平衡施肥对桑树产量与品质的影响及其施肥模型的建立
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摘要
茧丝绸业是我国具有5000多年历史的传统优势产业,是为国民经济发展和出口创汇做出过重大贡献,并且在国际市场上处于垄断地位的优势产业。桑树是蚕丝产业重要的物质基础,单位面积桑园桑叶产量的高低、质量的优劣直接影响到家蚕的生长发育及茧丝、蚕种的产量和质量,进而影响到整个蚕桑行业的经济效益。桑树又是重要的多年生经济林木树种,具有很高的生态价值,同时,桑树营养价值高,适口性好,无采食障碍,消化率高,除了可以用作家蚕的饲料外,是目前最具开发潜力的木本饲用植物,可以用作畜禽的优质饲料开发。加之桑叶富含1-DNJ、黄酮等天然活性成分,具有显著的降血糖、抗氧化、防衰老的作用,因此,桑树在食品和医药领域的多用途开发也极具发展潜力。而单位面积桑园桑叶、枝条的产量、品质及其活性成分含量高低不仅与品种、修剪、灌溉有关外,与桑园养分管理及桑树营养特性密不可分。
本文针对四川丘陵蚕桑主产区桑树施肥中存在的问题,采用现代肥料二次回归"3414”试验设计,通过田间试验,主要研究了氮磷钾对桑树生长发育及干物质积累、桑树光合特性、桑树保护酶活性及膜脂过氧化作用、养分吸收利用与分配、桑叶质量及活性成分含量的影响,揭示其生长发育规律、养分吸收与分配规律、品质形成规律、产量形成规律,对桑树施肥参数进行系统研究,构建桑树优质高效施肥模型,为本地区桑树的合理施肥提供科学依据。获得的主要结果如下：
1.氮磷钾对桑树生长发育及其干物质积累的影响
本研究以加促进桑树生长发育,提高单位面积桑园桑叶产量及其干物质积累量为目的,对夏伐式修剪、多年生试验桑园采用现代肥料二次回归“3414”试验设计方案,研究氮磷钾不同施肥处理对桑树不同生育期叶片、枝条、新梢、单株产叶量等生长发育指标及春秋两季干物质积累量的影响。试验结果表明,随着生长发育进程的推进,桑树主要生长发育指标呈逐渐增大的趋势,且前期生长发育旺盛、后期生长发育减慢,适量的氮磷钾肥能促进桑树的生长发育,肥料施用不足或过量施肥并不利于桑树正常的生长发育。春秋两季单株产叶量调查分析表明,全年单株产叶量秋季明显高于春季,随着氮磷钾肥施用量的增加,单株产叶量逐渐增加,且均在2水平时达到最大值,再增施肥料,单株产叶量反而降低,氮肥对单株产叶量的影响表现为N2>N3>N1>N0,磷肥和钾肥对单株产叶量的影响均表现为P2>P1>P3>P0、K2>K1>K3>K0。
春秋两季干物质积累量分析表明,干物质积累量叶片>枝条>新梢,叶片中干物质积累量秋季>春季,枝条中干物质积累量春季>秋季；氮肥对桑叶干物质积累量的影响为N2>N3>N1>N0,对春季新梢干物质积累量的影响表现为N3>N2>N1>N0,对春季、秋季枝条干物质积累量的影响表现为N2>N1>NO>N3、N3>N2>N1>N0；磷肥对桑叶干物质积累量的影响表现为P2>P1>P3>P0,对春季新梢干物质积累量的影响表现为P2=P3>P1>P0,对春季、秋季枝条干物质积累量的影响表现为P2>P3>P1>P0、P3>P2>P1>P0；钾肥对桑叶干物质积累量的影响表现为K2>K1>K3>K0,对春季新梢干物质积累量的影响表现为K3>K1>K0>K2,对春季、秋季枝条干物质积累量的影响表现为K3>K2>K1>K0、K2>K1>K3>K0。
通过建立以公顷桑干物质积累量为函数,氮、磷、钾施肥量为因子的肥料效应方程,桑叶干物质积累量、新梢干物质积累量、枝条干物质积累量与施肥量的肥料效应方程的P值<0.05,方程拟合成功,分别获得桑叶干物质积累量推荐施肥量为694.36Kg/hm2N、198.15Kg/hm2P2O5、274.26Kg/hm2K2O,最大值为8045.04Kg/hm2;枝条干物质积累量推荐施肥量为1000.05Kg/hm2N、242.04Kg/hm2P2O5、218.01Kg/hm2K2O,最大值为5969.05Kg/hm2;春季新稍干物质积累量的推荐施肥量为883.76Kg/hm2N、204.48Kg/hm2P2O5、426.59Kg/hm2K2O,最大值1410.24Kg/hm2。该最佳施肥方案通过生产实践验证后,可为四川丘陵蚕区优质桑园建设提供参考。
2.氮磷钾对桑树光合特性的影响
光合作用是桑树重要的生理过程之一,桑树干物质90%以上来源于桑叶的光合作用,光合作用的强弱直接影响到桑叶的产量和质量。光合作用除了受作物本身的遗传特性影响外,还受包括湿度、温度、光照强度、二氧化碳浓度、矿物质营养等诸多环境因素影响,目前,关于桑树光合作用的基本特性以及光合速率对光强、温度、C02浓度等微气象因子的响应,各种逆境胁迫和人工栽培技术的实施对桑树光合特性的影响等研究较多,而矿质营养元素尤其是氮磷钾配合施用对桑树的光合生理报道较少。随着光合测定仪在我国的发展与应用,国内外学者就不同施肥处理对农作物光合特性的影响进行了深入广泛的研究。为此,本研究从光合生理入手,以探讨桑树叶片的光合特性及不同施肥处理对桑树光合作用的调控效应为目的,采用Li-6400xt型便携式光合测定系统,通过活体测定,以对夏伐式修剪、多年生试验桑园川826桑树品种为试验材料,研究氮磷钾肥及其施用量与桑树功能叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、净光合速率、叶片气孔导度、胞间C02浓度、蒸腾速率之间的关系。结果表明：随着桑树的生长发育,春季桑树叶片叶绿素含量(Chla+b)、叶片气孔导度(Cond)随着生育期的推进逐渐升高,秋季呈现出先升高后降低的变化趋势；净光合速率(Pn)在春秋两季均呈现出先升高后降低的变化趋势；叶面积指数(LAI)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)在春秋两季均呈现出逐渐升高的趋势。氮磷钾不同施肥水平对桑树光合指标具有显著影响,适宜氮、磷、钾施肥量可以提高桑树LAI、Chla+b、Pn、Cond、Tr,而缺少或过量施肥使其光合能力降低；不施肥处理桑树叶片Ci显著高于施肥处理。适宜的氮、磷、钾施用水平N2P2K2(N600kg.hm-2、P2O5210kg.hm-2、K2O300kg.hm-2)可保持桑树功能叶适宜的光合状态,并能保持较长的高光合持续期。本研究可为优质高产桑园建设提供理论依据。
3.氮磷钾对桑树叶片保护酶活性及膜脂过氧化的影响
植物逆境生理是研究植物在逆境条件下的生理生化变化及其机制,对植物产生重要影响的逆境主要有水分亏缺、低温、高温、盐碱、环境污染等理化逆境,病虫杂草等生物逆境,此外,矿质营养元素施用不当也会对作物造成养分胁迫。养分胁迫下植物体内活性氧代谢失调,细胞膜结构被破坏。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)等作为生物体内的一种保护酶,对于清除逆境下产生的有害自由基有一定的作用,丙二醛(MDA)是膜脂过氧化作用的主要产物,其含量高低反映了植物细胞膜脂过氧化程度。近年来,关于桑树施肥研究的较多,但关于肥料对叶片保护酶活性及膜脂过氧化作用研究的尚未见报道。为此,本文以桑树为研究材料,通过氮磷钾施肥配比对桑树功能叶片保护酶活性及膜脂过氧化作用进行系统研究,以揭示桑树叶片衰老机制,旨在获得四川丘陵地区最佳施肥方案,为提高桑叶品质和延长桑叶功能期提供理论依据。研究结果表明：春季随着桑树的生长发育,氮磷钾不同施肥处理桑叶中可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量均随之提高；秋季随着桑树的生长发育,氮磷钾不同施肥处理桑叶中可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、过氧化物酶活性均呈现先升后降的趋势,而丙二醛含量则呈现逐步升高的趋势；在整个生长期,同一施肥处理随着施肥量的增加,桑叶中可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、过氧化物酶活性均会显著提高,而丙二醛含量均会显著下降,且均在2水平(N2P2K2)时达到最佳。所以科学的氮磷钾配比及施入量N2P2K2：(N600kg/hm2、 P2O5210kg/hm2、K2O300kg/hm2)能显著提高桑叶中保护酶活性,降低膜脂过氧化程度,有效延缓桑叶衰老。
4.平衡施肥对桑树养分吸收与分配的影响
氮、磷、钾是植物生长发育长必不可少的肥料三要素,植株N、P、K养分含量、吸收量及其分配等营养特性是科学施肥的主要依据,多数研究表明,氮磷钾及其配合施用能明显促进农作物的生长发育,提高植株养分含量,增加其养分吸收和积累。施肥对桑树NPK含量及养分吸收量的影响研究较少,国内研究侧重于盆栽试验,田间试验较少,且施肥水平设计过少,很难得出精确的结论。为此,本文以夏伐式桑树为研究材料,以揭示氮磷钾对桑树养分吸收和分配规律为目的,通过田间试验,研究氮磷钾不同施肥处理对春秋两季桑树叶片、枝条、新梢等不同部位NPK含量、吸收量及其分配的影响,研究结果表明,从肥料种类来看,桑树不同部位养分含量及养分吸收量均为N>K>P,从养分分配来看,春季叶片>新梢>枝条,秋季叶片>枝条,全年养分分配叶片>枝条。施用不同数量的氮磷钾肥对春秋季桑叶、枝条、新梢N、P、K含量和养分吸收积累量、养分分配有明显影响,氮磷钾施肥处理2水平、3水平养分含量和吸收量显著高于1水平、0水平,合理增施氮磷钾肥有利于提高桑树各部位N、P、K含量和养分吸收量。
