拉链式塑料管渗流规律与大棚渗灌的试验研究
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摘要
本课题是哈尔滨市科委重大科技攻关项目《棚室蔬菜塑料拉链暗管渗灌技术的应用研究》的重要组成内容。本论文通过拉链式塑料管大气、土壤中的渗流试验研究，以及在大棚蔬菜(番茄)栽培应用拉链式塑料管渗灌的试验研究，希望为保护地蔬菜栽培灌水方法的革新和渗灌灌水技术的发展、拉链式塑料管作为渗灌管的可行性和优越性提供理论依据。
渗灌是一种地下微灌形式，在低压条件下，通过埋于作物根系活动层的灌水器(微孔渗灌管)，根据作物的生长需水要求适时适量地向土壤中渗水供给作物。它是迄今为止最节水的一种灌水方法，具有省水、节能、增产、提高棚室空气温度和地温、降低棚室空气湿度、减少病虫害、少施农药和化肥等优点。但渗灌还不是一种成熟的灌水方法，渗灌的发展，首先取决于渗灌管的研制；其次是阻碍渗灌发展的两大难题：渗灌的灌水均匀度和渗灌管的堵塞两大难题的解决与控制。针对以上问题，本试验采用已获得国家专利的拉链式塑料管作为渗灌管，进行棚室蔬菜栽培渗灌灌水试验，以期为拉链式渗灌管在棚室蔬菜生产中提供理论依据和数据支持。
本论文首先对拉链式塑料管大气、土壤中的渗流规律进行了试验研究。由于拉链式塑料管的独特构造(拉链式渗水孔口)，裸管(渗水孔口不采用任何防堵材料)情况下渗流量很大，所以本部分试验采用了几种防渗材料试验，最后通过比较分析，找到了合适的防渗材料(氯汀胶粘无纺布)和工作水头(初始灌水时3m工作水头)。
第二部分对渗灌管埋深对灌水均匀度和土壤水分分布的影响进行了试验研究。试验设3个处理，埋深分别是：25cm(A处理)、35cm(B处理)和45cm(C处理)。通过对各处理灌水均匀度和土壤水分分布的观测、分析，认为渗灌管埋深35cm时对蔬菜栽培是比较合适的。此时灌水均匀度高，灌溉水大部分分布在蔬菜主要根系区。
第三部分对棚室番茄渗灌和沟灌进行了全面的对比试验，通过试验可以得出渗灌较沟灌省水、节能、增产、提高棚室空气温度和地温、降低棚室空气湿度、减少病虫害等一系列优点。
第四部分对拉链式渗灌管的抗堵塞性能进行了试验研究。由于拉链式塑料管的独特构造(拉链式渗水孔口)，所以它的堵塞主要应是负压堵塞和生物堵塞，为此设2个处理：氯汀胶粘无纺布和氯汀胶粘无纺布并外涂一层乳化沥青进行试验研究。通过试验分析认为：采用氯汀胶粘无纺布的防堵效果较好，拉链式渗灌管的抗堵塞性能极佳。
本论文的研究成果将对新型拉链式渗灌管的推广和应用，对渗灌技术的发展，对保护地蔬菜生产具有重要的现实意义，同时对节水灌溉的发展将会提供一定的借鉴。
This task is an important part of a major technical item undertaken by Science Commission in Harbin city which centered around the applied research on the technique of percolation irrigation with zippered plastic buried pipe. This thesis aims at promoting the innovation on irrigation methods and the development of irrigation techniques in vegetable cultivation, and also provides for percolation irrigation by way of experimental study on the seepage flow both in air and soil with zippered plastic pipes and on the application of percolation with zippered plastic pipes to vegetable tomato cultivation in shelves.
