187.
[96]Shigeyuki Okazaki,Satoshi Matsushita.A Study of Simulation Model for Pedestrian Movement with Evacuation and Queuing[C].Proceeding of the International Conference on Engineering for Crowd Safety.London:Elsevier Science Ltd,1993,271-280.
[97]Lovas G G.Modeling and Simulation of Pedestrian Traffic Flow[J].Transportation Researeh B,1994,28B(6):429-443.
[98]D Helbing,I Farkas,T Vicsek.Simulating dynamical features of escape panic[J].Nature,2000,407:487-490.
[99]D R Parisi,C O Dorso.Microscopic dynamics of pedestrian evacuation[J].Physica A,2005,345:608-618.
[100]D R Parisi,C O Dorso.Morphological and dynamical aspects of the room evacuation process[J].Physica A:Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,2007,385(1):343-355.
[101]Kardi Teknomo.Aplication of microscopic pedestrian simulation model[J].Transportation Research Part F,2006,9:15-27.
[102]Armin Seyfried,Bernhard Steffen,Thomas Lippert.Basics of modeling the pedestrian flow[J].Physica A,2006,368:232-238.
[103]Blue V J,Adler J L.Cellular Automata Microsimulation for Modeling Bi-directional Pedestrian Walkways[J].Transportation Research Part B,2001,35:293-312.
[104]Burstedde C,Klauck K,Schadschneider A et al.Simulation of Pedestrian Dynamics Using a Two-dimensional Cellular Automaton[J].Physica A,2001,295:507-525.
[105]Kirchner A,Schadschneider A.Simulation of Evacuation Processes Using a Bionics-inspired Cellular Automaton Model for Pedestrian Dynamics[J].Physica A,2002,312:260-276.
[106]Kirchner A,Kl(u|¨)pfel H,Nishinari K,Schadschneider A et al.Simulation of Competitive Egress Behavior:Comparison with Aircraft Evacuation Data[J].Physica A,2003,324:689-697.
[107]Henein C M,White T.Macroscopic Effects of Microscopic Forces between Agents in Crowd Models[J].Physica A,2007,373:694-712.
[108]Yue H,Hao H R,Chen X M et al.Simulation of Pedestrian Flow on Square Lattice Based on Cellular Automata Model[J].Physica A,2007,384:567-588.
[109]张琦,韩宝明,李得伟.地铁枢纽站台的乘客行为仿真模型[J].系统仿真学报,2007,19(22):5120-5124.
[110]Fang Weifeng,Yang Lizhong,Fan Weicheng.Simulation of Bi-direction Pedestrian Movement Using a Cellular Automata Model[J].Physica A,2003,321:633-640.
[111]Li Jian,Yang Lizhong,Zhao Daoliang.Simulation of Bi-direction Pedestrian Movement in Corridor[J].Physica A,2005,354:619-628.
[112]岳昊.基于元胞自动机的行人流仿真模型研究[D].北京:北京交通大学,2008.
[113]Masakuni Muramatsu,Tunemasa Irie,Takashi Nagatani.Jamming transition in pedestrian counter flow[J].Physica A,1999,267:487-498.
[114]Masakuni Muramatsu,Takashi Nagatani,Jamming transition in two-dimensional pedestrian traffic[J].Physica A,2000,275:281-291.
[115]Masakuni Muramatsu,Takashi Nagatani,Jamming transition of pedestrian traffic at crossing with open boundaries[J].Physica A,2000,286:377-390.
[116]Yusuke Tajima,Kouhei Takimoto,Takashi Nagatani.Pattern formation and jamming transition in pedestrian counter flow[J].Physica A,2002,313:709-723.
[117]Motoshige Isobe,Taku Adachi,Takashi Nagatani.Experiment and simulation of pedestrian counter flow[J].Physica A,2004,336:638-650.
[118]Yusuke Tajima,Kouhei Takimoto,Takashi Nagatani Scaling of pedestrian chalnnel flow with a bottleneck[J].Physica A,2001,294:257-268.
[119]Taira Itoh,Tskashi Nagatani.Optimal admission time for shifting the audience[J].Physica A,2002,313:695-708.
[120]Yusuke Tajima,Takashi Nagatani.Scaling behavior of crowd flow outside a hall[J].Phusica A,2001,292:545-554.
[121]Rui Jiang,Qing-Song Wu.The moving behavior of a large object in the crowds in a narrow channel,Physica A,2006,364:457-463.