春季随氮肥施用量的增加,新梢和叶片生长旺盛,反而抑制了枝条的生长及氮的吸收,其含N量表现为N2>N3>N1>N0,由于氮肥对春季枝条干物质积累量的影响为N2>N1>NO>N3,因此,春季枝条氮的吸收量总体表现为N2>N1>N3>N0；春季新梢、秋季枝条及桑叶含氮量随着氮肥施用量的增加而升高,总体表现为N3>N2>N1>N0；在春季新梢和秋季枝条中干物质积累量也是随着氮肥施用量的增加而升高,因此其氮的吸收量也表现为N3>N2>N1>N0,而桑叶干物质积累量以2水平时最高(N2>N3>N1>NO),因此其氮的吸收量总体也表现为N2>N3>N1>N0。春季桑树枝条、新梢含P量及其吸收量均随着施磷量的增加而升高,表现为P3>P2>P1>P0,秋季夏伐后桑树枝条含P量及其吸收量随着施磷量的增加先升高后降低,表现为P2>P3>P1>P0；春、秋季桑叶中含P量和磷的吸收量分别表现为P2>P1>P3>P0、P1>P2>P3>P0,说明适量的磷有利于桑叶的生长,高浓度磷则抑制叶片的生长,减少干物质的积累,从而影响磷的吸收量。桑树含K量及其吸收量随着钾肥施用量的增加先升高后降低,以K2水平最高,表现为K2>K3>K1>K0,全年仅秋季叶片含K量随着钾肥施用量的增加而升高。
5.平衡施肥对桑叶品质及其活性成分含量的影响
课题组对四川丘陵蚕桑主产区桑园养分管理状况进行了系统的调查研究,结果表明：四川桑园立地条件差、土壤肥力低,另外肥料使用不科学,造成土壤营养元素缺乏和不平衡,氮、磷肥利用率低致使桑叶产量低、质量差,严重制约了四川蚕桑生产的发展。同时,国内外对桑树营养的研究重在不同肥料对桑叶产量、质量及蚕茧产量和质量等方面,而采用平衡施肥技术对桑叶质量,尤其是桑叶中黄酮类化合物、1-脱氧野尻霉素等生物活性成分的含量及其产量的影响迄今尚未见相关报道。现代医药学研究表明,桑树富含1-脱氧野尻霉素(1-deoxynojirimycin,DNJ)和黄酮类化合物(Flavonoid)等主要活性物质,具有降血糖、抗氧化、防衰老等多种保健和治疗功效。本文以夏伐式桑树为研究材料,以揭示氮磷钾对桑叶品质及主要活性成分形成规律为目的,采用“3414”平衡施肥方法,研究氮磷钾不同施肥处理对春秋两季桑叶桑叶中黄酮类化合物、1-脱氧野尻霉素、粗蛋白、可溶性糖的含量和产量的影响。研究结果表明,随着氮磷钾单一肥料施用量的增加,成熟桑叶中测定指标的含量均随之显著增加,但过量施用则会导致其含量没有显著变化或显著降低；通过进一步拟合桑叶的测定指标产量与氮磷钾的肥料效应方程,获得其最高产量和推荐施肥参数。黄酮类化合物、1-脱氧野尻霉素、粗蛋白、可溶性糖的最高产量和推荐施肥参数分别为：(147.90Kg/hm2;675.96Kg/hm2N、326.49Kg/hm2P2O5、462.90Kg/hm2K2O)、(13.55Kg/hm2;720.93Kg/hm2N、225.11Kg/hm2P2O5、323.63Kg/hm2K2O)、(1816.83Kg/hm2;718.46Kg/hm2N、220.11Kg/hm2P2O5、305.23Kg/hm2K2O)、(1042.65Kg/hm2;666.54Kg/hm2N、204.41Kg/hm2P2O5、243.18Kg/hm2K2O)。本实验可为四川地区大力发展的桑树综合开发及建立特定目标产物的高产优质桑园提供理论参考和指导。
6.四川丘陵地区桑树平衡施肥数学模型的建立
施肥模型是施肥技术的核心内容之一,其中肥料效应函数模型属于统计模型,能揭示多元肥料的相互作用,可以求算出理论上达到最高和最佳产量的最高和最佳施肥量以及可以评价肥料间的相互作用。“3414”肥料试验设计方案既吸收了回归最优设计处理少、效率高的优点,又符合肥料试验和施肥决策的专业要求。为此,本研究针对四川丘陵蚕桑主产区桑园养分管理过程中存在的问题,以提高单位面积桑园桑叶产量与生产效益,采用现代肥料二次回归“3414”设计方案,分别以桑叶产量为目标函数,选取对桑树生长发育影响较大的肥料元素氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)的施肥水平为调控因子,模拟桑树产叶量与N、P、K之间的回归关系。结果表明,氮磷钾对桑叶产量性状的贡献为P>K>N,由此说明磷肥是桑树生产上需要重点控制的因子,且氮磷钾双因子之间均有交互作用,其交互效应表现为PK>NP>NK。通过模拟寻优,分别得到氮、磷、钾的三元二次、二元二次、一元二次共3种7类N、P、K肥料效应函数,各类型函数获得最佳桑树产叶量的肥料因素权重表现为K>PK>P>NPK>NK>N>NP,最佳产投比的肥料因素权重表现为K>PK>NPK>P>NK>NP>N。其中三元二次肥料效应函数(Y=20313+0.25X1+43.48X2+34.47X3-0.01X12-0.14X2-0.06X32+0.05X1X2+0.02X1X3-0.07X2X3,其中X1、X2、X3分别为N、P、K肥料因子)为全因子模型,可作为桑园的推荐施肥方案。单因素效应分析显示K肥对桑树产叶量及产投比的影响最大,因而在所有模拟的函数中K肥因子的一元二次肥料效应方程(Y=25002.27+44.728X3-0.084X32)获得的最佳产量和产投比最高,用(N600kg/hm2、P2O5210kg/hm2、K2O254.33kg/hm2)的最佳施肥方案,获得的桑树的最佳经济产叶量达到30945.00kg/hm2,投入的肥料价值为4403.65元/hm2,产投比高达17.57。该最佳施肥方案通过生产实践验证后,可为四川丘陵蚕区高产桑园建设提供参考。
The silk industry is the traditional industry of China with5,000years of history. The silk industry in China, which is competitive industry and in a monopolistic position in the international market, has made a significant contribution to national economic development and export. Mulberry is an important material basis of the silk industry, the level of mulberry leaf yield per unit area of and its quality directly affects the growth and development of the silkworm and the production and quality of cocoons and silkworm eggs, thereby affecting the economic benefits of the sericulture industry as a whole. Mulberry is a perennial economic forest tree species with high ecological value. Furthermore, the mulberry with high nutritional value, good palatability, no feeding obstacle, high digestion rate, in addition to feed silkworm, is currently of the most potential for development among the woody forage plants; and it can be developed as a high-quality livestock feedstuff. Mulberry leaves are rich in1-DNJ, flavone and other natural active ingredients, which have significant effect on lowering blood sugar, anti-oxidation and anti-age. Therefore, the mulberry is also of great potential in the fields of both food and medicine. The yield per unit area, quality and the level of active ingredient content of mulberry leaves and branches are not only related to varieties of mulberry, pruning and irrigation, but also closely related to the mulberry nutrient management and the mulberry nutritional characteristics.
