断圈聚油机理及含油气性预测
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摘要
在充分利用地质、地震、测井及各种分析资料基础上,结合区域地质背景,系统分析了珠江口盆地东部2个断圈富油区(番禺4洼和惠州凹陷)构造特征和断裂形成演化历史,划分断裂系统,在断圈含油气特征及油水分柿特征的基础上,剖析断圈成藏机理及断圈聚油能力,总结断圈油成藏的主要控制因素,最终对目标断圈进行评价优选。研究认为,珠江口盆地在剖面上由基底构造层,断陷盆地构造层及坳陷盆地构造层3个构造层次构成；断裂的形成与演化经历了文昌组时期、恩平组时期、珠海组-珠江组-韩江组时期、粤海组-第四系时期4个构造变形,发育早期伸展断裂系统(Ⅰ型)、中期弱伸展断裂系统(Ⅱ型)、晚期张扭断裂系统(Ⅲ型)和早期伸展晚期张扭断裂系统(Ⅰ-Ⅲ型)4套断裂系统。目的层由中期弱伸展断裂系统、晚期张扭断裂系统、早期伸展晚期张扭断裂系统构成。圈闭的主要形成时期应该在粤海组沉积时期。圈闭往往形成于断裂变形的局部挤压区,包括单条断层的末端(Ⅰ类型)、单条断层左阶式弯曲部位(Ⅱ类型)、两条(或多条)断层左阶式分布的岩桥区(Ⅲ类型)、两条(或多条)断层聚敛式交叉部位(Ⅳ类型)。番禺4洼地区的断圈主要有Ⅱ类型和Ⅲ类型,均是比较富油气的圈闭类型；惠州凹陷的断层圈闭类型主要有Ⅱ类型、Ⅲ类型和Ⅳ类型,其中Ⅳ类型圈闭是相对最好的圈闭类型。油气的充注条件控制着断圈的含油气性,首先源岩区内位于主力生烃洼槽内和源岩区外5km范围内的断圈,源岩的供烃能力强；而根据断层两盘地层的翘倾方向不同,油气进入储层圈闭的方式可以分为“垂向正注”(有利)和“垂向倒注”(不利)两种,决定了油气沿断裂垂向注入储层的难易程度不同。控圈断层侧向封闭性决定了断圈的聚油能力,研究区断裂侧向封闭类型分为断层岩封闭和岩性对接封闭2种类型,研究区内仅番禺4洼的PY5-1、PY11-5(T35-T41)断圈为对接封闭类型,其余断圈均属于断层岩封闭类型。对于对接封闭类型的断圈由于受砂泥薄互层地层特征的影响,对接封闭的烃柱高度较小,圈闭能否聚集大量油气主要受背斜幅度大小的控制,断层岩封闭类型的断圈利用断裂带SGR值求取的方法进行评价,同时利用断—储排替压力差法进行验证,证实研究区内断层均具有一定的封闭能力,但是预测的烃柱高度一般都小于圈闭的幅度,表明圈闭的充满程度与断层的侧向封闭性息息相关；预测的烃柱高度又都大于现今烃柱高度,即实际烃柱高度没有达到断层侧向封闭的理论烃柱高度,表明断层侧向封闭性除了受断裂带SGR影响外,还要受到断层后期破坏强度的影响。通过对研究区未获成功断圈原因分析可知,源岩的供烃能力,油气注入的难易程度；断层侧向封闭能力及断层后期破坏强度是断层圈闭油气成藏的主要控制因素。在此基础上对目标断圈评价优选认为,番禺4洼PY11-9圈闭、PY4-4圈闭和PY10-5圈闭,惠州凹陷的XJ24-1S圈闭和HZ19-6圈闭成藏综合评价值大于3,具备成功断圈油气成藏的条件,可为下步勘探的首选目标断圈。
Based on full use of geology, seismic, logging and analysis of various data, and combining with regional geological background, this paper makes systematic analysis on structural characteristics, formation and evolution of fractures in the two reservoirs enrichment -Panyu 4 sag and Huizhou sag in Pearl River Mouth basin, and then divides the fracture systems. Through the study on petroliferous features and oil-water distribution of fault traps, firstly, this paper analyses mechanism of reservoir forming and ability of hydrocarbon accumulation, secondly, it summarizes the main factors controlling oil accumulation of fault traps, and finally, it makes evaluation and optimization on the target traps. We can get conclusions on studies as follows:In profile, Pearl River Mouth basin consists of three tectonospheres, including basement structure, downfaulted basin structure and depression basin structure. The formation and evolution of fractures has experienced four tectonic deformation, respectively are Wenchang Formation, Enping Formation, Zhuhai-Zhujiang～Hanjiang Formation and Yuehai Formation～Quaternary period. Four sets of fault system have developed in Pearl River Mouth basin, that is, the extensional faults in early stage (typeⅠ), the weak extensional faults in metaphase (typeⅡ), the tense-shearing faults in later period (typeⅢ) and faults which are early extensional and late tense-shearing (typeⅠ-Ⅲ). The target layers of Zhujiang Formation consist of three types of fault system, namely, typeⅡ, typeⅢand typeⅠ-Ⅲ.Moreover, traps are mainly formed during the period of Yuehai Formation, and often distributed in the local compression areas of fault deformation, including terminal area of a single fault (typeⅠ), left-stepping bending part of a single fault (typeⅡ), strata bridge areas with left-stepping distribution of two or more faults (typeⅢ) and cross sites when two