[122]Rui Jiang,Qing-Song Wu.Interaction between vehicle and pedestrian in a narrow channel[J].Physica A,2006,368:239-246.
[123]S.Maniccam.Effects of back step and update rule on the congestion of mobile object[J].Physica A,2005,346:631-650.
[124]Ryoichi Nagai,Takashi.Jamming transition in counter flow of slender particales on square lattice[J].Physica A,2006,366:203-512.
[125]Rui Jiang,Qing-Song Wu.pedestrian behaviors in a lattice gas model with large maximum velocity[J].Physica A,2007,373:683-693.
[126]Fruin J J.Pedestrian planning and design[M].Metropolitan Association of Urban Designers and Environmental Planners Inc.,New York,1971.
[127]Fruin J.Pedestrian planning and design[M].Elevator World,Mobile,Ala,1990.
[128]吴娇蓉,叶建红,陈小鸿.大型活动场馆参观人流服务水平分级研究[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(6):850-855.
[129]Kari Lautso,Pentti Murole.A Study of Pedestrian Traffic in Helsinki:Methods and Results[J].Traffic Engineering and Control,1974,15(9):446-449.
[130]Douglas S.McLeod.Multimodal Arterial Level of Service[C].Transportation Research Circular:Fourth International Symposium on Highway Capacity,2000:221-233.
[131]Virginia P Sisiopiku,Zhang Xuesong,Mark R.Virkler.Pedestrian level of service and quality of operations assessment methods[C].The 81th TRB Annual Metting,Washington DC:National Research Council,2002.
[132]Sheila Sarkar.Determination of Service Levels for Pedestrians with European Examples[C].The 72th TRB Annual Metting,Washington DC:National Research Council,1993.
[133]Linda B Dixon.Bicycle and Pedestrian Level-of-Service Performance Measures and Standards for Congestion Management Systems[J].Transportation Research Record,1996,1538:1-9.
[134]Bruce W Landis,Venkat R,Vattikuti et al.Modeling the Roadside Walking Environment:A Pedestrian Level of Service[R].Report to Florida Department of Transportation,2000.
[135]Anderson Ribeiro Correia,S C Wirasinghe,Alexandre G de Barros.A global index for quality of operations assessment methods[C].The 81th TRB Annual Metting,Washington DC:National Research Council,2002.
[136]Tan Dandan,Wang Wei,Lu Jian et al.Research on Methods of Assessing Pedestrian Level of Service for Sidewalk[J].Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology,2007,7(5):74-79.
[137]边扬,王炜,陆建.人行道乘客服务水平评价方法[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版),2007,37(4):695-699.
[138]Mumayiz,S A,Ashford,N J.Methodology for planning and operations management of airport terminal facilities[J].Transportation Research Record,1986,1094:24-35.
[139]Seneviratne P N,Martel N.Variables Influencing Performance of Air Terminal Buildings[J].Transportation Planning and Technology,1991,16(1):1177-1179.
[140]Fowkes T,Wardman M.The design of stated preference travel choice experiments:with special reference to interpersonal taste variations[J].Journal of Transport Economics and Policy.1988,22:27-44.
[141]Anderson R.Correia,S C Wirasinghe,Alexandre G de Barros.Overall level of service measures for airport passenger terminals[J],Transportation Research Part A,2008,42:330-346.
[142]Szplett,D,Wirasinghe,S C,An investigation of passenger interchange and train standing time at LRT stations:(ⅰ) alighting,boarding and platform distribution of passengers[J].Journal of Advanced Transportation,1984:18(1),1-12.
[143]那艳玲,黄桂兴.深圳地铁车站通风与火灾的仿真模拟及现场测试[J].天津大学学报, 2006,39(增刊):213-219.
[144]罗江胜,赵军,钟怀.深圳轨道交通3号线高架车站站台的选型[J].城市轨道交通研究,2007,2:50-53.
[145]Fengdong Yuan,Shijun You.CFD simulation and optimization of the ventilation for subway side-platform[J].Tunneling and Underground Space Technology,2007,22:474-482.
[146]Kraft W H.An Analysis of the Passenger Vehicle Interface of Street Transit Systems with Applications to Design Optimization[D].New Jersey:New Jersey Institute of Technology 1975.
[147]Weston JG.Train service model-technical guide[C].London Underground Operational Research Note,1989.
[148]Harris N G,Anderson R.An International Comparison of Train Boarding and Alighting Rates [R].London:The Railway Consultancy Ltd,the Railway Technology Strategy Centre,Imperial College,2005.