Percolation irrigation takes way of underground micro-irrigation which worked with the aid of micro pore pipes for percolation that is buried at root zone. And the crops' demand for water can be met by percolating through the soil on the condition of low pressure at the right time with right volume. It is one of the best water-saving irrigation methods that can save water in the highest degree for such advantages as saving water, saving energy, increasing production, raising air temperature and ground temperature inside the shelf, lowering air humidity inside the shelf, decreasing plight and reducing the use of pesticide and chemical fertilizer, etc. But percolation irrigation is far from a ripe irrigation method for the problems existing in the development of pipes for PI and the two difficult problems which hamper the development of PI(one is the low uniformity degree irrigation, the other is the blockage in percolation irrigation pipes). In view of the above problems, zippered plastic pipes which have obtained patent was adopted as PI pipe in the providing theoretical basis and data support for the application of zippered PI pipes to the vegetable cultivation in shelves.
This thesis, firstly, made an experimental study on the seepage flow both in air and oil with zippered plastic pipes. The special structure of zippered plastic pipe zippered seep holes made a greater seepage quantity on the condition of bare pipe (no anti-blocking material adopted at the mouth of seep holes ).so several kinds of anti-seepage material were adopted in the experiment of this part in order to find the proper anti-seepage material (nonwoven fabrics glued by neoprene) and working head (3m's working herd on initial irrigation).
In the second part of the thesis, an experimental study on the effect of embedded depth on the uniformity coefficient of irrigation and the distribution of soil moisture was made. There are three treatments in the experiment this part, the embedded depth being 25cm(A treatment), 35cm(B treatment)and 45cm(C treatment) respectively. After the observation and analysis on the uniformity coefficient of irrigation and the distribution of soil moisture under each different treatment, a result was got that 35cnrs embedded depth is comparatively appropriate for vegetable cultivation for the high uniformity coefficient and the vegetable cultivation for the high uniformity coefficient and the concentrated distribution of irrigation water in the main root zone. In the third part, a comprehensive check experiment was made on percolation irrigation and
furrow irrigation: the percolation irrigation is superior to the furrow irrigation for such advantages as saving water, saving energy, increasing production, raising air temperature and ground temperature inside the shelf, lowering air humidity inside the shelf and reducing plights, and ect.
The fourth part is an experimental study on the anti-blocking performance of zippered plastic pipes. Negative pressure blockage and biological blockage are two main forms of blockage for the special structure of zippered plastic pipes, so two treatments were made here:(i) nonwoven fabrics glued by neoprene and(ii) nonwoven fabrics glued by neoprene with a layer of asphalt emulsion applied outside. The result is that nonwoven fabrics glued by neoprene is more effective in anti-blockage, and zippered plastic pipes are superior in blockage-proof performance.
The end prod
渗灌是一种地下微灌形式，在低压条件下，通过埋于作物根系活动层的灌水器(微孔渗灌管)，根据作物的生长需水要求适时适量地向土壤中渗水供给作物。它是迄今为止最节水的一种灌水方法，具有省水、节能、增产、提高棚室空气温度和地温、降低棚室空气湿度、减少病虫害、少施农药和化肥等优点。但渗灌还不是一种成熟的灌水方法，渗灌的发展，首先取决于渗灌管的研制；其次是阻碍渗灌发展的两大难题：渗灌的灌水均匀度和渗灌管的堵塞两大难题的解决与控制。针对以上问题，本试验采用已获得国家专利的拉链式塑料管作为渗灌管，进行棚室蔬菜栽培渗灌灌水试验，以期为拉链式渗灌管在棚室蔬菜生产中提供理论依据和数据支持。
本论文首先对拉链式塑料管大气、土壤中的渗流规律进行了试验研究。由于拉链式塑料管的独特构造(拉链式渗水孔口)，裸管(渗水孔口不采用任何防堵材料)情况下渗流量很大，所以本部分试验采用了几种防渗材料试验，最后通过比较分析，找到了合适的防渗材料(氯汀胶粘无纺布)和工作水头(初始灌水时3m工作水头)。
