在役桥桩病害导波无损检测的数值模拟与实验研究
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摘要
作为桥梁支撑结构的桥梁基桩，是桥梁结构的重要组成部分，对桥梁的安全运行与稳固至关重要。桥梁桩基属于隐蔽工程，因受到多种因素影响，可能出现断裂、缩颈、扩径及空穴等病害缺陷，威胁着桥梁运行安全，近年来的一些事故案例昭示着在役桥梁安全形势严峻。为保证桥梁运行安全，在役桥梁基桩病害缺陷的检测受到广泛关注，探索有效的在役桥梁基桩病害缺陷无损检测方法成为行业热点之一。
但是，在役桥梁基桩无损检测所面临的条件比自由基桩无损检测复杂得多。在实际应用中发现，一是由于桩径较大，桩长桩径比不能满足一维波动理论和振动理论；二是在役桥梁基桩连接有上部结构，如墩柱、横梁、承台等，对应力波反射构成强烈干扰，导致获得检测信号较为复杂，给分析判断造成困难。因而在役桥梁基桩病害无损检测仍属于业内技术难题。本文分析了在役桥梁基桩应力波的特点和传播规律，通过数值模拟和实验分析了影响因素及减小或克服途径，提出了墩柱一侧布设激振点和多道接收检测系统，结合多次激振信号加权融合实现在役桥梁基桩病害检测的技术方法，经实验检验证明该方法具有较高实用性和良好的应用前景。本文的主要研究内容和结论如下：
（1）总结了在役桥梁基桩及病害类型。基于导波理论和基桩动测思路，分析了在役桥梁基桩检测所面临的问题。通过模型实验发现，在役桥梁基桩检测与桩顶自由时相比存在着明显差别。桩径较大、桩顶连有上部结构、基桩隐埋于地下（水下）以及难以直接验证检测结果等，对反射波法检测的实施构成挑战。
（2）通过数值模拟，认识了基桩应力波波场特征。由于难以或无法在桩顶激振接收信号，采用墩柱一侧布设激振点和同侧布设多道检测系统，进行在役桥梁基桩反射波无损检测，利于信号识别与对比。基桩上部结构界面以及下部基桩内部病害缺陷和桩底界成为二次振源向四周辐射，墩柱侧面激振获得的信号中包含上部结构面和下部结构面（包含缺陷界面）的信号，虽致获得的信号更为复杂，但波的传播规律明显。
（3）利用模拟和实际案例对比结果，总结分析了在役桥桩反射波法动测三维效应的影响，并通过实验，分析提出了减小或克服三维效应的有效途径。减小或克服三维效应对于提高在役桥梁基桩病害检测结果的可靠性具有重要意义。激振和接收因素以及观测条件对检测产生明显影响，在役桥梁基桩反射波法无损检测有效信号受干扰严重。
（4）通过分析在役桥梁基桩反射波法检测信号的特点，首次提出引入数据加权融合技术，处理在役桥梁基桩反射波法检测信号，对于有效信号的识别与判断效果显著，实验结果证明，墩柱一侧布设激振点和直线多道布设接收检测系统，采用多道对比和多次激振信号加权融合处理方法，可以实现在役桥梁基桩病害无损检测，方法操作简便易行，具有推广前景。
As support structures, piles are an important part of bridge structures, and are crucial for thebridge safe operation and its stability. Necking, fracture, expanding or hole defects may occur ina hidden bridge pile which was influenced by many factors. In recent years, some accidentsshow that existing bridge safety situation is seriousness. In order to ensure the safe operation ofthe bridge, detecting disease(s)(defect(s)) in a pile is widely concerned, and developing theeffective diseases (defects) nondestructive test method for existing bridge piles has become afocus.
However, in the existing bridge pile nondestructive test conditions are much morecomplicated than free pile nondestructive test. In practice, for a larger diameter pile, theone-dimensional wave theory and vibration theory are not satisfy, and the piles are connectedwith the upper structures, such as a pier column, beam, slab, the stress wave reflection form isdisturbed strongly, to obtain the detection signal is more complex, the analyzing and judgmentare difficult. Thus the existing bridge pile disease nondestructive detection is still one oftechnical problems. This dissertation analyzes the existing bridge pile stress wavecharacteristics and propagation, the impact factors and its decreasing or overcoming wereanalyed through numerical simulation and experiment, a existing bridge piles diseases detectiontechnique and method were advanced with simple point excitation and multichannel receivingsystem arranged in same side of pier, and multiple excitation and data weighted fusion.Theexperiment results proved that this method is practice and has good application prospect.
