面向对象的动态交通状态微观仿真实验
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摘要
交通系统是一个复杂的大系统，交通仿真是研究城市道路交通管理和控制的有效手段之一。本文首先综述了交通仿真的发展历程，比较了不同精细度(LOD)和面向不同应用的交通仿真模型。然后针对以往较多的宏观模型和确定性仿真存在的问题，选用微观仿真的思想来模拟离散随机的交通过程。引入面向对象思想分析交通仿真系统中的基本物理实体、基本逻辑实体和仿真环境实体，使用交通领域中的术语弥补模型和实际系统之间的差距，增强了仿真建模的直观性和易理解性。本文完成的是交通仿真系统中的底层“会话层”和中间的“表示层”的主体部分。论文主要工作如下：
1)利用面向对象技术分析交通仿真系统模型之间的横向关系和交互作用，研究静态实体的状态变化和动态实体的运动规律；利用面向对象的程序设计语言实现系统中模型的纵向关系；
2)详细阐述交通微观仿真系统的功能设计、软件设计，分析仿真系统中的实体；实现车流的随机性，建立车辆的到达、车辆在路段上的行驶过程、车辆通过交叉口的行驶过程等模型，完成交通仿真的核心内容；
3)利用三维建模软件MultiGen Creator和实时仿真软件Vega建立交通状态微观仿真的三维虚拟环境，在静态视景中驱动驾驶员-车辆单元、信号灯等动态实体；
4)研究棋盘式道路格局的特点，从理论上分析并分解系统，得到一定的简化依据，进一步研究城市交通路线选择的应用。
Traffic system is a complicated large system, and traffic simulation is one of effective methods in researching urban road traffic management and control. First, this thesis gives a complete review of the development of traffic simulation, compares different models in Level of Detail (LOD) and application at which is aimed. Then, against the existing problems in many macroscopic models and deterministic simulations, this thesis selects the idea of microscopic simulation to simulate discrete and stochastic traffic procedure. The idea of Object-Oriented is introduced to analyze the basic physical entities, basic logical entities and simulation environment entities in traffic simulation system. Terms in traffic field, which covers the gap between models and real system, is adopted to enhance the visualization and easy-comprehension. This thesis has complemented the main part of ground layer -- Session Layer and the intermediate layer - Presentation Layer. The main efforts in this study are as follow:
1) Analyzes the lateral relationship and interactions between models of traffic simulation system by using the idea of Object-Oriented. Researches static entities' regime-changing and dynamic entities' kinesio-regulation. Realizes the longitudinal relationship between models by using Object-Oriented Programming Language;
2) Sets forth the function and software design in detail, and analyzes entities of the system. Realizes the randomness of traffic flow and constructs vehicle arriving model, vehicle movement model on road segments and vehicle movement model on intersections, so completes the kernel part of traffic simulation;
3) Uses 3D modeling software - MultiGen Creator and real-time simulation software - Vega to build up the 3D virtual environment of microscopic traffic simulation, and drives dynamic entities such as Driver-Vehicle Units and Traffic Lights in static scenes ;
4) Studies the characteristic of checkerboard system of street layout,
analyzes and decomposes the system to deduce a certain simplification method. And researches the application of urban traffic route choice.