According to fertilization problems in the main producing areas of hilly sericulture in Sichuan Province, the modern fertilizers quadratic regression "3414" experimental design was used to conduct field trials in this study. The effects of N, P and K on mulberry in the aspects of growth and development, dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic characteristics, protective enzyme activities, membrane lipid peroxidation, utilization and distribution of nutrient uptake, leaf quality and content of active ingredients were studied in this paper. The results revealed the laws of growth and development, nutrient uptake and distribution, quality formation and yield formation. The fertilization parameters of mulberry were also systematically studied to build and efficient and high quality fertilization, which provide a scientific basis for the rational fertilization of the local mulberry. The main results in this study were listed below:
1. The effect of N, P and K on the growth and dry matter accumulation of mulberry
To promote mulberry growth and development and improve the unit area of mulberry leaf yield of dry matter accumulation, the modern fertilizers quadratic regression "3414" experiment design was conducted in the summer cutting pruning, perennial test mulberry to study the effects of N, P and K treatments on the growth and development indicators of mulberry in different growth stages of leaves, twigs, shoots and leaf yield per plant, etc. The results shew that with the growth and development process moving forward mulberry main indicators of growth and development was gradually increased, and vigorous early growth and development with a decrease at the late stage; the right amount of NPK fertilizer can promote the growth and development of mulberry, while inadequate or excessive fertilization is not conducive to the mulberry normal growth and development. Spring and autumn per plant leaf yield survey analysis shows that the per plant leaf yield throughout the year in autumn was significantly higher than that in the spring; with the increase of NPK fertilizer application rate, leaf yield per plant gradually increased, and each reached maximum at the levels of two, and additions of fertilizer decreased leaf yield per plant. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on plant leaf yield performed of N2>N3>N1>N0, phosphorus and potassium on the plant leaf yield performance of the P2>P1>P3>P0and K2>K1>K3>K0respectively.
Spring and autumn dry matter accumulation analysis shew that the dry matter accumulation performance of leaves>twigs> shoots, and autumn>spring in the twig leaves, while spring>autumn in the twigs; Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter accumulation performed of N2>N3>N1>NO in leaves, N3>N2>N1>NO in the spring shoots; N2>N1>N0>N3>、N3>N2>N1>N0in the autumn and spring twigs; phosphorus fertilizer on dry matter accumulation performance of P2>P1>P3>P0in leaves, P2=P3>P1>P0in spring shoots and P2>P3>P1>P0, P3>P2>P1>P0in spring and autumn twigs respectively; potassium fertilizer on dry matter accumulation performance of K2>K1>K3>K0, K3>K1>K0>K2in spring shoots, and K3>K2>K1>K0, K2>K1>K3>K0in spring and autumn twigs respectively.
By building an effect equation of fertilization with hectares of mulberry dry matter accumulation as a function and fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer levels as the factors, mulberry leaf dry matter accumulation, the shoot dry matter accumulation and branches dry matter accumulation and fertilization in the amount of fertilizer effect equation P value<0.05, equation fitted successfully. The results suggested that the recommended fertilization amount was694.36Kg/hm2N、198.15Kg/hm2P2O5、274.26Kg/hm2K2O, the maximum amount was8045.04Kg/hm2based on the leaves dry matter accumulation; the recommended fertilization amount was1000.05Kg/hm2N、242.04Kg/hm2P2O5、218.01Kg/hm2K2O, the maximum amount was5969.05Kg/hm2based on the twigs dry matter accumulation; the recommended fertilization amount was883.76Kg/hm2N、204.48Kg/hm2P2O5、426.59Kg/hm2K2O, the maximum amount was1410.24Kg/hm2based on the spring shoots dry matter accumulation. After proved by production practice, the best fertilization program will provide a reference for the construction of high quality mulberry of hilly silkworm in Sichuan Province.
2. Effect of N, P, K on the photosynthetic characteristics of mulberry
Photosynthesis is one of the important physiological processes in mulberry; more than90%of dry matter of mulberry trees is from the photosynthesis in mulberry leaf; and the strength of photosynthesis directly affect the yield and quality of mulberry leaves. Photosynthesis is affected not only by the genetic characteristics of the crop itself, but also by many environmental factors including humidity, temperature, light intensity, concentration of carbon dioxide, minerals, nutrition, etc. At present, many studies have focused on the basic characteristics of mulberry photosynthesis and the response of photosynthetic rate to light intensity, temperature, CO2concentration and micro-meteorological factors, the effect of stress and the implementation of the artificial cultivation techniques on mulberry photosynthetic characteristics. However, few studies on the effect of mineral nutrient elements, especially N, P and K with the application on the photosynthetic physiology of the mulberry have been reported. With the development and application of the photosynthetic detector in China, domestic and foreign scholars have on in-depth and extensively researched the impact of the different fertilization treatments on crop photosynthetic characteristics. Therefore, in this study, starting from the photosynthetic physiology, to explore the mulberry leaf photosynthetic characteristics and the effect of different fertilization treatments on the regulation of photosynthesis of mulberry, using Li-6400xt portable photosynthesis system, through the in vivo determination, using summer cutting pruning, perennial test Mulberry Sichuan826mulberry varieties as test materials, the relationship between the NPK fertilizer application and the mulberry function leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area index, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2concentration, transpiration rate was studied. The results shew that with the growth and development of mulberry, spring mulberry leaf chlorophyll content (Chla+b), stomatal conductance (Cond) gradually increased with the advancement of the growth period, showing a trend of first increase then decrease in autumn; net photosynthetic rate (Pn) show a trend of first increase then decrease in both spring and autumn; leaf area index (LAI), intercellular CO2concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr) show a trend of gradually increase in both spring and autumn. Different N, P, K fertilizer levels had a significant impact on mulberry photosynthetic indicators; appropriate N, P, and K fertilization amount can improve the LAI, of Chla+b and Pn, Cond, Tr of mulberry tree, while lack or excess fertilization reduce its photosynthetic capacity; the Ci of mulberry leaves without fertilizer was significantly higher than that of fertilization tree. Appropriate N, P and K application level N2P2K2(N600kg.hm-2、P2O5210kg.hm-2、 K2O300kg.hm-2) can keep the mulberry function leaves suitable for photosynthetic state, and keep a long period of high photosynthetic rate. This study can provide a theoretical basis for high-quality and high-yield mulberry fields construction.
3. Effects of N, P and K on the mulberry leaf protective enzyme activities and membrane lipid peroxidation
Plant Stress Physiology is to study the physiological and biochemical changes and mechanisms of plants under stress conditions. The main adversities with important impacts on plant include Water deficit, low temperature, high temperature, salinity, environmental pollution and other physical and chemical adversities. In addition, the mineral nutrient elements applied improperly will cause nutrient stress on crop. Nutrient stress causes reactive oxygen metabolic disorders, cell membrane structure destroyed in plants. As the protective enzymes in organisms, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) play a certain role in removing harmful free radicals generated under stress condition. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a plasma membrane oxidation product, and the level of its content reflects the plasma membrane peroxidation degree. In recent years, many studies have been reported on mulberry fertilization; however, no study has been reported on effects of the fertilizer on protective enzyme activities and membrane lipid peroxidation. Therefore, in this paper, using mulberry as materials, the effects of N, P, K fertilizer ration on the protective enzyme activities and membrane lipid peroxidation of the functional leaf of mulberry were systematically studied to reveal the mechanism of mulberry leaf senescence and provide a theoretical basis for improving the quality of mulberry leaves, and extending the functional period of mulberry leaf. The results show that with the growth and development of mulberry in spring, soluble protein content, superoxide dismutase, catalase activity, peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde content increased in mulberry with different treatments; with the growth and development of mulberry in autumn, soluble protein content, superoxide dismutase, catalase activity and peroxidase activity firstly increased and decreased later in mulberry with different treatments, while malondialdehyde content gradually increased; throughout the growing period, with the increase of fertilization amount in the same treatment, soluble protein content, superoxide dismutase, catalase activity and peroxidase activity all significantly increased, while malondialdehyde content significantly decreased, each reach the best point at level2(N2P2K2). Therefore, scientific N, P, K ratio and application amount (N2P2K2:600kg/hm2N、210kg/hm2P2O5,300kg/hm2K2O) can significantly improve the mulberry leaves in the activities of protective enzymes, reduce membrane lipid peroxidation and effectively delay the mulberry leaf senescence.