[149]Lin TM,Wilson NHM.Dwell Time Relationships for Light Rail Systems[J].Transportation Research Record,1992:287-295.
[150]Puong A.Dwell Time Model and Analysis for the MBTA Red Line[DB].http://mit.nelc.edu.eg/NR/rdonlyres/Civil-and-Environmental-Engineering/1-258JPublic-Tran sportation-Service-and-Operations-PlanningFall2003/D9613FBC-9279-4F31-A46D-8DB2E037E9E4/0/a3_dwelltim.pdf,2000.
[151]Wiggenraad IPBL.Alighting and Boarding Times of Passengers at Dutch Railway Stations[D].Delft:Delft University of Technology,2001.
[152]Pead M.The Impact of Boarding and Alighting Passengers on the Dwell Time at Railway Stations[D].Birmingham:Aston University,2007.
[153]吴洋,罗霞.公交车辆站停时间与乘客行为的关系[J].西南交通大学学报,2007,42(2):243-248.
[154]Zhang Qi,Han Baoming,Li Dewei.Modeling and simulation of passenger alighting and boarding movement in Beijing metro stations[J].Transportation Research Part C,2008,16(5):635-649.
[155]Hoogendoorn S P,Daamen W.Pedestrian behavior at bottlenecks[J].Transportation Science,2005,39(2):147-159.
[156]Jodie Y S Lee,William H K Lam M.Levels of Service for Stairway in Hong Kong Underground Stations[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering,2003,129(2):196-202.
[157]吴正,王昀,沈俊彦.地铁候车厅客流疏散时间的数学模型研究[J].复旦学报(自然科学版),2006,45(5):594-598.
[2]Henderson L F.The statistics of crowd fluids[J].Nature,1971,229:381-383.
[3]Fruin J J.Pedestrian Planning and Design,Metropolitan Association of Urban Designers and Environmental Planners[M].New York:1971.
[4]Pushkarev B S,Jeffrey M Zupan.Urban Space for Pedestrians[M].Boston:MIT Press,1975.
[5]John E Baerwald,Matthew J Huber,Louis E.Keefer.Transportation and traffic engineering handbook Institute of Traffic Engineers[M].New Jersey:Prentice-Hall,1976.
[6]Roddin Marc.A Manual to Determine Benefits of Separating Pedestrians and Vehicles[C].The 61th TRB Annual Meeting,Washington D.C:National Research Council,1981.
[7]Tanaboriboon,Y,S S Hwa,C H Chor.Pedestrian Characteristics Study in Singapore[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering,ASCE,1986.112(3):229-235.
[8]Konblauch R L,Pietrucha M T,Nitzburg M.1996,Field Studies of Pedestrian Walking Speed and Start-Up Time[J].Transportation Research Record,1996,1538:27-38.
[9]Joseph S Milazzo Ⅱ,Nagui M Rouphail.Quality of Service for Uninterrupted Pedestrian Facilities in the 2000 Highway Capacity Manual[C].The 78th TRB Annual Meeting,Washington D.C:National Research Council,1999.
[10]Joseph S Milazzo Ⅱ,Nagui M.Rouphail.Quality of Service for Interrupted Pedestrian Facilities in the 2000 Highway Capacity Manual[C].The 78th TRB Annual Meeting,Washington D.C:National Research Council,1999.
[11]Transportation Research Board.Highway Capacity Manual 2000[M].Washington DC:National Research Council,2000.
[12]Hoogendoorn.Pedestrian dynamics-presentation[EB/OL].http://vkk042.citg.tudelft.nl/verke erskunde/staff/hoogendorn,2003.
[13]Robert E Dewar,Paul L.Olson.Human Factors in Traffic Safety[M].Tucson,USA:Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company,2005.
[14]史建港.大型活动乘客交通特性研究[D].北京:北京工业大学,2007.
[15]Griffiths J D,J G Hunt,M Marlow.Delays at Pedestrian Crossings:1.Site Observations and the Interpretation of Data[J].Traffic Engineering and Control,1984,25:355-371.
[16]William HKLam,John F.Morrall,Herbert Ho.Pedestrian Flow Characteristics in Hong Kong[J].Transportation Research Record,1995,1487:56-62.
[17]Thomas F Fugger.Analysis of pedestrian gait and percepetion/reaction at signal-controlled crosswalk intersections[C].The 79th TRB Annual Meeting,Washington DC:National Research Council,2000.