第二部分对渗灌管埋深对灌水均匀度和土壤水分分布的影响进行了试验研究。试验设3个处理，埋深分别是：25cm(A处理)、35cm(B处理)和45cm(C处理)。通过对各处理灌水均匀度和土壤水分分布的观测、分析，认为渗灌管埋深35cm时对蔬菜栽培是比较合适的。此时灌水均匀度高，灌溉水大部分分布在蔬菜主要根系区。
第三部分对棚室番茄渗灌和沟灌进行了全面的对比试验，通过试验可以得出渗灌较沟灌省水、节能、增产、提高棚室空气温度和地温、降低棚室空气湿度、减少病虫害等一系列优点。
第四部分对拉链式渗灌管的抗堵塞性能进行了试验研究。由于拉链式塑料管的独特构造(拉链式渗水孔口)，所以它的堵塞主要应是负压堵塞和生物堵塞，为此设2个处理：氯汀胶粘无纺布和氯汀胶粘无纺布并外涂一层乳化沥青进行试验研究。通过试验分析认为：采用氯汀胶粘无纺布的防堵效果较好，拉链式渗灌管的抗堵塞性能极佳。
本论文的研究成果将对新型拉链式渗灌管的推广和应用，对渗灌技术的发展，对保护地蔬菜生产具有重要的现实意义，同时对节水灌溉的发展将会提供一定的借鉴。
This task is an important part of a major technical item undertaken by Science Commission in Harbin city which centered around the applied research on the technique of percolation irrigation with zippered plastic buried pipe. This thesis aims at promoting the innovation on irrigation methods and the development of irrigation techniques in vegetable cultivation, and also provides for percolation irrigation by way of experimental study on the seepage flow both in air and soil with zippered plastic pipes and on the application of percolation with zippered plastic pipes to vegetable tomato cultivation in shelves.
Percolation irrigation takes way of underground micro-irrigation which worked with the aid of micro pore pipes for percolation that is buried at root zone. And the crops' demand for water can be met by percolating through the soil on the condition of low pressure at the right time with right volume. It is one of the best water-saving irrigation methods that can save water in the highest degree for such advantages as saving water, saving energy, increasing production, raising air temperature and ground temperature inside the shelf, lowering air humidity inside the shelf, decreasing plight and reducing the use of pesticide and chemical fertilizer, etc. But percolation irrigation is far from a ripe irrigation method for the problems existing in the development of pipes for PI and the two difficult problems which hamper the development of PI(one is the low uniformity degree irrigation, the other is the blockage in percolation irrigation pipes). In view of the above problems, zippered plastic pipes which have obtained patent was adopted as PI pipe in the providing theoretical basis and data support for the application of zippered PI pipes to the vegetable cultivation in shelves.
This thesis, firstly, made an experimental study on the seepage flow both in air and oil with zippered plastic pipes. The special structure of zippered plastic pipe zippered seep holes made a greater seepage quantity on the condition of bare pipe (no anti-blocking material adopted at the mouth of seep holes ).so several kinds of anti-seepage material were adopted in the experiment of this part in order to find the proper anti-seepage material (nonwoven fabrics glued by neoprene) and working head (3m's working herd on initial irrigation).
In the second part of the thesis, an experimental study on the effect of embedded depth on the uniformity coefficient of irrigation and the distribution of soil moisture was made. There are three treatments in the experiment this part, the embedded depth being 25cm(A treatment), 35cm(B treatment)and 45cm(C treatment) respectively. After the observation and analysis on the uniformity coefficient of irrigation and the distribution of soil moisture under each different treatment, a result was got that 35cnrs embedded depth is comparatively appropriate for vegetable cultivation for the high uniformity coefficient and the vegetable cultivation for the high uniformity coefficient and the concentrated distribution of irrigation water in the main root zone. In the third part, a comprehensive check experiment was made on percolation irrigation and
furrow irrigation: the percolation irrigation is superior to the furrow irrigation for such advantages as saving water, saving energy, increasing production, raising air temperature and ground temperature inside the shelf, lowering air humidity inside the shelf and reducing plights, and ect.