1)利用面向对象技术分析交通仿真系统模型之间的横向关系和交互作用，研究静态实体的状态变化和动态实体的运动规律；利用面向对象的程序设计语言实现系统中模型的纵向关系；
2)详细阐述交通微观仿真系统的功能设计、软件设计，分析仿真系统中的实体；实现车流的随机性，建立车辆的到达、车辆在路段上的行驶过程、车辆通过交叉口的行驶过程等模型，完成交通仿真的核心内容；
3)利用三维建模软件MultiGen Creator和实时仿真软件Vega建立交通状态微观仿真的三维虚拟环境，在静态视景中驱动驾驶员-车辆单元、信号灯等动态实体；
4)研究棋盘式道路格局的特点，从理论上分析并分解系统，得到一定的简化依据，进一步研究城市交通路线选择的应用。
Traffic system is a complicated large system, and traffic simulation is one of effective methods in researching urban road traffic management and control. First, this thesis gives a complete review of the development of traffic simulation, compares different models in Level of Detail (LOD) and application at which is aimed. Then, against the existing problems in many macroscopic models and deterministic simulations, this thesis selects the idea of microscopic simulation to simulate discrete and stochastic traffic procedure. The idea of Object-Oriented is introduced to analyze the basic physical entities, basic logical entities and simulation environment entities in traffic simulation system. Terms in traffic field, which covers the gap between models and real system, is adopted to enhance the visualization and easy-comprehension. This thesis has complemented the main part of ground layer -- Session Layer and the intermediate layer - Presentation Layer. The main efforts in this study are as follow:
1) Analyzes the lateral relationship and interactions between models of traffic simulation system by using the idea of Object-Oriented. Researches static entities' regime-changing and dynamic entities' kinesio-regulation. Realizes the longitudinal relationship between models by using Object-Oriented Programming Language;
2) Sets forth the function and software design in detail, and analyzes entities of the system. Realizes the randomness of traffic flow and constructs vehicle arriving model, vehicle movement model on road segments and vehicle movement model on intersections, so completes the kernel part of traffic simulation;
3) Uses 3D modeling software - MultiGen Creator and real-time simulation software - Vega to build up the 3D virtual environment of microscopic traffic simulation, and drives dynamic entities such as Driver-Vehicle Units and Traffic Lights in static scenes ;
4) Studies the characteristic of checkerboard system of street layout,
analyzes and decomposes the system to deduce a certain simplification method. And researches the application of urban traffic route choice.
引文
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[3] Qi Yang, Haris N.Koutsopoulos, and Moshe E.Ben-Akiva.Simulation Laboratory for Evaluating Dynamic Traffic Management Systems.Transportation Research Record 1710, 2000, pp.122-130
[4] Yunlong Zhang, Larry E.Owen, and James.E.Clark. Multi-regime Approach for Microscopic Traffic Simulation.Transpotation Research Record 1644,1998, pp.103-114
[5] Suvrajeet Sen,K.Larry Head.Controlled Optimization of Phases at an Intersection.Transportation Science, Vol.31, No.1, February 1997
[6] Alexander Skabardonis.Control Strategies for Transit Priority.Tranportation Researeh Record 1727, 2000, pp.20-26
[7] Toshio Nakanishi,Kunio Yikai,Junichi Satoh,Isao Miyoshi,Akira Satoh, Michiya Takahashi.The development of a road traffic simulation system in broad areas.Mathematics and Computers in Simulation.Vol.39, No.1, 1995, pp.207-212
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[12] Kutluhan Erol,Renato Levy,James Wentworth. Application of Agent Technology to Traffic Simulation.http://fhwa.dot.gov
[13] Jens Ludmann,Dirk Neunzig,Michael Weilkes.Traffic Simulation with
Consideration of Driver Models,Theory and Examples. http://www.ika.edu
[14] Abdulhai,Baher,Jiuh-Biing Sheu,and Will Recker. Simulation of ITS on the Irvine FOT Area Using 'Paramics 1.5' Scalable Microscopic Traffic Simulator: Phase Ⅰ: Model Calibration and Validation.California PRR,1999-12, http://www.path.berkeley.edu/PATH/Publications/
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[20] J.Barceló, J.L.Ferrer, D. García, R. Grau, M.Forian, I. Chabini and E. Le Saux. Microscopic Traffic Simulation for ATT Systems Analysis a Parallel Computing Version. Contribution to the 25th Anniversary of CRT/8/13/98, http://www.tss-bcn.com/