[18]孙智勇,信号交叉口人行横道的乘客交通特性研究[D].北京:北京工业大学,2004.
[19]史建港,陈艳艳,任福田,荣建.无信号灯控路段人行横道乘客过街交通特性分析[C].第 四届亚太可持续发展交通与环境技术大会论文集.2005:837-841.
[20]Shi Jiangang,Chen Yanyan,Ren Futian and Rong Jian.Research on pedestrian behaviors and traffic characteristics at unsignalized midblock crosswalk:a case study in Beijing[C].The 86th TRB Annual Meeting,Washington DC:National Research Council,2007.
[21]Lam,W.Pedestrian Speed/Flow Relationships for Walking Facilities in Hong Kong[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering,2000,126(3):343-349.
[22]Seth B Yound.Evaluation of pedestrian walking speeds in airport terminals[C].The 78th TRB Annual Meeting,Washington DC:National Research Council,1999.
[23]陈然,董力耘.中国大都市乘客交通特征的实测和初步分析[J].上海大学学报(自然科学版),2005,2:93-97.
[24]Jake L Paul.A personal perspective on research,consulting and codes standards development in fire-related human behaviour,1969-1999,with an emphasis on space and time factors[J].Fire and Materials,1999,23:265-272.
[25]Jake L Paul.Suggestions on evacuation models and research questions.Proceedings of 3rd international symposium on human behaviour in fires[C].Interscience communications,London,2004:23-33.
[26]WHK Lam,Jodie Y S Lee,C Y Cheung.A study of the bi-directional pedestrian flow characteristics at Hong Kong signalized crosswalk facilities[J].Transportation,2002,29:169-192.
[27]徐吉谦.交通工程总论(第三版)[M].北京:人民交通出版社.2001.
[28]周商吾.交通工程(第一版)[M].上海:同济大学出版社.1987.
[29]任福田.道路通行能力手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1991.
[30]中国公路学会交通工程手册编委会.交通工程手册[M].北京:人民交通出版社.1998.
[31]JGJ50-2001,城市道路和建筑物无障碍设计规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社出版,2001.
[32]任福田,刘小明,荣建.交通工程学[M].北京.人民交通出版社.2003.
[33]Weidmann,U Transporttechnik Der Fussgaenger ETH[R].Schrifienreihe Ivt-Berichte 90.Zuerich.1993.
[34]陈宽民,严保杰.道路通行能力分析[M].北京.人民交通出版社.2003.
[35]Kristin Hoskin.Fire Protection and Evacuation Procedures of Stadia Venues in New Zealand [D].Christchurch,New Zealand:Department of Civil Engineering University of Canterbury,2004.
[36]CJJ37-90,城市道路设计规范(1998年修订版)[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1991.
[37]GB50220-95,城市道路交通规划设计规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,1995.
[38]GB50157-2003,地铁设计规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2003.
[39]Victor J Blue and Jeffrey L Adler.Modeling four-directional pedestrian movements[C].The 80th TRB Annual Meeting,Washington DC:National Research Council,2001.
[40]Hoogendoorn S.P.,Piet H.L.Bovy.Gas-kinetic modeling and simulation of pedestrian flows[C].The 80th TRB Annual Meeting,Washington DC:National Research Council,2001.
[41]Daamen,W SPH.Experimental Researeh of Pedestrian Walking Behavior[J].Transportation Research Record.2003,1828:20-30.
[42]Ando,K,Oto T A.Forecasting the Flow of People[J].Railway Research Review.1988,45(8):8-14.
[43]Dirk Helbing,Peter Molnar Illes J,Farkas K B.Self-organizing Pedestrian Movement[J].Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design.2001,28:361-383.
[44]Peter A Thompson.Developing new techniques for modelling crowd movement[D].Edinburgh,University of Edinburgh,1994.
[45]Reynolds C W.Steering behaviors for autonomous Characters[DB].http://www.red.com/cwr/,1995.
[46]Julian Hine.Pedestrian travel experience:Assessing the impact of traffic on behaviour and perceptions of safety using an in-depth interview technique[J].Journal of transport geography.1996,4(3):179-199.
[47]Cheung CY,WHK Lam.A Study of the Bi-directional Pedestrian Flow Characteristics in the Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway Stations[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering,1997,2(5):1607-1619.
[48]CY Cheung,WHK Lam.Pedestrian route choices between escalator and stairway in Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway stations[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering,ASCE,1998,124(3):277-285.
[49]JYS Lee,WHK Lam.,Wong SC.Pedestrian Simulation Model for Hong Kong Underground Stations[C].Oakland:IEEE,2001.