(1)The existing bridge piles and disease types were summarized. Based on guided wavetheory and the piles dynamic testing ideas, the problems faced in the existing bridge pilefoundation inspection were analyzed. By model tests, there is a clear difference betweenexisting bridge pile test and free top pile test. Larger diameter, the uperstructure, hidden buriedunderground (underwater),and difficult to directly verify the test results pose a challenge to theimplementation of the reflection method.
(2)Pile stress wave field characteristics were known through numerical simulation. Due to itis difficult or impossible to excite and receive signal at the top of the pile, point excitation andmultichannel detection system were arranged along in side the pier, and it is helpful to signalrecognition and comparison for exsiting bridge pile stress wave nondestructive testing. Whileincident wave is propagating, upper structure and the lower part of the pile foundation pileinterface of internal defects and pile bottom boundary would become a new source whichradiating to the surrounding, the received signal contains waves from upper structures and thelower structures surface (containing defects interface).Although the obtained signal is morecomplex, but the law of wave propagation is obvious.
(3)Through the previous simulation results and actual case comparison,3D dynamic effect inthe existing bridge pile reflected wave method was summarized andanalyzed, effective ways ofdecreasing or overcoming the3D effect were also presented accoording to experiment.Decreasing or overcoming the3D effect had important significance to enhance reliability of theexisting bridge pile diseases detection.Exciting and receiving element and observationconditions on detection were serious influence to the existing bridge piles nondestructivedetection signals by reflected wave method.
(4)Through analysis of the existing bridge piles reflected wave method test signal characteristics, the weighted data fusion technique was initial led in processing of existingbridge piles detect signal by reflected wave method, the effects to recognite and judge effectivesignal is obvious.The experimental results show that diseases in the existing bridge pilenondestructive test can be achieved acoording to arranging excitation point and line layout forreceiving multi-channel detection system in one side of pier with multichannel contrast andmultiple excitation signal fusion processing method.The mehod presented in this paper is veryeasy to operate, and its promotion prospect is broad.
但是，在役桥梁基桩无损检测所面临的条件比自由基桩无损检测复杂得多。在实际应用中发现，一是由于桩径较大，桩长桩径比不能满足一维波动理论和振动理论；二是在役桥梁基桩连接有上部结构，如墩柱、横梁、承台等，对应力波反射构成强烈干扰，导致获得检测信号较为复杂，给分析判断造成困难。因而在役桥梁基桩病害无损检测仍属于业内技术难题。本文分析了在役桥梁基桩应力波的特点和传播规律，通过数值模拟和实验分析了影响因素及减小或克服途径，提出了墩柱一侧布设激振点和多道接收检测系统，结合多次激振信号加权融合实现在役桥梁基桩病害检测的技术方法，经实验检验证明该方法具有较高实用性和良好的应用前景。本文的主要研究内容和结论如下：
（1）总结了在役桥梁基桩及病害类型。基于导波理论和基桩动测思路，分析了在役桥梁基桩检测所面临的问题。通过模型实验发现，在役桥梁基桩检测与桩顶自由时相比存在着明显差别。桩径较大、桩顶连有上部结构、基桩隐埋于地下（水下）以及难以直接验证检测结果等，对反射波法检测的实施构成挑战。
（2）通过数值模拟，认识了基桩应力波波场特征。由于难以或无法在桩顶激振接收信号，采用墩柱一侧布设激振点和同侧布设多道检测系统，进行在役桥梁基桩反射波无损检测，利于信号识别与对比。基桩上部结构界面以及下部基桩内部病害缺陷和桩底界成为二次振源向四周辐射，墩柱侧面激振获得的信号中包含上部结构面和下部结构面（包含缺陷界面）的信号，虽致获得的信号更为复杂，但波的传播规律明显。
（3）利用模拟和实际案例对比结果，总结分析了在役桥桩反射波法动测三维效应的影响，并通过实验，分析提出了减小或克服三维效应的有效途径。减小或克服三维效应对于提高在役桥梁基桩病害检测结果的可靠性具有重要意义。激振和接收因素以及观测条件对检测产生明显影响，在役桥梁基桩反射波法无损检测有效信号受干扰严重。
（4）通过分析在役桥梁基桩反射波法检测信号的特点，首次提出引入数据加权融合技术，处理在役桥梁基桩反射波法检测信号，对于有效信号的识别与判断效果显著，实验结果证明，墩柱一侧布设激振点和直线多道布设接收检测系统，采用多道对比和多次激振信号加权融合处理方法，可以实现在役桥梁基桩病害无损检测，方法操作简便易行，具有推广前景。
As support structures, piles are an important part of bridge structures, and are crucial for thebridge safe operation and its stability. Necking, fracture, expanding or hole defects may occur ina hidden bridge pile which was influenced by many factors. In recent years, some accidentsshow that existing bridge safety situation is seriousness. In order to ensure the safe operation ofthe bridge, detecting disease(s)(defect(s)) in a pile is widely concerned, and developing theeffective diseases (defects) nondestructive test method for existing bridge piles has become afocus.