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[22] M. McDonald and Dr. G. Marsden. Deployment of Inter-Urban ATT Test Scenarios (DIATS) Technical Progress Review. http://152.99.129.29/cdrom/
[23] Anthony D. Mason and Andrew W. Woods.Car-following model of multispecies systems of road traffic. Physical Review E, MARCH 1997, Vol. 55, No.3, pp.2203-2214, http://www.pims.math.ca/～peterberg/
[24] DIATS-Deployment of Interurban ATT Test Scenarios RO-96-SC.301 Deliverable 8:Deployment of the Floating Vehicle:Inception Database.October 1997, http://www.southampton.ac.uk/～trgwww/diats/
[25] Ulrich Klein,Thomas Schulze, Steffen Straβburger. Traffic Simulation Based
on the High Level Architecture. Proceedings of the 1998 Winter Simulation Conference,1998, pp. 1095-1103, http://www.informs-cs.org/wsc98papers/
[26] Harold Klee.Microscopic Car Modeling for Intelligent Traffic and Scenario Generation in the UCF Driving Simulator.Year 2 FINAL REPORT. http://ntl.bts.gov/data/
[27] B.R. Hellinga, J.H. Shortreed. FREEVU—A Computerized Freeway Traffic Analysis Tool.http://www.civil.uwaterloo.ca/bhelling/Publications/
[28] Tom Fotherby. Visual Traffic Simulation. http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/～tf98/Project/
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[38] 项乔君、王炜、常玉林、周启兆．主／支路条件下交叉口通行能力综合评价．东南大学学报，2000，Vol．30，No．3，pp．92-95
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[2] Lonnie E. Haefner, Ming-Shiun Li.Traffic Flow Simulation for an Urban Freeway Corridor.Transportation Conference Proceedings,1998, pp.1-6, http://www.cive.wustl.edu
[3] Qi Yang, Haris N.Koutsopoulos, and Moshe E.Ben-Akiva.Simulation Laboratory for Evaluating Dynamic Traffic Management Systems.Transportation Research Record 1710, 2000, pp.122-130
[4] Yunlong Zhang, Larry E.Owen, and James.E.Clark. Multi-regime Approach for Microscopic Traffic Simulation.Transpotation Research Record 1644,1998, pp.103-114
[5] Suvrajeet Sen,K.Larry Head.Controlled Optimization of Phases at an Intersection.Transportation Science, Vol.31, No.1, February 1997
[6] Alexander Skabardonis.Control Strategies for Transit Priority.Tranportation Researeh Record 1727, 2000, pp.20-26
[7] Toshio Nakanishi,Kunio Yikai,Junichi Satoh,Isao Miyoshi,Akira Satoh, Michiya Takahashi.The development of a road traffic simulation system in broad areas.Mathematics and Computers in Simulation.Vol.39, No.1, 1995, pp.207-212
[8] Jianping Wu, Mark Brackstone,Mike McDonald.Fuzzy sets and systems for a motorway microscopic simulation model.Fuzzy Sets and Systems 116 (2000),pp.65-76
[9] Thomas D.Clark, Jr.,Kathy L.McCommon,and Donald H.Hammond.A systems analysis and model of a parallel multi-server queuing system. Proceedings of the 1990 Winter Simulation Conference, pp.749-752
[10] Donald T. Gantz and James R. Mekemson.Flow profile comparison of a microscopic car-following model and a macroscopic platoon ispersion model for traffic simulation.Proceedings of the 1990 Winter Simulation Conference, pp.770-774
[11] Edward B. Lieberman and Barbara Andrews. The role if interactive graphics when applying traffic simulation models.Proceedings of the 1990 Winter Simulation Conference, pp.753-758
[12] Kutluhan Erol,Renato Levy,James Wentworth. Application of Agent Technology to Traffic Simulation.http://fhwa.dot.gov
[13] Jens Ludmann,Dirk Neunzig,Michael Weilkes.Traffic Simulation with
Consideration of Driver Models,Theory and Examples. http://www.ika.edu
[14] Abdulhai,Baher,Jiuh-Biing Sheu,and Will Recker. Simulation of ITS on the Irvine FOT Area Using 'Paramics 1.5' Scalable Microscopic Traffic Simulator: Phase Ⅰ: Model Calibration and Validation.California PRR,1999-12, http://www.path.berkeley.edu/PATH/Publications/
[15] Thomas Ewing,Ezzat Doss,Ulf Hanebutte,Adrian Tentner.Simulation Framework for Intelligent Transportation Systems.3rd Annual World Congress on Intelligent Transportation Systems, October 14-18, 1996, Orange Convention Center Orlando Florida.