[50]WHK Lam,JYS Lee.Level of service for stairway in Hong Kong Underground Stations[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering,2003,129(2):196-202.
[51]Young-in Kwon.Analysis of pedestrian behavior and planning guidelines with missed traffic for narrow urban streets[C].The 77th TRB Annual Metting,Washington DC:National Research Council,1998.
[52]Hoogendoorn,SP,Daamen W.Design assessment of Lisbon Transfer stations using microscopic pedestrian simulation[C].Dresden,Germany:WIT Press,2004.
[53]W Daamen.Modeling passenger flows in public transport facilities[D].The Netherlands:Delft University,2004.
[54]Daamen W,Bovy,P.L,Hoogendoom SP et al.Passenger Route Choice Concerning Level Changes in Railway Stations[C].The 84th TRB Annual Metting,Washington DC:National Research Council,2005.
[55]Kay Kitazawa,Michal Batty.Pedestrian behaivour modelling:an application to retail movements using a Genetic Algorithm[C].7th International Conference on Design&Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning,Enihoven,Netherlands,2004.
[56]Dirk Helbing,Lubos Buzna,Anders Johansson et al.Self-Organized Pedestrian Crowd Dynamics:Experiments,Simulations,and Design Solutions[J].Transportation Science,200539(1):1-24.
[57]林上闵.都市商业区乘客对步行道类型选择偏好之研究[D].台湾:台湾交通大学交通运输研究所.1997.
[58]冯诗纯.百货公司广场乘客移动自我组织现象之研究[D].台湾:台湾交通大学交通运输研究所.2002.
[59]张小星,李勇.广州火车站地区人流交通调查[J].热带建筑,2004,2(2):24-29.
[60]吴建平,黄岭,赵坚利.北京市道路信号交叉口自行车和乘客的行为研究[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2004,4(2):105-114.
[61]朱山江,史其信.基于元胞自动机的乘客管理[J].ITS通讯,39-41.
[62]W Zhu,H Timmermans.Exploring pedestrian shopping decision processes:an application of Gene Expression Programming[C].Proceeding of PED2005,Pedestrian and evacuation dynamics 2005,Vienna,Austria:Springer,2006.
[63]李得伟.城市轨道交通枢纽乘客集散模型及微观仿真理论[D].北京:北京交通大学,2007.
[64]张琦.城市轨道交通枢纽乘客与环境交互理论[D].北京:北京交通大学,2008.
[65]Abishai Polus,Joseph L Schofer,Ariela Ushpiz.Pedestrian Flow and Level of Service[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering,1983,109(1):46-56.
[66]Mark R Virkler,Sathish Elayadath.Pedestrian density characteristics and shockwaves[J].Proceeding of the Second Intemational Symposium on Highway Capacity,1994,2:671-684.
[67]Roger L Hughes.A continuum theory for the flow of pedestrians[J].Transportation Research Part B,2002,36:507-535.
[68]Predtechemkii VM,Milinski AI.Planning for Foot Trafic Flow in Building[M].Moscow:Stroiizdat Publishers,1969.
[69]Ando K,Ota H,Oki T.Forecasting the flow of people(in Japanese)[J].Railway Research Review,1988,45(8):8-14.
[70]Thompson P,Marchant E.A computer model for the evacuation of large building population[J].Fire Safety,1995,24:131-148.
[71]张培红,鲁韬,陈宝智,卢兆明.时间压力下人员流动状态的观测和分析[J].人类工效学,2005,11(1):8-10,17.
[72]Weidmann U.Transporttechnik Der Fussgaenger ETH[R].Schriftenreihe Ivt-Berichte 90,Zuerich.1993.
[73]Aoki T.The simulation system of passenger flow[J].Quarterly Review of Rail Technical Research Institute,1994,35(2).
[74]Hughes RL.The flow of large crowds of pedestrians[J].Mathematics and Computers in Simulation,2000,53:367-370.
[75]Liu Hongwan,Foong K Wai,C H Chor.A Study of Pedestrian Flow using Fluid Dynamics[DB].http://staff.science.nus.edu.sg/～scilooe/srp_2003/sci_paper/civil/research%20paper/liu_hongwa n.pdf
[76]Z Fang,S M Lo,J A Lu.On the Relationship between Crowd Density and Movement Velocity[J].Fire Safety Journal,2003,38:271-283.