However, in the existing bridge pile nondestructive test conditions are much morecomplicated than free pile nondestructive test. In practice, for a larger diameter pile, theone-dimensional wave theory and vibration theory are not satisfy, and the piles are connectedwith the upper structures, such as a pier column, beam, slab, the stress wave reflection form isdisturbed strongly, to obtain the detection signal is more complex, the analyzing and judgmentare difficult. Thus the existing bridge pile disease nondestructive detection is still one oftechnical problems. This dissertation analyzes the existing bridge pile stress wavecharacteristics and propagation, the impact factors and its decreasing or overcoming wereanalyed through numerical simulation and experiment, a existing bridge piles diseases detectiontechnique and method were advanced with simple point excitation and multichannel receivingsystem arranged in same side of pier, and multiple excitation and data weighted fusion.Theexperiment results proved that this method is practice and has good application prospect.
(1)The existing bridge piles and disease types were summarized. Based on guided wavetheory and the piles dynamic testing ideas, the problems faced in the existing bridge pilefoundation inspection were analyzed. By model tests, there is a clear difference betweenexisting bridge pile test and free top pile test. Larger diameter, the uperstructure, hidden buriedunderground (underwater),and difficult to directly verify the test results pose a challenge to theimplementation of the reflection method.
(2)Pile stress wave field characteristics were known through numerical simulation. Due to itis difficult or impossible to excite and receive signal at the top of the pile, point excitation andmultichannel detection system were arranged along in side the pier, and it is helpful to signalrecognition and comparison for exsiting bridge pile stress wave nondestructive testing. Whileincident wave is propagating, upper structure and the lower part of the pile foundation pileinterface of internal defects and pile bottom boundary would become a new source whichradiating to the surrounding, the received signal contains waves from upper structures and thelower structures surface (containing defects interface).Although the obtained signal is morecomplex, but the law of wave propagation is obvious.
(3)Through the previous simulation results and actual case comparison,3D dynamic effect inthe existing bridge pile reflected wave method was summarized andanalyzed, effective ways ofdecreasing or overcoming the3D effect were also presented accoording to experiment.Decreasing or overcoming the3D effect had important significance to enhance reliability of theexisting bridge pile diseases detection.Exciting and receiving element and observationconditions on detection were serious influence to the existing bridge piles nondestructivedetection signals by reflected wave method.
(4)Through analysis of the existing bridge piles reflected wave method test signal characteristics, the weighted data fusion technique was initial led in processing of existingbridge piles detect signal by reflected wave method, the effects to recognite and judge effectivesignal is obvious.The experimental results show that diseases in the existing bridge pilenondestructive test can be achieved acoording to arranging excitation point and line layout forreceiving multi-channel detection system in one side of pier with multichannel contrast andmultiple excitation signal fusion processing method.The mehod presented in this paper is veryeasy to operate, and its promotion prospect is broad.
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