4. The impact of balanced fertilization on the mulberry nutrient uptake and distribution
N, P and K are the three fertilising elements essential for plant growth and development, N, P and K nutrient content, the absorbing amount and their distribution and other nutritional characters of plants are the basis for scientific fertilization. Most researches show that N, P, K and its combined application can significantly promote the growth and development of crops, improve the nutrient content in plant and increase their nutrient uptake and accumulation. Few studies on the effects of fertilization on the N, P and K contents and nutrient uptake amount of mulberry have been reported. Studies in China have focused on the pot experiments, while field test is rare. Furthermore, the previously reports did not have enough fertilization level design; therefore, it was difficult to draw accurate conclusions. In this paper, the summer cutting mulberry trees were used as research materials to explore the law the effects of N, P and K on the mulberry nutrient absorption and distribution. Through field trials, the effects of different fertilization treatments of N, P and K on the N, P and K contents and absorbing amount and distribution in the different parts of mulberry trees such as leaves, branches, shoots, etc, in spring and autumn were studied. The results show that, in the aspect of the fertilizer types, the absorbing amount in different parts performs the same as N>K>P; in the aspect of nutrition distribution, spring leaves>shoots> branches, autumn leaves> branches, leaves> branches although the year. Different amount of N, P and K significantly affected the N, P and K contents and the absorption and distribution of nutrition of mulberry leaves, branches and shoots in spring and autumn; the nutrient content and absorption at level2and3of N, P and K fertilization were significantly higher than those of level1and level0. Properly increase in N, P and K fertilizer application will increase the N, P and K contents and nutrition absorption in each part of the mulberry trees.
In spring, with the increase of N application, shoots and leaves grew vigorously, which inhibited the growth and N absorption of branches, the N contents in branches performed as N2>N3>N1>N0. As the effect of N fertilizer on spring branches'dry matter accumulation was N2>N1>NO>N3, the spring branches' N absorption performed as N2>N1>N3>N0; with the increase in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen content of spring shoots, autumn branches and mulberry leaf increased, and overall performance as N3>N2>N1>N0; dry matter accumulation in spring shoots and autumn branches increased with the increase in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, and nitrogen uptake also shew N3>N2>N1>N0; Mulberry leaf dry matter accumulation was maximum (N2>N3>N1>N0) at levels2, therefore its nitrogen uptake of the overall performance of N2>N3>N1>N0. The content and absorption amount of P in spring mulberry branches, the shoot content increased with the increase of phosphate fertilization and its performance of P3>P2>P1>P0; The P content and absorption of Pin the summer cutting mulberry branches in autumn firstly increased and decreased later with the increase of P fertilization with the performance of P2>P3>P1> P0; the P content and absorption of mulberry leaves in spring and autumn performaned as P2>P1>P3>P0and P1>P2>P3>P0respectively, which indicated that proper amount of P fertilizer improved the growth of mulberry leaves, while excess P fertilizer inhibited the growth of mulberry leaves, reducing the accumulation of dry matter and subsequently affecting the absorption of P. The K content and absorption amount in mulberry trees firstly increased and decreased later with the increase of K fertilization, and reached maximum at K2level, with the performance of K2>K3>K1>K0. All through the year, the K content in mulberry leaves increased with the increase of K fertilization only in spring.
5. Effects of balanced fertilization on mulberry leaf quality and its active ingredient content
We have systematically investigated the nutrient management conditions of mulberry in the Sichuan hills sericulture main producing areas. The results shew that the site conditions of Sichuan mulberry were poor, and its soil fertility was low. The unscientific usage of fertilizer resulted in soil nutrient deficiency and unbalanced. The inefficient usage of N and P fertilizer resulted in the low yield and quality of mulberry leaves, which severely inhibited the development of sericulture production in Sichuan Province. Previous studies mainly focused on the effects of different fertilizers on the leave yield and quality, cocoon yield and quality. However, no study on the mulberry leaves quality, especially the yield of mulberry leaves and its contents of flavonoids and1-deoxynojirimycin and other biologically active components using balance fertilization techniques has been reported. The results of modern medical research show that the mulberry leaves are rich in1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) and flavonoid and other active compounds, presenting hypoglycemic, anti-oxidation, anti-aging and other health and therapeutic efficacy. In this paper, summer cutting mulberry trees were used as research materials to explore the law of effects of N, P and K on the quality of mulberry trees and the formation of main active compounds. The effects of different N, P, K fertilization treatments on the contents and yield of flavonoids,1-deoxynojirimycin, crude protein and soluble sugar in spring and autumn mulberry leaves were studied using the "3414" balance fertilization method. The results shew thatthe contents of determination indicators significantly increased with the increase of single N, P, K fertilizers application, while excess application resulted in no significantly variation or significantly decrease of the contents. By further fitting the determination indicators production in mulberry leaves and N, P, K fertilizers response equations, the highest yield and related recommended fertilization parameters were obtained. The highest yield and recommended fertilization parameters of flavonoids,1-deoxynojirimycin, crude protein, soluble sugar were (147.90Kg/hm2;675.96Kg/hm2N,326.49Kg/hm2 P2O5,462.90Kg/hm2K2O),(13.55Kg/hm2;720.93Kg/hm2N,225.11Kg/hm2P2O5,323.63Kg/hm2K2O),(1816.83Kg/hm2;718.46Kg/hm2N,220.11Kg/hm2P2O5,305.23Kg/hm2K2O),(1042.65Kg/hm2;666.54Kg/hm2N,204.41Kg/hm2P2O5,243.18Kg/hm2K2O) respectively. This experiment may provide a theoretical reference and guidance for the Sichuan region of great efforts to develop the comprehensive development of mulberry and the establishment of high quality and yield mulberries with specific target products.
6. The establishment of mathematical models of hilly region mulberry balanced fertilization in Sichuan Province
Fertilization model is one of the core content of the fertilizer technology. Fertilizer response function model is a statistical model, which can reveal the interaction of diverse fertilizers and theoretically calculate the highest and best fertilization amount when reaching the highest and best yield and evaluate the interaction between the fertilizers."3414" fertilizer trial design is one of the best quadratic regression D-optimal designs. The "3414" design program not only has the regress optimal design's advantages of less process and high efficiency, but also meets the professional requirements of the fertilizer test and fertilization decisions. In this study, according to the problem exists in the hilly the sericulture main producing areas of Mulberry nutrient management process in Sichuan Province, to increase leaf yield and production efficiency per unit area of mulberry, using the modern fertilizers quadratic regression "3414" design program, the regress relationships between mulberry leaves and N, P, K were simulated with the leaf yield as the objective function and selecting the fertilization level of fertilizer elements N, P, K as regulatory factors. Through trial studies,3kinds of7varieties N, P, K fertilizer response functions were obtained. The fertilizer factors weights of various types of function to obtain the best mulberry leaf yield performed as K>PK>P>NPK>NK>N>NP, and the best of output to input ratio fertilizer factor weights expressed as K>PK>NPK>P>NK>NP>N. Of the three kinds of functions, the ternary quadratic fertilizer effect function (Y=20313+0.25X1+43.48X2+34.47X3-0.01X12-0.14X22-0.06X32+0.05X1X2+0.02X1X3-0.07X2X3, X1、X2、X3are N, P, K fertilizers effect factors) was full-factor model, which could be used as recommending fertilization program of mulberry. The effect of single factor analysis showed that the K fertilizer presented the greatest impact on the production of mulberry leaf yield. Therefore, in all simulation functions, quadratic fertilization effect equation of K fertilizer factor (Y=25002.27+44.728X3-0.084X32) obtained the highest ratio of best yield to input. The usage of the optimal fertilization of600kg/hm2N,210kg/hm2P2O5,254.33kg/hm2K2O can obtain the best economy of mulberry leaf yield of30945.00kg/hm2with the fertilization input of4403.65Yuan/hm2; and the ratio of production to input reached to17.57. After proved by production practice, the best fertilization program may provide a reference for the construction of high-yield mulberry fields of the hilly sericulture area in Sichuan Province.
