现代物流管理中的库存控制策略研究
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摘要
本文第一章第一节简要介绍现代物流的概念。现代物流所要解决的基本问题，就是如何按时、按质，按量，并且以系统最低的成本费用把所需要的材料、货物运到生产和流通领域中任何一个所需要的地方或环节。现代物流管理有五大特征，即以实现顾客满意为第一目标、着重的是整个流通渠道的商品运动、以企业整体最优为目的、既重视效率更重视效果、现代物流是一种以信息为中心实需对应型的商品供应体系。在供应链管理环境下的物流管理与传统的物流管理相比有许多不同的特点，主要体现在信息的处理方面。第二节介绍了库存控制的重要性。库存有四个基本的功能，即地域专业化、分离功能、平衡供求、不确定因素的缓冲。库存控制的目的是在满足顾客服务要求的前提下通过对企业的库存水平进行控制，力求尽可能降低库存水平、提高物流系统的效率，以强化企业的竞争力。在供应链范围进行库存控制不仅可以降低库存水平，从而减少资金占用和库存维持成本，而且还可以提高顾客的满足度。第三节对库存理论研究的现状作了综述。
第二章第一节简要介绍了存贮论的基本知识。第二节介绍了单点库存控制策略的类型及几种常见的库存模型，有EOQ模型、基本库存策略等。
第三章介绍多级库存系统的基础理论。第一节介绍了多级库存系统研究的背景。在供应链管理环境下，要进行供应链的全局性优化与控制，必须对多级库存系统进行优化与控制。第二节介绍了多级库存系统的相关理论，包括系统的结构、库存控制问题、库存控制方法。第三节介绍了系列系统的相关理论，系列系统是最基本、最简单的多级库存系统结构。
第四章研究需求确定的多级系统的库存控制策略。第一节研究不允许缺货模型的固定策略。研究表明，该模型采用2的整数幂倍数的固定策略是可行的。第二节研究允许缺货模型的固定策略，该模型可以转化为不允许缺货模型求最优解。
第五章研究需求随机的多级系统的库存控制策略。第一节假设需求是简单的泊松过程，各库存点订货没有订购费，这时各点采用基本库存策略是最优的。第二节在第一节的基础上，假设外部订货时订购费存在，这时外部订货采用固定订货点、固定订货量(R，Q)策略，而内部订货仍采用前面的基本库存策略。第三节讨论在每个库存点订购费都是正数时，各点采用级库存(R，Q)策略，假设1个需求是泊松过程的两点系统，对该系统运用下界函数法可以近似地求出优化解。
This dissertation begins with the brief introduction to the concepts of modem logistics in the first section of Chapter One. The main problem which modern logistics is expected to solve is how to deliver the required materials and cargoes to any designated position of the production and circulation field at the right time and with the right quality, right quantity and the lowest cost. The modern logistical management is different from traditional logistical management in many ways. Under the supply chain management, logistical management may involve a great deal of information.
The second section of Chapter One demonstrates the significance of inventory management. This section generalized the functions of inventory, namely, the function of geographical specialization, the function of decoupling, the function of balancing the supply and demand, the function of the buffer stock. Under the condition of meeting the requirements of customers, the objective of inventory management is to cut inventory level, improve the efficiency of logistical operations, and enhance the competition capacity of enterprises. Under the supply chain management, it can not only cut the inventory level, thus reducing the holding cost, but also improve the customer satisfaction. The third section of this Chapter generalizes the studies of inventory management.
The first section of Chapter Two introduces the basic theory of inventory management. The second section introduces the policies of single-stage inventory management and several conventional inventory models, including classical EOQ models, base-stock policy, etc.
Chapter Three introduces the foundation of multi-echelon inventory system. The first section introduces the background under which we study multi-echelon inventory system. To optimize and control the supply chain, we must optimize and control the multi-echelon inventory system firstly. The second section introduces the basic theory of multi-echelon inventory system, including the structures of systems, the problems and policies of inventory management. The third section introduces serial system, which is the basic and simplest structure of system.
Chapter Four studies the policies for multi-echelon inventory system with
deterministic demand. The first section studies the stationary policy for inventory system without backlogging. The findings are that it is optimal to use power-of-two integer-ratio stationary policies. The second section studies the stationary policy for inventory system with backlogging. It can be converted to the model without backlogging.