[77]B D Hankin,R A Wright.Passenger Flow in Subways[J].Operational Research Quarterly.1958,9(2):81-88.
[78]W Daaman,P Hoogendoom,L Bovy.First-order pedestrian traffic flow theory[C].The 84th TRB Annual Metting,Washington DC:National Research Council,2005.
[79]Older,S J,Movement of Pedestrians on Footways in Shopping Streets[J].Traffic Engineering and Control,1968,10(4):160-163.
[80]Fruin,J J,Design for Pedestrians:A Level-of-Service Concept[J].Highway Research Record,1971 355:1-15.
[81]Weidmann,U.Transporttechnik der Fug(a|¨)nger.ETH Z(u|¨)rich.1993.
[82]Virkler M R,S Elayadath.Pedestrian Speed-Flow-Density Relationships[J].Transportation Research Record,1994.1438:51-58.
[83]Sarkar,A K and K S V S Janardhan.A Study on Pedestrian Flow Characteristics[C].The 76th TRB Annual Metting,Washington DC:National Research Council,1997.
[84]Pushkarev B,and J Zupan.Urban Space for Pedestrians[M].Mass Cambridge,MIT Press,1975.
[85]Daly,P N,McGrath F.Pedestrian speed/flow relationships for underground stations[J].Traffic Engineer & Control.1991:75-78.
[86]William HK Lam,Chung-Yu Cheung,C F Lam.A study of crowding effects at the Hong Kong light rail transit stations[J].Transportation Research Part A,1999,33:401-415.
[87]沈景炎.乘客动态分布与站台宽度的研究[J].城市轨道交通研究,2001,1:21-25.
[88]徐尉南,吴正.地铁候车厅客流运动的数学模型[J].铁道科学与工程学报,2005,2(2):70-75.
[89]饶雪平.轨道交通车站楼梯和自动扶梯处客流延时分析[J].交通与运输,2005,7:13-15.
[90]徐良杰,王炜.信号交叉口乘客过街时间模型[J].交通运输工程学报,2005,3:111-115.
[91]徐蔷薇.城市轨道交通枢纽乘客个体出行行为分析及建模[D].北京:北京交通大学,2008.
[92]李灿.城市轨道交通枢纽乘客流交通特性分析及建模[D].北京:北京交通大学,2008.
[93]D Helbing,P Molnar.Social force model for pedestrian dynamics[J].Physical review E,Statistical physics,plasmas,fluids,and related interdisciplinary topics.1995,51(5):4282-4286.
[94]Dirk Helbing,Lubos Buzna,Anders Johansson T W.Self-organized Pedestrian Crowd Dynamics:ExPeriments,Shaulations,and Design Solutions[J].Transportation Science,2005,39(1):1-24.
[95]Helbing D.Collective Phenomena and States in Traffic and Self-driven Many-particle Systems[J].Computational Materials Science.2004,30:180-187.
[96]Shigeyuki Okazaki,Satoshi Matsushita.A Study of Simulation Model for Pedestrian Movement with Evacuation and Queuing[C].Proceeding of the International Conference on Engineering for Crowd Safety.London:Elsevier Science Ltd,1993,271-280.
[97]Lovas G G.Modeling and Simulation of Pedestrian Traffic Flow[J].Transportation Researeh B,1994,28B(6):429-443.
[98]D Helbing,I Farkas,T Vicsek.Simulating dynamical features of escape panic[J].Nature,2000,407:487-490.
[99]D R Parisi,C O Dorso.Microscopic dynamics of pedestrian evacuation[J].Physica A,2005,345:608-618.
[100]D R Parisi,C O Dorso.Morphological and dynamical aspects of the room evacuation process[J].Physica A:Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,2007,385(1):343-355.
[101]Kardi Teknomo.Aplication of microscopic pedestrian simulation model[J].Transportation Research Part F,2006,9:15-27.
[102]Armin Seyfried,Bernhard Steffen,Thomas Lippert.Basics of modeling the pedestrian flow[J].Physica A,2006,368:232-238.
[103]Blue V J,Adler J L.Cellular Automata Microsimulation for Modeling Bi-directional Pedestrian Walkways[J].Transportation Research Part B,2001,35:293-312.
[104]Burstedde C,Klauck K,Schadschneider A et al.Simulation of Pedestrian Dynamics Using a Two-dimensional Cellular Automaton[J].Physica A,2001,295:507-525.
[105]Kirchner A,Schadschneider A.Simulation of Evacuation Processes Using a Bionics-inspired Cellular Automaton Model for Pedestrian Dynamics[J].Physica A,2002,312:260-276.