本文针对四川丘陵蚕桑主产区桑树施肥中存在的问题,采用现代肥料二次回归"3414”试验设计,通过田间试验,主要研究了氮磷钾对桑树生长发育及干物质积累、桑树光合特性、桑树保护酶活性及膜脂过氧化作用、养分吸收利用与分配、桑叶质量及活性成分含量的影响,揭示其生长发育规律、养分吸收与分配规律、品质形成规律、产量形成规律,对桑树施肥参数进行系统研究,构建桑树优质高效施肥模型,为本地区桑树的合理施肥提供科学依据。获得的主要结果如下：
1.氮磷钾对桑树生长发育及其干物质积累的影响
本研究以加促进桑树生长发育,提高单位面积桑园桑叶产量及其干物质积累量为目的,对夏伐式修剪、多年生试验桑园采用现代肥料二次回归“3414”试验设计方案,研究氮磷钾不同施肥处理对桑树不同生育期叶片、枝条、新梢、单株产叶量等生长发育指标及春秋两季干物质积累量的影响。试验结果表明,随着生长发育进程的推进,桑树主要生长发育指标呈逐渐增大的趋势,且前期生长发育旺盛、后期生长发育减慢,适量的氮磷钾肥能促进桑树的生长发育,肥料施用不足或过量施肥并不利于桑树正常的生长发育。春秋两季单株产叶量调查分析表明,全年单株产叶量秋季明显高于春季,随着氮磷钾肥施用量的增加,单株产叶量逐渐增加,且均在2水平时达到最大值,再增施肥料,单株产叶量反而降低,氮肥对单株产叶量的影响表现为N2>N3>N1>N0,磷肥和钾肥对单株产叶量的影响均表现为P2>P1>P3>P0、K2>K1>K3>K0。
春秋两季干物质积累量分析表明,干物质积累量叶片>枝条>新梢,叶片中干物质积累量秋季>春季,枝条中干物质积累量春季>秋季；氮肥对桑叶干物质积累量的影响为N2>N3>N1>N0,对春季新梢干物质积累量的影响表现为N3>N2>N1>N0,对春季、秋季枝条干物质积累量的影响表现为N2>N1>NO>N3、N3>N2>N1>N0；磷肥对桑叶干物质积累量的影响表现为P2>P1>P3>P0,对春季新梢干物质积累量的影响表现为P2=P3>P1>P0,对春季、秋季枝条干物质积累量的影响表现为P2>P3>P1>P0、P3>P2>P1>P0；钾肥对桑叶干物质积累量的影响表现为K2>K1>K3>K0,对春季新梢干物质积累量的影响表现为K3>K1>K0>K2,对春季、秋季枝条干物质积累量的影响表现为K3>K2>K1>K0、K2>K1>K3>K0。
通过建立以公顷桑干物质积累量为函数,氮、磷、钾施肥量为因子的肥料效应方程,桑叶干物质积累量、新梢干物质积累量、枝条干物质积累量与施肥量的肥料效应方程的P值<0.05,方程拟合成功,分别获得桑叶干物质积累量推荐施肥量为694.36Kg/hm2N、198.15Kg/hm2P2O5、274.26Kg/hm2K2O,最大值为8045.04Kg/hm2;枝条干物质积累量推荐施肥量为1000.05Kg/hm2N、242.04Kg/hm2P2O5、218.01Kg/hm2K2O,最大值为5969.05Kg/hm2;春季新稍干物质积累量的推荐施肥量为883.76Kg/hm2N、204.48Kg/hm2P2O5、426.59Kg/hm2K2O,最大值1410.24Kg/hm2。该最佳施肥方案通过生产实践验证后,可为四川丘陵蚕区优质桑园建设提供参考。
2.氮磷钾对桑树光合特性的影响
光合作用是桑树重要的生理过程之一,桑树干物质90%以上来源于桑叶的光合作用,光合作用的强弱直接影响到桑叶的产量和质量。光合作用除了受作物本身的遗传特性影响外,还受包括湿度、温度、光照强度、二氧化碳浓度、矿物质营养等诸多环境因素影响,目前,关于桑树光合作用的基本特性以及光合速率对光强、温度、C02浓度等微气象因子的响应,各种逆境胁迫和人工栽培技术的实施对桑树光合特性的影响等研究较多,而矿质营养元素尤其是氮磷钾配合施用对桑树的光合生理报道较少。随着光合测定仪在我国的发展与应用,国内外学者就不同施肥处理对农作物光合特性的影响进行了深入广泛的研究。为此,本研究从光合生理入手,以探讨桑树叶片的光合特性及不同施肥处理对桑树光合作用的调控效应为目的,采用Li-6400xt型便携式光合测定系统,通过活体测定,以对夏伐式修剪、多年生试验桑园川826桑树品种为试验材料,研究氮磷钾肥及其施用量与桑树功能叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、净光合速率、叶片气孔导度、胞间C02浓度、蒸腾速率之间的关系。结果表明：随着桑树的生长发育,春季桑树叶片叶绿素含量(Chla+b)、叶片气孔导度(Cond)随着生育期的推进逐渐升高,秋季呈现出先升高后降低的变化趋势；净光合速率(Pn)在春秋两季均呈现出先升高后降低的变化趋势；叶面积指数(LAI)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)在春秋两季均呈现出逐渐升高的趋势。氮磷钾不同施肥水平对桑树光合指标具有显著影响,适宜氮、磷、钾施肥量可以提高桑树LAI、Chla+b、Pn、Cond、Tr,而缺少或过量施肥使其光合能力降低；不施肥处理桑树叶片Ci显著高于施肥处理。适宜的氮、磷、钾施用水平N2P2K2(N600kg.hm-2、P2O5210kg.hm-2、K2O300kg.hm-2)可保持桑树功能叶适宜的光合状态,并能保持较长的高光合持续期。本研究可为优质高产桑园建设提供理论依据。
3.氮磷钾对桑树叶片保护酶活性及膜脂过氧化的影响
植物逆境生理是研究植物在逆境条件下的生理生化变化及其机制,对植物产生重要影响的逆境主要有水分亏缺、低温、高温、盐碱、环境污染等理化逆境,病虫杂草等生物逆境,此外,矿质营养元素施用不当也会对作物造成养分胁迫。养分胁迫下植物体内活性氧代谢失调,细胞膜结构被破坏。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)等作为生物体内的一种保护酶,对于清除逆境下产生的有害自由基有一定的作用,丙二醛(MDA)是膜脂过氧化作用的主要产物,其含量高低反映了植物细胞膜脂过氧化程度。近年来,关于桑树施肥研究的较多,但关于肥料对叶片保护酶活性及膜脂过氧化作用研究的尚未见报道。为此,本文以桑树为研究材料,通过氮磷钾施肥配比对桑树功能叶片保护酶活性及膜脂过氧化作用进行系统研究,以揭示桑树叶片衰老机制,旨在获得四川丘陵地区最佳施肥方案,为提高桑叶品质和延长桑叶功能期提供理论依据。研究结果表明：春季随着桑树的生长发育,氮磷钾不同施肥处理桑叶中可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量均随之提高；秋季随着桑树的生长发育,氮磷钾不同施肥处理桑叶中可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、过氧化物酶活性均呈现先升后降的趋势,而丙二醛含量则呈现逐步升高的趋势；在整个生长期,同一施肥处理随着施肥量的增加,桑叶中可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、过氧化物酶活性均会显著提高,而丙二醛含量均会显著下降,且均在2水平(N2P2K2)时达到最佳。所以科学的氮磷钾配比及施入量N2P2K2：(N600kg/hm2、 P2O5210kg/hm2、K2O300kg/hm2)能显著提高桑叶中保护酶活性,降低膜脂过氧化程度,有效延缓桑叶衰老。
4.平衡施肥对桑树养分吸收与分配的影响
氮、磷、钾是植物生长发育长必不可少的肥料三要素,植株N、P、K养分含量、吸收量及其分配等营养特性是科学施肥的主要依据,多数研究表明,氮磷钾及其配合施用能明显促进农作物的生长发育,提高植株养分含量,增加其养分吸收和积累。施肥对桑树NPK含量及养分吸收量的影响研究较少,国内研究侧重于盆栽试验,田间试验较少,且施肥水平设计过少,很难得出精确的结论。为此,本文以夏伐式桑树为研究材料,以揭示氮磷钾对桑树养分吸收和分配规律为目的,通过田间试验,研究氮磷钾不同施肥处理对春秋两季桑树叶片、枝条、新梢等不同部位NPK含量、吸收量及其分配的影响,研究结果表明,从肥料种类来看,桑树不同部位养分含量及养分吸收量均为N>K>P,从养分分配来看,春季叶片>新梢>枝条,秋季叶片>枝条,全年养分分配叶片>枝条。施用不同数量的氮磷钾肥对春秋季桑叶、枝条、新梢N、P、K含量和养分吸收积累量、养分分配有明显影响,氮磷钾施肥处理2水平、3水平养分含量和吸收量显著高于1水平、0水平,合理增施氮磷钾肥有利于提高桑树各部位N、P、K含量和养分吸收量。