Chapter Five studies the policies for multi-echelon inventory system with stochastic demand. The first section assumes that the demand is a simple poison process and orders incur no fixed ordering cost. The findings are that it is optimal to use base-stock policy. The second section assumes that outer ordering incurs fixed ordering cost, then outer ordering uses (R, Q) policy, while inner ordering uses base-stock policy. The third section discusses that when every stage incurs fixed ordering cost and each uses echelon stock (R, Q) policy, we assume that demand is a poison process, and we use a lower bound as near-optimal solution for a two-stage inventory system.
第二章第一节简要介绍了存贮论的基本知识。第二节介绍了单点库存控制策略的类型及几种常见的库存模型，有EOQ模型、基本库存策略等。
第三章介绍多级库存系统的基础理论。第一节介绍了多级库存系统研究的背景。在供应链管理环境下，要进行供应链的全局性优化与控制，必须对多级库存系统进行优化与控制。第二节介绍了多级库存系统的相关理论，包括系统的结构、库存控制问题、库存控制方法。第三节介绍了系列系统的相关理论，系列系统是最基本、最简单的多级库存系统结构。
第四章研究需求确定的多级系统的库存控制策略。第一节研究不允许缺货模型的固定策略。研究表明，该模型采用2的整数幂倍数的固定策略是可行的。第二节研究允许缺货模型的固定策略，该模型可以转化为不允许缺货模型求最优解。
第五章研究需求随机的多级系统的库存控制策略。第一节假设需求是简单的泊松过程，各库存点订货没有订购费，这时各点采用基本库存策略是最优的。第二节在第一节的基础上，假设外部订货时订购费存在，这时外部订货采用固定订货点、固定订货量(R，Q)策略，而内部订货仍采用前面的基本库存策略。第三节讨论在每个库存点订购费都是正数时，各点采用级库存(R，Q)策略，假设1个需求是泊松过程的两点系统，对该系统运用下界函数法可以近似地求出优化解。
This dissertation begins with the brief introduction to the concepts of modem logistics in the first section of Chapter One. The main problem which modern logistics is expected to solve is how to deliver the required materials and cargoes to any designated position of the production and circulation field at the right time and with the right quality, right quantity and the lowest cost. The modern logistical management is different from traditional logistical management in many ways. Under the supply chain management, logistical management may involve a great deal of information.
The second section of Chapter One demonstrates the significance of inventory management. This section generalized the functions of inventory, namely, the function of geographical specialization, the function of decoupling, the function of balancing the supply and demand, the function of the buffer stock. Under the condition of meeting the requirements of customers, the objective of inventory management is to cut inventory level, improve the efficiency of logistical operations, and enhance the competition capacity of enterprises. Under the supply chain management, it can not only cut the inventory level, thus reducing the holding cost, but also improve the customer satisfaction. The third section of this Chapter generalizes the studies of inventory management.
The first section of Chapter Two introduces the basic theory of inventory management. The second section introduces the policies of single-stage inventory management and several conventional inventory models, including classical EOQ models, base-stock policy, etc.
Chapter Three introduces the foundation of multi-echelon inventory system. The first section introduces the background under which we study multi-echelon inventory system. To optimize and control the supply chain, we must optimize and control the multi-echelon inventory system firstly. The second section introduces the basic theory of multi-echelon inventory system, including the structures of systems, the problems and policies of inventory management. The third section introduces serial system, which is the basic and simplest structure of system.
Chapter Four studies the policies for multi-echelon inventory system with
deterministic demand. The first section studies the stationary policy for inventory system without backlogging. The findings are that it is optimal to use power-of-two integer-ratio stationary policies. The second section studies the stationary policy for inventory system with backlogging. It can be converted to the model without backlogging.
Chapter Five studies the policies for multi-echelon inventory system with stochastic demand. The first section assumes that the demand is a simple poison process and orders incur no fixed ordering cost. The findings are that it is optimal to use base-stock policy. The second section assumes that outer ordering incurs fixed ordering cost, then outer ordering uses (R, Q) policy, while inner ordering uses base-stock policy. The third section discusses that when every stage incurs fixed ordering cost and each uses echelon stock (R, Q) policy, we assume that demand is a poison process, and we use a lower bound as near-optimal solution for a two-stage inventory system.