[106]Kirchner A,Kl(u|¨)pfel H,Nishinari K,Schadschneider A et al.Simulation of Competitive Egress Behavior:Comparison with Aircraft Evacuation Data[J].Physica A,2003,324:689-697.
[107]Henein C M,White T.Macroscopic Effects of Microscopic Forces between Agents in Crowd Models[J].Physica A,2007,373:694-712.
[108]Yue H,Hao H R,Chen X M et al.Simulation of Pedestrian Flow on Square Lattice Based on Cellular Automata Model[J].Physica A,2007,384:567-588.
[109]张琦,韩宝明,李得伟.地铁枢纽站台的乘客行为仿真模型[J].系统仿真学报,2007,19(22):5120-5124.
[110]Fang Weifeng,Yang Lizhong,Fan Weicheng.Simulation of Bi-direction Pedestrian Movement Using a Cellular Automata Model[J].Physica A,2003,321:633-640.
[111]Li Jian,Yang Lizhong,Zhao Daoliang.Simulation of Bi-direction Pedestrian Movement in Corridor[J].Physica A,2005,354:619-628.
[112]岳昊.基于元胞自动机的行人流仿真模型研究[D].北京:北京交通大学,2008.
[113]Masakuni Muramatsu,Tunemasa Irie,Takashi Nagatani.Jamming transition in pedestrian counter flow[J].Physica A,1999,267:487-498.
[114]Masakuni Muramatsu,Takashi Nagatani,Jamming transition in two-dimensional pedestrian traffic[J].Physica A,2000,275:281-291.
[115]Masakuni Muramatsu,Takashi Nagatani,Jamming transition of pedestrian traffic at crossing with open boundaries[J].Physica A,2000,286:377-390.
[116]Yusuke Tajima,Kouhei Takimoto,Takashi Nagatani.Pattern formation and jamming transition in pedestrian counter flow[J].Physica A,2002,313:709-723.
[117]Motoshige Isobe,Taku Adachi,Takashi Nagatani.Experiment and simulation of pedestrian counter flow[J].Physica A,2004,336:638-650.
[118]Yusuke Tajima,Kouhei Takimoto,Takashi Nagatani Scaling of pedestrian chalnnel flow with a bottleneck[J].Physica A,2001,294:257-268.
[119]Taira Itoh,Tskashi Nagatani.Optimal admission time for shifting the audience[J].Physica A,2002,313:695-708.
[120]Yusuke Tajima,Takashi Nagatani.Scaling behavior of crowd flow outside a hall[J].Phusica A,2001,292:545-554.
[121]Rui Jiang,Qing-Song Wu.The moving behavior of a large object in the crowds in a narrow channel,Physica A,2006,364:457-463.
[122]Rui Jiang,Qing-Song Wu.Interaction between vehicle and pedestrian in a narrow channel[J].Physica A,2006,368:239-246.
[123]S.Maniccam.Effects of back step and update rule on the congestion of mobile object[J].Physica A,2005,346:631-650.
[124]Ryoichi Nagai,Takashi.Jamming transition in counter flow of slender particales on square lattice[J].Physica A,2006,366:203-512.
[125]Rui Jiang,Qing-Song Wu.pedestrian behaviors in a lattice gas model with large maximum velocity[J].Physica A,2007,373:683-693.
[126]Fruin J J.Pedestrian planning and design[M].Metropolitan Association of Urban Designers and Environmental Planners Inc.,New York,1971.
[127]Fruin J.Pedestrian planning and design[M].Elevator World,Mobile,Ala,1990.
[128]吴娇蓉,叶建红,陈小鸿.大型活动场馆参观人流服务水平分级研究[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(6):850-855.
[129]Kari Lautso,Pentti Murole.A Study of Pedestrian Traffic in Helsinki:Methods and Results[J].Traffic Engineering and Control,1974,15(9):446-449.
[130]Douglas S.McLeod.Multimodal Arterial Level of Service[C].Transportation Research Circular:Fourth International Symposium on Highway Capacity,2000:221-233.
[131]Virginia P Sisiopiku,Zhang Xuesong,Mark R.Virkler.Pedestrian level of service and quality of operations assessment methods[C].The 81th TRB Annual Metting,Washington DC:National Research Council,2002.
[132]Sheila Sarkar.Determination of Service Levels for Pedestrians with European Examples[C].The 72th TRB Annual Metting,Washington DC:National Research Council,1993.