or more faults converge(typeⅣ). There are mainly typeⅡandⅢfault traps which are all rich in oil in Panyu 4 sag, while in Huizhou sag, there are mainly typeⅡ,ⅢandⅣfault traps among which typeⅣones are relatively the best. The petroliferous ability of fault traps is under the control of charging conditions, firstly, if the range of fault traps inside the main hydrocarbon-generating sub sags and outside the source rock is less than 5km, hydrocarbon supplying ability of source rock is better, moreover, according to different warping directions of strata on two walls of fault, the way of hydrocarbon injecting into traps are divided into two types, i.e., vertically upward injection which is favorable to hydrocarbon accumulation and vertically downward injection which is adverse, and the way determines the difficulty degree of hydrocarbon injecting vertically into reservoir along fractures. It is the lateral sealing ability of faults controlling traps that determines hydrocarbon accumulation ability of fault traps, and in the region, this paper has divided lateral sealing into fault rock sealing and lithology juxtaposition sealing, there, the sealing way of Trap PY5-1 and PY11-5(T35-T41) in Panyu 4 sag belongs to lithology juxtaposition sealing type, while the others are types of fault rock sealing. However, due to influence of thin multilateral sand and shale on Trap PY5-1 and PYll-5(T35-T41), the hydrocarbon column height of juxtaposition sealing is shorter, so, whether traps can gather much hydrocarbon or not depends on the size of anticline amplitude. And when referring to traps of fault rock sealing, firstly, this paper uses SGR in fault zones to evaluate the sealing ability, and then checks it with difference of displacement pressure between fault zone and reservoir, finally, it proves that faults in the study area are all with certain sealing ability, however, the predicted hydrocarbon column height is generally shorter than trap amplitude, this phenomenon indicates that the filling extent of traps is closely related to the lateral sealing ability of faults. The predicted hydrocarbon column height is all taller than that of nowadays, that is, the actual hydrocarbon column height has not reached that of lateral sealing, and from this, we can conclude that fault lateral sealing ability is not only affected by SGR in fault zones but also by late damage degree of fault rocks. Through the analyzing the causes of loss traps in the study areas, it is considered that the hydrocarbon supplying ability of source rock, the difficulty degree of hydrocarbon injection, the lateral sealing ability of faults and the damage degree of faults are the main controlling factors of hydrocarbon accumulation in the region. And on the basis of evaluating and optimizing target fault traps, it is considered that only when the value of comprehensive evaluation is greater than 3.0, can fault traps become successful ones and have conditions of hydrocarbon accumulation, in the region, Trap PY11-9, PY4-4 and PY10-5 in Panyu 4 sag, Trap XJ24-1S and HZ 19-6 in Huizhou sag are the successful ones, and they are the preferred target traps for the next drilling step.