春季随氮肥施用量的增加,新梢和叶片生长旺盛,反而抑制了枝条的生长及氮的吸收,其含N量表现为N2>N3>N1>N0,由于氮肥对春季枝条干物质积累量的影响为N2>N1>NO>N3,因此,春季枝条氮的吸收量总体表现为N2>N1>N3>N0；春季新梢、秋季枝条及桑叶含氮量随着氮肥施用量的增加而升高,总体表现为N3>N2>N1>N0；在春季新梢和秋季枝条中干物质积累量也是随着氮肥施用量的增加而升高,因此其氮的吸收量也表现为N3>N2>N1>N0,而桑叶干物质积累量以2水平时最高(N2>N3>N1>NO),因此其氮的吸收量总体也表现为N2>N3>N1>N0。春季桑树枝条、新梢含P量及其吸收量均随着施磷量的增加而升高,表现为P3>P2>P1>P0,秋季夏伐后桑树枝条含P量及其吸收量随着施磷量的增加先升高后降低,表现为P2>P3>P1>P0；春、秋季桑叶中含P量和磷的吸收量分别表现为P2>P1>P3>P0、P1>P2>P3>P0,说明适量的磷有利于桑叶的生长,高浓度磷则抑制叶片的生长,减少干物质的积累,从而影响磷的吸收量。桑树含K量及其吸收量随着钾肥施用量的增加先升高后降低,以K2水平最高,表现为K2>K3>K1>K0,全年仅秋季叶片含K量随着钾肥施用量的增加而升高。
5.平衡施肥对桑叶品质及其活性成分含量的影响
课题组对四川丘陵蚕桑主产区桑园养分管理状况进行了系统的调查研究,结果表明：四川桑园立地条件差、土壤肥力低,另外肥料使用不科学,造成土壤营养元素缺乏和不平衡,氮、磷肥利用率低致使桑叶产量低、质量差,严重制约了四川蚕桑生产的发展。同时,国内外对桑树营养的研究重在不同肥料对桑叶产量、质量及蚕茧产量和质量等方面,而采用平衡施肥技术对桑叶质量,尤其是桑叶中黄酮类化合物、1-脱氧野尻霉素等生物活性成分的含量及其产量的影响迄今尚未见相关报道。现代医药学研究表明,桑树富含1-脱氧野尻霉素(1-deoxynojirimycin,DNJ)和黄酮类化合物(Flavonoid)等主要活性物质,具有降血糖、抗氧化、防衰老等多种保健和治疗功效。本文以夏伐式桑树为研究材料,以揭示氮磷钾对桑叶品质及主要活性成分形成规律为目的,采用“3414”平衡施肥方法,研究氮磷钾不同施肥处理对春秋两季桑叶桑叶中黄酮类化合物、1-脱氧野尻霉素、粗蛋白、可溶性糖的含量和产量的影响。研究结果表明,随着氮磷钾单一肥料施用量的增加,成熟桑叶中测定指标的含量均随之显著增加,但过量施用则会导致其含量没有显著变化或显著降低；通过进一步拟合桑叶的测定指标产量与氮磷钾的肥料效应方程,获得其最高产量和推荐施肥参数。黄酮类化合物、1-脱氧野尻霉素、粗蛋白、可溶性糖的最高产量和推荐施肥参数分别为：(147.90Kg/hm2;675.96Kg/hm2N、326.49Kg/hm2P2O5、462.90Kg/hm2K2O)、(13.55Kg/hm2;720.93Kg/hm2N、225.11Kg/hm2P2O5、323.63Kg/hm2K2O)、(1816.83Kg/hm2;718.46Kg/hm2N、220.11Kg/hm2P2O5、305.23Kg/hm2K2O)、(1042.65Kg/hm2;666.54Kg/hm2N、204.41Kg/hm2P2O5、243.18Kg/hm2K2O)。本实验可为四川地区大力发展的桑树综合开发及建立特定目标产物的高产优质桑园提供理论参考和指导。
6.四川丘陵地区桑树平衡施肥数学模型的建立
施肥模型是施肥技术的核心内容之一,其中肥料效应函数模型属于统计模型,能揭示多元肥料的相互作用,可以求算出理论上达到最高和最佳产量的最高和最佳施肥量以及可以评价肥料间的相互作用。“3414”肥料试验设计方案既吸收了回归最优设计处理少、效率高的优点,又符合肥料试验和施肥决策的专业要求。为此,本研究针对四川丘陵蚕桑主产区桑园养分管理过程中存在的问题,以提高单位面积桑园桑叶产量与生产效益,采用现代肥料二次回归“3414”设计方案,分别以桑叶产量为目标函数,选取对桑树生长发育影响较大的肥料元素氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)的施肥水平为调控因子,模拟桑树产叶量与N、P、K之间的回归关系。结果表明,氮磷钾对桑叶产量性状的贡献为P>K>N,由此说明磷肥是桑树生产上需要重点控制的因子,且氮磷钾双因子之间均有交互作用,其交互效应表现为PK>NP>NK。通过模拟寻优,分别得到氮、磷、钾的三元二次、二元二次、一元二次共3种7类N、P、K肥料效应函数,各类型函数获得最佳桑树产叶量的肥料因素权重表现为K>PK>P>NPK>NK>N>NP,最佳产投比的肥料因素权重表现为K>PK>NPK>P>NK>NP>N。其中三元二次肥料效应函数(Y=20313+0.25X1+43.48X2+34.47X3-0.01X12-0.14X2-0.06X32+0.05X1X2+0.02X1X3-0.07X2X3,其中X1、X2、X3分别为N、P、K肥料因子)为全因子模型,可作为桑园的推荐施肥方案。单因素效应分析显示K肥对桑树产叶量及产投比的影响最大,因而在所有模拟的函数中K肥因子的一元二次肥料效应方程(Y=25002.27+44.728X3-0.084X32)获得的最佳产量和产投比最高,用(N600kg/hm2、P2O5210kg/hm2、K2O254.33kg/hm2)的最佳施肥方案,获得的桑树的最佳经济产叶量达到30945.00kg/hm2,投入的肥料价值为4403.65元/hm2,产投比高达17.57。该最佳施肥方案通过生产实践验证后,可为四川丘陵蚕区高产桑园建设提供参考。
The silk industry is the traditional industry of China with5,000years of history. The silk industry in China, which is competitive industry and in a monopolistic position in the international market, has made a significant contribution to national economic development and export. Mulberry is an important material basis of the silk industry, the level of mulberry leaf yield per unit area of and its quality directly affects the growth and development of the silkworm and the production and quality of cocoons and silkworm eggs, thereby affecting the economic benefits of the sericulture industry as a whole. Mulberry is a perennial economic forest tree species with high ecological value. Furthermore, the mulberry with high nutritional value, good palatability, no feeding obstacle, high digestion rate, in addition to feed silkworm, is currently of the most potential for development among the woody forage plants; and it can be developed as a high-quality livestock feedstuff. Mulberry leaves are rich in1-DNJ, flavone and other natural active ingredients, which have significant effect on lowering blood sugar, anti-oxidation and anti-age. Therefore, the mulberry is also of great potential in the fields of both food and medicine. The yield per unit area, quality and the level of active ingredient content of mulberry leaves and branches are not only related to varieties of mulberry, pruning and irrigation, but also closely related to the mulberry nutrient management and the mulberry nutritional characteristics.