The fourth part is an experimental study on the anti-blocking performance of zippered plastic pipes. Negative pressure blockage and biological blockage are two main forms of blockage for the special structure of zippered plastic pipes, so two treatments were made here:(i) nonwoven fabrics glued by neoprene and(ii) nonwoven fabrics glued by neoprene with a layer of asphalt emulsion applied outside. The result is that nonwoven fabrics glued by neoprene is more effective in anti-blockage, and zippered plastic pipes are superior in blockage-proof performance.
The end prod
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56 杨宝中等．多孔渗灌管的防堵措施研究．灌溉排水．2000，19(2)：69～71
57 于凤颖，张胜利．塑料大棚中番茄节水灌溉的研究．吉林农业科学．1996(4)82～84
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59 岳兵．渗灌技术存在问题与建议．灌溉排水．1997，16(2)：40～44
60 赵仁熔，余松烈编著．田间试验方法．农业出版社，1979
61 张昊，许迪，程先军，王桂芬．几种地下滴灌(渗灌)灌水器性能的室内外试验研究．灌溉排水．1999(4)
62 张书函等．新型微孔渗灌管渗水性能初步试验研究．灌溉排水．1998，17(2)：57～60
63 张书函，许翠平，丁跃元，刘洪禄．渗灌深埋条件下日光温室渗灌技术初步研究．中国农村水利水电．2002(1)：30～32
64 张书，侯松泽．几种蔬菜节水灌溉方法和水分管理技术．黑龙江水利科技．2001(4)15～16
65 张树森，雷勤明．日光温室蔬菜渗灌技术研究．灌溉排水．1994，13(2)：30～32
66 张国祥．地下滴灌(渗灌)的技术状况与建议．山西水利科技．1995(4)：1～5
67 翟国亮等．微灌系统的堵塞及防治措施．农业工程学报．1999，15(1)：144～147
68 朱德兰等．果园不同节水灌溉方式的技术经济效益分析．西北林学院学报．1998，13(2)：51～55
69 朱明哲主编．田间试验及统计分析．中国农业出版社，1992
70 诸葛玉平，王淑红，张玉龙．保护地番茄栽培渗灌技术的研究．沈阳农业大学学报．2001，32(1)：32～36
71 诸葛玉平，张玉龙，李爱峰，陈彬．保护地番茄栽培渗灌灌水指标的研究．农业工程学报．2002，18(2)：53～57
72 AL Ramaly S.A., Journal of plant nutrition, 1990,13(5): 567-577
73 Andrade junior AS de, and etc. Yield of lettuce as a function of soil water matric potential and irrigation levels. Horticultura Brasilerira. 1996, 14(1):17-31
74 Brand H J, Subsurface Irrigation in the Southeast. In Proc Nat irrig Symp, 1997, E1-E9, St. Joseph. Mich.: ASAE
75 Bogle C R, Comparison of subsurface trickle and furrow irrigation on plastic-mulched and
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76 Bucks D A, Erie L J, French O F, etc. Subsurface trickle irrigation management with multiple cropping, Transactions of ASAE,1981.24(6):1482-1489
77 Phene. Maximizing Water-use Efficiency with Subsurface Drip Irrigation. Irrigation Journal, No3, 1993
78 Camp CR. Subsurface drip irrigation: A review. Transaction of ASAE, 1998, 41(5):1353-1367
79 Chen Duansheng. Theory and Practice of Energy-Saving Solar Greenhouse in China. 农业工程学报，2001, 17(1):22-26
80 Camp C R, Bauer P J, Hunt P G.Subsurface Drip irrigation lateral spacing and management for cotton in the southeastern coastal plain. Transaction of the ASAE, 1997,40(4):993-999
81 Camp C R, Garrett J T, Sadler E J, etc. Micro- irrigation management for double-cropped vegetables in a humid area. Transactions of ASAE, 1993,36(6):1639-1644
82 Danniel Hillel, Environmental Soil Physics, Academic Press, 1998:155
83 Devitt, Miller W W. Subsurface drip irrigation of bermudagress with saline water. Aplied Agric Res, 1988,3(3):133-143
84 Tarusman, Khan A H, Stone L R. Water flux below the root zone vs drip line spacing in drip irrigation com. Agron J. [J]. 1997,89(3): 375 -379
85 Eberhard J., Trials in sheltered open-air cultivation. Irrigation and fertilizing for tomatoes. Zeitschrifi-fur-Kulturtechnik-und-Landentwicklung. 1997, Special issue, ⅩⅢ-ⅩⅥ
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89 Hanson EG, Williams BC, Fangmeier DD, etc. Influence of Subsurface Irrigation on Crop Yields and Water Use. IN Proc Nat Irrig Symp, 1970, D1-D13, St. Joseph. Mich.: ASAE.