引文
[1] 马士华、林勇、陈志祥著．供应链管理．北京：机械工业出版社，2000．5
[2] Coyle J.J. and Bardi E.J. and Langley. The management of Business Logistics, 5th ed. West Publishing Company, 1992.
[3] Donaldson W A. Inventory Replenishment Policy for a Linear Trend in Demand-an Analytical Solution. Opl Res Q,1977,28:663-670
[4] Silver E A.A simple inventory decision rule for a linear trend in demand. J Opl Res Soc, 1979,30:71-75
[5] Ritchie E. the EOQ for linear increasing demand: a simple optimal solution. J Opl Res Soc, 1984,35:449-952
[6] Goswami A and Chaudhri K. EOQ model for an inventory with a linear trend in demand and finite rate of replenishment considering shortages. Int J Syst Sci, 1991,22:181-187
[7] 周永务．线性需求合并短缺的物品的最优生产控制策略．第一届智能控制与智能自动化学术年会论文集，东北大学出版社，1994：751-755
[8] 周永务．线性需求合并短缺的有限时间水平生产库存模型．系统工程的理论与实践，1995，15(5)：43-49
[9] Dave U,L K Patel. (T,S_i) Policy inventory model for deteriorating items with time-proportional demand. J Opl Res Soc, 1981,32:137-142
[10] Sachan R S. On (T,S_i) Policy inventory model for deteriorating items with time-proportional demand. J Opl Res Soc, 1984,35:137-142
[11] Bahari-Kashani H. Replenishment Schedule for deterioration items with time-proportional demand. J Opl Res Soc, 1989,40:75-81
[12] Chung K H and P S Ting. On Replenishment Schedule for deterioration items with time-proportional demand. Prod. Planning and Control, 1994,5:392-396
[13] Hariga M A. Economic Analysis of dynamic inventory models with non-stationary Costs and demand. Int J Prod Econ, 1994,36:255-266
[14] 周永务．考虑费用时值的库存系统的EOQ模型．系统工程理论与实践，1996，(8)：96-102
[15] Wagner H et al. Dynamic Versiom of the Economic Lot Size
Model. Management Science, 1958,5:89-96
[16] Lev B, et al. Inventory Models with Cost Changes. Ops Res, 1989,38(1):53-63
[17] Zhang Jian, et al. Three Equal Period Inventory Model with Cost Changes. Proceedings of TIMS-XXX, Providence, 1990:203-211
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[19] 张坚．多阶段EOQ存贮问题的若干策略．系统工程理论与实践，1999，(3)：24-30
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[22] Federgruen, A. and Y.-S. Zheng. An Efficient Algorithm For Computing An Optimal (r,q) Policy in Continuous Review Stochastic Inventory System. Operation Research, 1992,40:808-813
[23] Zheng, Y.-S. On Properties of Stochastic Inventory Systems. Management Science, 1992,38:87-103
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[39] Hadley, G. and T.M. Whitin. A Family of Inventory Models. Management Science, 1961,7:351-371
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[2] Coyle J.J. and Bardi E.J. and Langley. The management of Business Logistics, 5th ed. West Publishing Company, 1992.
[3] Donaldson W A. Inventory Replenishment Policy for a Linear Trend in Demand-an Analytical Solution. Opl Res Q,1977,28:663-670
[4] Silver E A.A simple inventory decision rule for a linear trend in demand. J Opl Res Soc, 1979,30:71-75
[5] Ritchie E. the EOQ for linear increasing demand: a simple optimal solution. J Opl Res Soc, 1984,35:449-952
[6] Goswami A and Chaudhri K. EOQ model for an inventory with a linear trend in demand and finite rate of replenishment considering shortages. Int J Syst Sci, 1991,22:181-187
[7] 周永务．线性需求合并短缺的物品的最优生产控制策略．第一届智能控制与智能自动化学术年会论文集，东北大学出版社，1994：751-755
[8] 周永务．线性需求合并短缺的有限时间水平生产库存模型．系统工程的理论与实践，1995，15(5)：43-49
[9] Dave U,L K Patel. (T,S_i) Policy inventory model for deteriorating items with time-proportional demand. J Opl Res Soc, 1981,32:137-142
[10] Sachan R S. On (T,S_i) Policy inventory model for deteriorating items with time-proportional demand. J Opl Res Soc, 1984,35:137-142