Based on full use of geology, seismic, logging and analysis of various data, and combining with regional geological background, this paper makes systematic analysis on structural characteristics, formation and evolution of fractures in the two reservoirs enrichment -Panyu 4 sag and Huizhou sag in Pearl River Mouth basin, and then divides the fracture systems. Through the study on petroliferous features and oil-water distribution of fault traps, firstly, this paper analyses mechanism of reservoir forming and ability of hydrocarbon accumulation, secondly, it summarizes the main factors controlling oil accumulation of fault traps, and finally, it makes evaluation and optimization on the target traps. We can get conclusions on studies as follows:In profile, Pearl River Mouth basin consists of three tectonospheres, including basement structure, downfaulted basin structure and depression basin structure. The formation and evolution of fractures has experienced four tectonic deformation, respectively are Wenchang Formation, Enping Formation, Zhuhai-Zhujiang～Hanjiang Formation and Yuehai Formation～Quaternary period. Four sets of fault system have developed in Pearl River Mouth basin, that is, the extensional faults in early stage (typeⅠ), the weak extensional faults in metaphase (typeⅡ), the tense-shearing faults in later period (typeⅢ) and faults which are early extensional and late tense-shearing (typeⅠ-Ⅲ). The target layers of Zhujiang Formation consist of three types of fault system, namely, typeⅡ, typeⅢand typeⅠ-Ⅲ.Moreover, traps are mainly formed during the period of Yuehai Formation, and often distributed in the local compression areas of fault deformation, including terminal area of a single fault (typeⅠ), left-stepping bending part of a single fault (typeⅡ), strata bridge areas with left-stepping distribution of two or more faults (typeⅢ) and cross sites when two or more faults converge(typeⅣ). There are mainly typeⅡandⅢfault traps which are all rich in oil in Panyu 4 sag, while in Huizhou sag, there are mainly typeⅡ,ⅢandⅣfault traps among which typeⅣones are relatively the best. The petroliferous ability of fault traps is under the control of charging conditions, firstly, if the range of fault traps inside the main hydrocarbon-generating sub sags and outside the source rock is less than 5km, hydrocarbon supplying ability of source rock is better, moreover, according to different warping directions of strata on two walls of fault, the way of hydrocarbon injecting into traps are divided into two types, i.e., vertically upward injection which is favorable to hydrocarbon accumulation and vertically downward injection which is adverse, and the way determines the difficulty degree of hydrocarbon injecting vertically into reservoir along fractures. It is the lateral sealing ability of faults controlling traps that determines hydrocarbon accumulation ability of fault traps, and in the region, this paper has divided lateral sealing into fault rock sealing and lithology juxtaposition sealing, there, the sealing way of Trap PY5-1 and PY11-5(T35-T41) in Panyu 4 sag belongs to lithology juxtaposition sealing type, while the others are types of fault rock sealing. However, due to influence of thin multilateral sand and shale on Trap PY5-1 and PYll-5(T35-T41), the hydrocarbon column height of juxtaposition sealing is shorter, so, whether traps can gather much hydrocarbon or not depends on the size of anticline amplitude. And when referring to traps of fault rock sealing, firstly, this paper uses SGR in fault zones to evaluate the sealing ability, and then checks it with difference of displacement pressure between fault zone and reservoir, finally, it proves that faults in the study area are all with certain sealing ability, however, the predicted hydrocarbon column height is generally shorter than trap amplitude, this phenomenon indicates that the filling extent of traps is closely related to the lateral sealing ability of faults. The predicted hydrocarbon column height is all taller than that of nowadays, that is, the actual hydrocarbon column height has not reached that of lateral sealing, and from this, we can conclude that fault lateral sealing ability is not only affected by SGR in fault zones but also by late damage degree of fault rocks. Through the analyzing the causes of loss traps in the study areas, it is considered that the hydrocarbon supplying ability of source rock, the difficulty degree of hydrocarbon injection, the lateral sealing ability of faults and the damage degree of faults are the main controlling factors of hydrocarbon accumulation in the region. And on the basis of evaluating and optimizing target fault traps, it is considered that only when the value of comprehensive evaluation is greater than 3.0, can fault traps become successful ones and have conditions of hydrocarbon accumulation, in the region, Trap PY11-9, PY4-4 and PY10-5 in Panyu 4 sag, Trap XJ24-1S and HZ 19-6 in Huizhou sag are the successful ones, and they are the preferred target traps for the next drilling step.
引文
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