[133]Linda B Dixon.Bicycle and Pedestrian Level-of-Service Performance Measures and Standards for Congestion Management Systems[J].Transportation Research Record,1996,1538:1-9.
[134]Bruce W Landis,Venkat R,Vattikuti et al.Modeling the Roadside Walking Environment:A Pedestrian Level of Service[R].Report to Florida Department of Transportation,2000.
[135]Anderson Ribeiro Correia,S C Wirasinghe,Alexandre G de Barros.A global index for quality of operations assessment methods[C].The 81th TRB Annual Metting,Washington DC:National Research Council,2002.
[136]Tan Dandan,Wang Wei,Lu Jian et al.Research on Methods of Assessing Pedestrian Level of Service for Sidewalk[J].Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology,2007,7(5):74-79.
[137]边扬,王炜,陆建.人行道乘客服务水平评价方法[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版),2007,37(4):695-699.
[138]Mumayiz,S A,Ashford,N J.Methodology for planning and operations management of airport terminal facilities[J].Transportation Research Record,1986,1094:24-35.
[139]Seneviratne P N,Martel N.Variables Influencing Performance of Air Terminal Buildings[J].Transportation Planning and Technology,1991,16(1):1177-1179.
[140]Fowkes T,Wardman M.The design of stated preference travel choice experiments:with special reference to interpersonal taste variations[J].Journal of Transport Economics and Policy.1988,22:27-44.
[141]Anderson R.Correia,S C Wirasinghe,Alexandre G de Barros.Overall level of service measures for airport passenger terminals[J],Transportation Research Part A,2008,42:330-346.
[142]Szplett,D,Wirasinghe,S C,An investigation of passenger interchange and train standing time at LRT stations:(ⅰ) alighting,boarding and platform distribution of passengers[J].Journal of Advanced Transportation,1984:18(1),1-12.
[143]那艳玲,黄桂兴.深圳地铁车站通风与火灾的仿真模拟及现场测试[J].天津大学学报, 2006,39(增刊):213-219.
[144]罗江胜,赵军,钟怀.深圳轨道交通3号线高架车站站台的选型[J].城市轨道交通研究,2007,2:50-53.
[145]Fengdong Yuan,Shijun You.CFD simulation and optimization of the ventilation for subway side-platform[J].Tunneling and Underground Space Technology,2007,22:474-482.
[146]Kraft W H.An Analysis of the Passenger Vehicle Interface of Street Transit Systems with Applications to Design Optimization[D].New Jersey:New Jersey Institute of Technology 1975.
[147]Weston JG.Train service model-technical guide[C].London Underground Operational Research Note,1989.
[148]Harris N G,Anderson R.An International Comparison of Train Boarding and Alighting Rates [R].London:The Railway Consultancy Ltd,the Railway Technology Strategy Centre,Imperial College,2005.
[149]Lin TM,Wilson NHM.Dwell Time Relationships for Light Rail Systems[J].Transportation Research Record,1992:287-295.
[150]Puong A.Dwell Time Model and Analysis for the MBTA Red Line[DB].http://mit.nelc.edu.eg/NR/rdonlyres/Civil-and-Environmental-Engineering/1-258JPublic-Tran sportation-Service-and-Operations-PlanningFall2003/D9613FBC-9279-4F31-A46D-8DB2E037E9E4/0/a3_dwelltim.pdf,2000.
[151]Wiggenraad IPBL.Alighting and Boarding Times of Passengers at Dutch Railway Stations[D].Delft:Delft University of Technology,2001.
[152]Pead M.The Impact of Boarding and Alighting Passengers on the Dwell Time at Railway Stations[D].Birmingham:Aston University,2007.
[153]吴洋,罗霞.公交车辆站停时间与乘客行为的关系[J].西南交通大学学报,2007,42(2):243-248.
[154]Zhang Qi,Han Baoming,Li Dewei.Modeling and simulation of passenger alighting and boarding movement in Beijing metro stations[J].Transportation Research Part C,2008,16(5):635-649.
[155]Hoogendoorn S P,Daamen W.Pedestrian behavior at bottlenecks[J].Transportation Science,2005,39(2):147-159.
[156]Jodie Y S Lee,William H K Lam M.Levels of Service for Stairway in Hong Kong Underground Stations[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering,2003,129(2):196-202.
[157]吴正,王昀,沈俊彦.地铁候车厅客流疏散时间的数学模型研究[J].复旦学报(自然科学版),2006,45(5):594-598.