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23 李建明，邹志荣．灌溉土壤水分上限对温室番茄开花坐果期生理指标的影响．西北农业学报．2000，9(4)71～74
24 李广荣等．棉田渗灌研究．山西农业大学学报．1997，17(3)：263～265
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26 李援农，马孝义，李建明编著．保护地节水灌溉技术．中国农业出版社，2000
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28 林川渝．温室发展趋势．内蒙古农业科技．1997(5)：20～22
29 刘昌明，王会肖等著．土壤—作物—大气界面水分过程与节水调控．科学出版社，1999
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32 马孝义等．陕西省果树地下滴灌的应用前景、存在问题与建议．干旱地区农业研究．1999，17(2)：127～131
33 马孝义，康绍忠，王凤翔等．果树地下滴灌灌水技术田间试验研究．西北农业大学学报．2000，28(1)：57～61
34 马学良等．国内外设施农业节水灌溉设备技术现状与发展．节水灌溉．1999(2)：4～6
35 曲天佑，盛子荣．解决渗灌堵塞及其它问题的探讨．内蒙古水利．1998(2)：38～39
36 石玉林，卢良恕主编．中国农业需水与节水高效农业建设．中国水利水电出版社，2001
37 王留运，岳兵．我国微灌设备现状与改进开发的若干建议．中国水利报经济刊．2000．4．6
38 王胜利，刘峻峰．一种新型微灌技术——微灌地膜．节水灌溉．2001(3)：1～3
39 王彦军，沈秀英，王留运．一种新型的节水灌溉技术——渗灌．节水灌溉．1997(2)：3～7
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42 王伟，李光永等．利用工程措施改变地下滴灌土壤湿润模式的试验．节水灌溉．2000(3)：22～24
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47 吴兴波，赵德岭，李荣昌．塑料大棚蔬菜膜下滴灌技术试验研究．灌溉排水．1999，18(1)
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56 杨宝中等．多孔渗灌管的防堵措施研究．灌溉排水．2000，19(2)：69～71
57 于凤颖，张胜利．塑料大棚中番茄节水灌溉的研究．吉林农业科学．1996(4)82～84
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59 岳兵．渗灌技术存在问题与建议．灌溉排水．1997，16(2)：40～44
60 赵仁熔，余松烈编著．田间试验方法．农业出版社，1979
61 张昊，许迪，程先军，王桂芬．几种地下滴灌(渗灌)灌水器性能的室内外试验研究．灌溉排水．1999(4)
62 张书函等．新型微孔渗灌管渗水性能初步试验研究．灌溉排水．1998，17(2)：57～60
63 张书函，许翠平，丁跃元，刘洪禄．渗灌深埋条件下日光温室渗灌技术初步研究．中国农村水利水电．2002(1)：30～32
64 张书，侯松泽．几种蔬菜节水灌溉方法和水分管理技术．黑龙江水利科技．2001(4)15～16
65 张树森，雷勤明．日光温室蔬菜渗灌技术研究．灌溉排水．1994，13(2)：30～32
66 张国祥．地下滴灌(渗灌)的技术状况与建议．山西水利科技．1995(4)：1～5
67 翟国亮等．微灌系统的堵塞及防治措施．农业工程学报．1999，15(1)：144～147
68 朱德兰等．果园不同节水灌溉方式的技术经济效益分析．西北林学院学报．1998，13(2)：51～55
69 朱明哲主编．田间试验及统计分析．中国农业出版社，1992
70 诸葛玉平，王淑红，张玉龙．保护地番茄栽培渗灌技术的研究．沈阳农业大学学报．2001，32(1)：32～36
71 诸葛玉平，张玉龙，李爱峰，陈彬．保护地番茄栽培渗灌灌水指标的研究．农业工程学报．2002，18(2)：53～57
72 AL Ramaly S.A., Journal of plant nutrition, 1990,13(5): 567-577
73 Andrade junior AS de, and etc. Yield of lettuce as a function of soil water matric potential and irrigation levels. Horticultura Brasilerira. 1996, 14(1):17-31