According to fertilization problems in the main producing areas of hilly sericulture in Sichuan Province, the modern fertilizers quadratic regression "3414" experimental design was used to conduct field trials in this study. The effects of N, P and K on mulberry in the aspects of growth and development, dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic characteristics, protective enzyme activities, membrane lipid peroxidation, utilization and distribution of nutrient uptake, leaf quality and content of active ingredients were studied in this paper. The results revealed the laws of growth and development, nutrient uptake and distribution, quality formation and yield formation. The fertilization parameters of mulberry were also systematically studied to build and efficient and high quality fertilization, which provide a scientific basis for the rational fertilization of the local mulberry. The main results in this study were listed below:
1. The effect of N, P and K on the growth and dry matter accumulation of mulberry
To promote mulberry growth and development and improve the unit area of mulberry leaf yield of dry matter accumulation, the modern fertilizers quadratic regression "3414" experiment design was conducted in the summer cutting pruning, perennial test mulberry to study the effects of N, P and K treatments on the growth and development indicators of mulberry in different growth stages of leaves, twigs, shoots and leaf yield per plant, etc. The results shew that with the growth and development process moving forward mulberry main indicators of growth and development was gradually increased, and vigorous early growth and development with a decrease at the late stage; the right amount of NPK fertilizer can promote the growth and development of mulberry, while inadequate or excessive fertilization is not conducive to the mulberry normal growth and development. Spring and autumn per plant leaf yield survey analysis shows that the per plant leaf yield throughout the year in autumn was significantly higher than that in the spring; with the increase of NPK fertilizer application rate, leaf yield per plant gradually increased, and each reached maximum at the levels of two, and additions of fertilizer decreased leaf yield per plant. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on plant leaf yield performed of N2>N3>N1>N0, phosphorus and potassium on the plant leaf yield performance of the P2>P1>P3>P0and K2>K1>K3>K0respectively.
Spring and autumn dry matter accumulation analysis shew that the dry matter accumulation performance of leaves>twigs> shoots, and autumn>spring in the twig leaves, while spring>autumn in the twigs; Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter accumulation performed of N2>N3>N1>NO in leaves, N3>N2>N1>NO in the spring shoots; N2>N1>N0>N3>、N3>N2>N1>N0in the autumn and spring twigs; phosphorus fertilizer on dry matter accumulation performance of P2>P1>P3>P0in leaves, P2=P3>P1>P0in spring shoots and P2>P3>P1>P0, P3>P2>P1>P0in spring and autumn twigs respectively; potassium fertilizer on dry matter accumulation performance of K2>K1>K3>K0, K3>K1>K0>K2in spring shoots, and K3>K2>K1>K0, K2>K1>K3>K0in spring and autumn twigs respectively.
By building an effect equation of fertilization with hectares of mulberry dry matter accumulation as a function and fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer levels as the factors, mulberry leaf dry matter accumulation, the shoot dry matter accumulation and branches dry matter accumulation and fertilization in the amount of fertilizer effect equation P value<0.05, equation fitted successfully. The results suggested that the recommended fertilization amount was694.36Kg/hm2N、198.15Kg/hm2P2O5、274.26Kg/hm2K2O, the maximum amount was8045.04Kg/hm2based on the leaves dry matter accumulation; the recommended fertilization amount was1000.05Kg/hm2N、242.04Kg/hm2P2O5、218.01Kg/hm2K2O, the maximum amount was5969.05Kg/hm2based on the twigs dry matter accumulation; the recommended fertilization amount was883.76Kg/hm2N、204.48Kg/hm2P2O5、426.59Kg/hm2K2O, the maximum amount was1410.24Kg/hm2based on the spring shoots dry matter accumulation. After proved by production practice, the best fertilization program will provide a reference for the construction of high quality mulberry of hilly silkworm in Sichuan Province.
2. Effect of N, P, K on the photosynthetic characteristics of mulberry
Photosynthesis is one of the important physiological processes in mulberry; more than90%of dry matter of mulberry trees is from the photosynthesis in mulberry leaf; and the strength of photosynthesis directly affect the yield and quality of mulberry leaves. Photosynthesis is affected not only by the genetic characteristics of the crop itself, but also by many environmental factors including humidity, temperature, light intensity, concentration of carbon dioxide, minerals, nutrition, etc. At present, many studies have focused on the basic characteristics of mulberry photosynthesis and the response of photosynthetic rate to light intensity, temperature, CO2concentration and micro-meteorological factors, the effect of stress and the implementation of the artificial cultivation techniques on mulberry photosynthetic characteristics. However, few studies on the effect of mineral nutrient elements, especially N, P and K with the application on the photosynthetic physiology of the mulberry have been reported. With the development and application of the photosynthetic detector in China, domestic and foreign scholars have on in-depth and extensively researched the impact of the different fertilization treatments on crop photosynthetic characteristics. Therefore, in this study, starting from the photosynthetic physiology, to explore the mulberry leaf photosynthetic characteristics and the effect of different fertilization treatments on the regulation of photosynthesis of mulberry, using Li-6400xt portable photosynthesis system, through the in vivo determination, using summer cutting pruning, perennial test Mulberry Sichuan826mulberry varieties as test materials, the relationship between the NPK fertilizer application and the mulberry function leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area index, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2concentration, transpiration rate was studied. The results shew that with the growth and development of mulberry, spring mulberry leaf chlorophyll content (Chla+b), stomatal conductance (Cond) gradually increased with the advancement of the growth period, showing a trend of first increase then decrease in autumn; net photosynthetic rate (Pn) show a trend of first increase then decrease in both spring and autumn; leaf area index (LAI), intercellular CO2concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr) show a trend of gradually increase in both spring and autumn. Different N, P, K fertilizer levels had a significant impact on mulberry photosynthetic indicators; appropriate N, P, and K fertilization amount can improve the LAI, of Chla+b and Pn, Cond, Tr of mulberry tree, while lack or excess fertilization reduce its photosynthetic capacity; the Ci of mulberry leaves without fertilizer was significantly higher than that of fertilization tree. Appropriate N, P and K application level N2P2K2(N600kg.hm-2、P2O5210kg.hm-2、 K2O300kg.hm-2) can keep the mulberry function leaves suitable for photosynthetic state, and keep a long period of high photosynthetic rate. This study can provide a theoretical basis for high-quality and high-yield mulberry fields construction.
3. Effects of N, P and K on the mulberry leaf protective enzyme activities and membrane lipid peroxidation
Plant Stress Physiology is to study the physiological and biochemical changes and mechanisms of plants under stress conditions. The main adversities with important impacts on plant include Water deficit, low temperature, high temperature, salinity, environmental pollution and other physical and chemical adversities. In addition, the mineral nutrient elements applied improperly will cause nutrient stress on crop. Nutrient stress causes reactive oxygen metabolic disorders, cell membrane structure destroyed in plants. As the protective enzymes in organisms, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) play a certain role in removing harmful free radicals generated under stress condition. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a plasma membrane oxidation product, and the level of its content reflects the plasma membrane peroxidation degree. In recent years, many studies have been reported on mulberry fertilization; however, no study has been reported on effects of the fertilizer on protective enzyme activities and membrane lipid peroxidation. Therefore, in this paper, using mulberry as materials, the effects of N, P, K fertilizer ration on the protective enzyme activities and membrane lipid peroxidation of the functional leaf of mulberry were systematically studied to reveal the mechanism of mulberry leaf senescence and provide a theoretical basis for improving the quality of mulberry leaves, and extending the functional period of mulberry leaf. The results show that with the growth and development of mulberry in spring, soluble protein content, superoxide dismutase, catalase activity, peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde content increased in mulberry with different treatments; with the growth and development of mulberry in autumn, soluble protein content, superoxide dismutase, catalase activity and peroxidase activity firstly increased and decreased later in mulberry with different treatments, while malondialdehyde content gradually increased; throughout the growing period, with the increase of fertilization amount in the same treatment, soluble protein content, superoxide dismutase, catalase activity and peroxidase activity all significantly increased, while malondialdehyde content significantly decreased, each reach the best point at level2(N2P2K2). Therefore, scientific N, P, K ratio and application amount (N2P2K2:600kg/hm2N、210kg/hm2P2O5,300kg/hm2K2O) can significantly improve the mulberry leaves in the activities of protective enzymes, reduce membrane lipid peroxidation and effectively delay the mulberry leaf senescence.