[16] J Barceló. Modeling the System—Microscopic traffic simulation is proving a useful tool in analysing and assessing ITS systems. ITS Review & Buyers Guide 2000
[17] Marco C. van Burgsteden, Paul E. Joustra, Michiel R. Bouwman, Mark Hullegie. Modeling Road Traffic on Airport Premises.Proceedings of the 2000 Winter Simulation Conference,pp.1154-1163, http://www.informs-cs.org/wsc00papers/
[18] Rahmi Akelik,Mark Besley and Darren Thompson.Microsimulation and Analytical Methods for Modelling Urban Traffic. 21st Conference of Australian Institutes of Transport Research (CAITR 99), The University of Queensland, Brisbane,8-10 December 1999 Revised version 2 (13 December 1999) , http://www.aatraffic.com/documents/
[19] Andrew MacIver.Microscopic Traffic Simulation.Department of Civil Engineering University of Calgary.
[20] J.Barceló, J.L.Ferrer, D. García, R. Grau, M.Forian, I. Chabini and E. Le Saux. Microscopic Traffic Simulation for ATT Systems Analysis a Parallel Computing Version. Contribution to the 25th Anniversary of CRT/8/13/98, http://www.tss-bcn.com/
[21] M.Sc.Ville Lehmuskoski, Lic.Tech. Jarkko Niittymki. Development of Microscopic Simulation Model on Ring Road Ⅲ Near Helsinki-Vantaa International Airport. "Urban Transport Systems" - Conference in Lund, Sweden, June 7-8 1999, http://www.tft.lth.se/kfbkonf/
[22] M. McDonald and Dr. G. Marsden. Deployment of Inter-Urban ATT Test Scenarios (DIATS) Technical Progress Review. http://152.99.129.29/cdrom/
[23] Anthony D. Mason and Andrew W. Woods.Car-following model of multispecies systems of road traffic. Physical Review E, MARCH 1997, Vol. 55, No.3, pp.2203-2214, http://www.pims.math.ca/～peterberg/
[24] DIATS-Deployment of Interurban ATT Test Scenarios RO-96-SC.301 Deliverable 8:Deployment of the Floating Vehicle:Inception Database.October 1997, http://www.southampton.ac.uk/～trgwww/diats/
[25] Ulrich Klein,Thomas Schulze, Steffen Straβburger. Traffic Simulation Based
on the High Level Architecture. Proceedings of the 1998 Winter Simulation Conference,1998, pp. 1095-1103, http://www.informs-cs.org/wsc98papers/
[26] Harold Klee.Microscopic Car Modeling for Intelligent Traffic and Scenario Generation in the UCF Driving Simulator.Year 2 FINAL REPORT. http://ntl.bts.gov/data/
[27] B.R. Hellinga, J.H. Shortreed. FREEVU—A Computerized Freeway Traffic Analysis Tool.http://www.civil.uwaterloo.ca/bhelling/Publications/
[28] Tom Fotherby. Visual Traffic Simulation. http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/～tf98/Project/
[29] 马寿峰、贺国光、刘豹．一种通用的城市道路交通流微观仿真系统的研究．系统工程学报，1998，Vol．13，No．4，pp．8-24
[30] 刘灿齐、杨佩昆．信号灯交叉口车队散布模型与信号灯协调控制．同济大学学报，1996，Vol．24，No．6，pp．636-641
[31] 陈建阳．交通流微观模型与宏观模型的统一．同济大学学报，1997，Vol．25，No．1，pp．46-49
[32] 邹智军、杨东援．动态交通状态微观仿真技术初探．同济大学学报，1999，Vol．27，No．3，pp．305-308
[33] 杨锦冬、杨东援．城市信号控制交叉口信号周期时长优化模型．同济大学学报，2001，Vol．29，No．7，pp．790-794
[34] 邹智军、杨东援．交通仿真系统中的纯微观跟车模型．同济大学学报，2001，Vol．29，No．8，pp．898-901
[35] 马小毅、王炜．模拟方法在主路优先交叉口通行能力中的应用．东南大学学报(自然科学版)，1997，Vol．27，No．05，pp．71-75
[36] 李旭宏、方靖、叶涛．双车道公路路段通行能力研究中的计算机模拟．东南大学学报，1998，Vol．28，No．2，pp．96-100
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