[11] Bahari-Kashani H. Replenishment Schedule for deterioration items with time-proportional demand. J Opl Res Soc, 1989,40:75-81
[12] Chung K H and P S Ting. On Replenishment Schedule for deterioration items with time-proportional demand. Prod. Planning and Control, 1994,5:392-396
[13] Hariga M A. Economic Analysis of dynamic inventory models with non-stationary Costs and demand. Int J Prod Econ, 1994,36:255-266
[14] 周永务．考虑费用时值的库存系统的EOQ模型．系统工程理论与实践，1996，(8)：96-102
[15] Wagner H et al. Dynamic Versiom of the Economic Lot Size
Model. Management Science, 1958,5:89-96
[16] Lev B, et al. Inventory Models with Cost Changes. Ops Res, 1989,38(1):53-63
[17] Zhang Jian, et al. Three Equal Period Inventory Model with Cost Changes. Proceedings of TIMS-XXX, Providence, 1990:203-211
[18] 张坚．一种多时段费用变动型存贮策略的优化．江苏理工大学学报，1996，17(2)：94-100
[19] 张坚．多阶段EOQ存贮问题的若干策略．系统工程理论与实践，1999，(3)：24-30
[20] 杨益民，付必胜．仓库容量有限条件下的生产销售存贮模型．系统工程，2001，(1)：18-23
[21] Paul H. Zipkin. Foundations of Inventory Management. Singapore: McGraw-Hill Book Co-Singapore, 2000
[22] Federgruen, A. and Y.-S. Zheng. An Efficient Algorithm For Computing An Optimal (r,q) Policy in Continuous Review Stochastic Inventory System. Operation Research, 1992,40:808-813
[23] Zheng, Y.-S. On Properties of Stochastic Inventory Systems. Management Science, 1992,38:87-103
[24] 官建成．一个库容有限的两品种存货模型及解法探讨．系统工程理论与实践，1993，(5)：27-32
[25] 朱冰静，关于(Q，r)存贮模型的级值条件及存贮控制参数的确定．系统工程，1990，(3)：60-64
[26] Das, C. On the minimum of a nonconvex inventory function. Management Science, 1988,24(8):1023-1026
[27] Atkins, D. and D. Sun. 98%-Effective Lot Sizing for Series Inventory Systems with Backlogging. Operation Research, 1995,43:335-345
[28] Chen, F. Stationary Policies in Multiechelon Inventory Systems with Deterministic Demand and Backlogging. Operation Research, 1998,46:S26-S34
[29] Clark, A.J. and H. Scarf. Optimal Policies for a Multi-Echelon Inventory Problem. Management Science, 1960,6:475-490
[30] Clark, A.J. and H. Scarf. Approximate Solutions to a Simple Multi-Echelon Inventory Problem. Studies in Applied Probability and
Management Science, K.J. Arrow, S. Karlin and H. Scarf(Eds.),Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 1962:88-110
[31] Axsater, S. and K. Rosling. Installation vs. Echelon Stock Policies for Multi-Level Inventory Control. Management Science, 1993,39:1274-1280
[32] Crowston, W. and M. Wagner. Dynamic Lot Size Models for Multistage Assembly Systems. Management Science, 1973,20:14-21
[33] Schwarz, L. and L. Schrage. Optimal and System-myopic Policies for Multi-Echelon Production/inventory Assembly Systems. Management Science, 1975,21:1285-1294
[34] De Bodt, M.A. and S.C.Graves. Continuous Review Policies for a Multi-Echelon Inventory Problem with Stochastic Demand. Management Science, 1985,31:1286-1295
[35] Badinelli R. A Model for Continuous-Review Pull Policies in Serial Inventory Systems. Operation Research, 1992,40:142-156
[36] Chen, F. 94%-Effective Policies for a two-stage Serial Inventory System with Stochastic Demand. Management Science, 1999,45(12):1679-1696
[37] Chen, F. Optimal Policies for Multi-Echelon Inventory Problems with Batch Ordering. Operation Research, 2000,48(3):376-389
[38] Veinott, A. Optimal Policy for a Multi-Product, dynamic, nonstationary Inventory Problem. Management Science, 1965,12:206-222
[39] Hadley, G. and T.M. Whitin. A Family of Inventory Models. Management Science, 1961,7:351-371
[40] Zheng, Y.-S. and F. Chen. Inventory Policies with Quantized Ordering. Naval Research Logistics, 1992,39:285-305
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