4. The impact of balanced fertilization on the mulberry nutrient uptake and distribution
N, P and K are the three fertilising elements essential for plant growth and development, N, P and K nutrient content, the absorbing amount and their distribution and other nutritional characters of plants are the basis for scientific fertilization. Most researches show that N, P, K and its combined application can significantly promote the growth and development of crops, improve the nutrient content in plant and increase their nutrient uptake and accumulation. Few studies on the effects of fertilization on the N, P and K contents and nutrient uptake amount of mulberry have been reported. Studies in China have focused on the pot experiments, while field test is rare. Furthermore, the previously reports did not have enough fertilization level design; therefore, it was difficult to draw accurate conclusions. In this paper, the summer cutting mulberry trees were used as research materials to explore the law the effects of N, P and K on the mulberry nutrient absorption and distribution. Through field trials, the effects of different fertilization treatments of N, P and K on the N, P and K contents and absorbing amount and distribution in the different parts of mulberry trees such as leaves, branches, shoots, etc, in spring and autumn were studied. The results show that, in the aspect of the fertilizer types, the absorbing amount in different parts performs the same as N>K>P; in the aspect of nutrition distribution, spring leaves>shoots> branches, autumn leaves> branches, leaves> branches although the year. Different amount of N, P and K significantly affected the N, P and K contents and the absorption and distribution of nutrition of mulberry leaves, branches and shoots in spring and autumn; the nutrient content and absorption at level2and3of N, P and K fertilization were significantly higher than those of level1and level0. Properly increase in N, P and K fertilizer application will increase the N, P and K contents and nutrition absorption in each part of the mulberry trees.
In spring, with the increase of N application, shoots and leaves grew vigorously, which inhibited the growth and N absorption of branches, the N contents in branches performed as N2>N3>N1>N0. As the effect of N fertilizer on spring branches'dry matter accumulation was N2>N1>NO>N3, the spring branches' N absorption performed as N2>N1>N3>N0; with the increase in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen content of spring shoots, autumn branches and mulberry leaf increased, and overall performance as N3>N2>N1>N0; dry matter accumulation in spring shoots and autumn branches increased with the increase in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, and nitrogen uptake also shew N3>N2>N1>N0; Mulberry leaf dry matter accumulation was maximum (N2>N3>N1>N0) at levels2, therefore its nitrogen uptake of the overall performance of N2>N3>N1>N0. The content and absorption amount of P in spring mulberry branches, the shoot content increased with the increase of phosphate fertilization and its performance of P3>P2>P1>P0; The P content and absorption of Pin the summer cutting mulberry branches in autumn firstly increased and decreased later with the increase of P fertilization with the performance of P2>P3>P1> P0; the P content and absorption of mulberry leaves in spring and autumn performaned as P2>P1>P3>P0and P1>P2>P3>P0respectively, which indicated that proper amount of P fertilizer improved the growth of mulberry leaves, while excess P fertilizer inhibited the growth of mulberry leaves, reducing the accumulation of dry matter and subsequently affecting the absorption of P. The K content and absorption amount in mulberry trees firstly increased and decreased later with the increase of K fertilization, and reached maximum at K2level, with the performance of K2>K3>K1>K0. All through the year, the K content in mulberry leaves increased with the increase of K fertilization only in spring.
5. Effects of balanced fertilization on mulberry leaf quality and its active ingredient content
We have systematically investigated the nutrient management conditions of mulberry in the Sichuan hills sericulture main producing areas. The results shew that the site conditions of Sichuan mulberry were poor, and its soil fertility was low. The unscientific usage of fertilizer resulted in soil nutrient deficiency and unbalanced. The inefficient usage of N and P fertilizer resulted in the low yield and quality of mulberry leaves, which severely inhibited the development of sericulture production in Sichuan Province. Previous studies mainly focused on the effects of different fertilizers on the leave yield and quality, cocoon yield and quality. However, no study on the mulberry leaves quality, especially the yield of mulberry leaves and its contents of flavonoids and1-deoxynojirimycin and other biologically active components using balance fertilization techniques has been reported. The results of modern medical research show that the mulberry leaves are rich in1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) and flavonoid and other active compounds, presenting hypoglycemic, anti-oxidation, anti-aging and other health and therapeutic efficacy. In this paper, summer cutting mulberry trees were used as research materials to explore the law of effects of N, P and K on the quality of mulberry trees and the formation of main active compounds. The effects of different N, P, K fertilization treatments on the contents and yield of flavonoids,1-deoxynojirimycin, crude protein and soluble sugar in spring and autumn mulberry leaves were studied using the "3414" balance fertilization method. The results shew thatthe contents of determination indicators significantly increased with the increase of single N, P, K fertilizers application, while excess application resulted in no significantly variation or significantly decrease of the contents. By further fitting the determination indicators production in mulberry leaves and N, P, K fertilizers response equations, the highest yield and related recommended fertilization parameters were obtained. The highest yield and recommended fertilization parameters of flavonoids,1-deoxynojirimycin, crude protein, soluble sugar were (147.90Kg/hm2;675.96Kg/hm2N,326.49Kg/hm2 P2O5,462.90Kg/hm2K2O),(13.55Kg/hm2;720.93Kg/hm2N,225.11Kg/hm2P2O5,323.63Kg/hm2K2O),(1816.83Kg/hm2;718.46Kg/hm2N,220.11Kg/hm2P2O5,305.23Kg/hm2K2O),(1042.65Kg/hm2;666.54Kg/hm2N,204.41Kg/hm2P2O5,243.18Kg/hm2K2O) respectively. This experiment may provide a theoretical reference and guidance for the Sichuan region of great efforts to develop the comprehensive development of mulberry and the establishment of high quality and yield mulberries with specific target products.
6. The establishment of mathematical models of hilly region mulberry balanced fertilization in Sichuan Province
Fertilization model is one of the core content of the fertilizer technology. Fertilizer response function model is a statistical model, which can reveal the interaction of diverse fertilizers and theoretically calculate the highest and best fertilization amount when reaching the highest and best yield and evaluate the interaction between the fertilizers."3414" fertilizer trial design is one of the best quadratic regression D-optimal designs. The "3414" design program not only has the regress optimal design's advantages of less process and high efficiency, but also meets the professional requirements of the fertilizer test and fertilization decisions. In this study, according to the problem exists in the hilly the sericulture main producing areas of Mulberry nutrient management process in Sichuan Province, to increase leaf yield and production efficiency per unit area of mulberry, using the modern fertilizers quadratic regression "3414" design program, the regress relationships between mulberry leaves and N, P, K were simulated with the leaf yield as the objective function and selecting the fertilization level of fertilizer elements N, P, K as regulatory factors. Through trial studies,3kinds of7varieties N, P, K fertilizer response functions were obtained. The fertilizer factors weights of various types of function to obtain the best mulberry leaf yield performed as K>PK>P>NPK>NK>N>NP, and the best of output to input ratio fertilizer factor weights expressed as K>PK>NPK>P>NK>NP>N. Of the three kinds of functions, the ternary quadratic fertilizer effect function (Y=20313+0.25X1+43.48X2+34.47X3-0.01X12-0.14X22-0.06X32+0.05X1X2+0.02X1X3-0.07X2X3, X1、X2、X3are N, P, K fertilizers effect factors) was full-factor model, which could be used as recommending fertilization program of mulberry. The effect of single factor analysis showed that the K fertilizer presented the greatest impact on the production of mulberry leaf yield. Therefore, in all simulation functions, quadratic fertilization effect equation of K fertilizer factor (Y=25002.27+44.728X3-0.084X32) obtained the highest ratio of best yield to input. The usage of the optimal fertilization of600kg/hm2N,210kg/hm2P2O5,254.33kg/hm2K2O can obtain the best economy of mulberry leaf yield of30945.00kg/hm2with the fertilization input of4403.65Yuan/hm2; and the ratio of production to input reached to17.57. After proved by production practice, the best fertilization program may provide a reference for the construction of high-yield mulberry fields of the hilly sericulture area in Sichuan Province.
引文
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