74 Brand H J, Subsurface Irrigation in the Southeast. In Proc Nat irrig Symp, 1997, E1-E9, St. Joseph. Mich.: ASAE
75 Bogle C R, Comparison of subsurface trickle and furrow irrigation on plastic-mulched and
bare soil for tomato pmduction.J.Amer, Soc,Hort, Sci. 1989,114(1): 40-43
76 Bucks D A, Erie L J, French O F, etc. Subsurface trickle irrigation management with multiple cropping, Transactions of ASAE,1981.24(6):1482-1489
77 Phene. Maximizing Water-use Efficiency with Subsurface Drip Irrigation. Irrigation Journal, No3, 1993
78 Camp CR. Subsurface drip irrigation: A review. Transaction of ASAE, 1998, 41(5):1353-1367
79 Chen Duansheng. Theory and Practice of Energy-Saving Solar Greenhouse in China. 农业工程学报，2001, 17(1):22-26
80 Camp C R, Bauer P J, Hunt P G.Subsurface Drip irrigation lateral spacing and management for cotton in the southeastern coastal plain. Transaction of the ASAE, 1997,40(4):993-999
81 Camp C R, Garrett J T, Sadler E J, etc. Micro- irrigation management for double-cropped vegetables in a humid area. Transactions of ASAE, 1993,36(6):1639-1644
82 Danniel Hillel, Environmental Soil Physics, Academic Press, 1998:155
83 Devitt, Miller W W. Subsurface drip irrigation of bermudagress with saline water. Aplied Agric Res, 1988,3(3):133-143
84 Tarusman, Khan A H, Stone L R. Water flux below the root zone vs drip line spacing in drip irrigation com. Agron J. [J]. 1997,89(3): 375 -379
85 Eberhard J., Trials in sheltered open-air cultivation. Irrigation and fertilizing for tomatoes. Zeitschrifi-fur-Kulturtechnik-und-Landentwicklung. 1997, Special issue, ⅩⅢ-ⅩⅥ
86 EL Adl M, and ect, Drip irrigation and water distribution in the soil. 17th ICID European Regional Conference on Irrigation and Drainage, Varna, Bulgaria, 16-22 May, 1994. Volume 2: modification of irrigation schedule of crops due to scarcity of water. 1994, 29-38
87 Hartz TK, Water management in drip-irrigated vegetable production. Using plasticulture seminar, Lexington, Kentucky., USA, 28-29 Sep. 1994. 1994, 12-15
88 Hartz TK, Water management in drip-irrigated vegetable production. Hort Technology. 1996, 6(3):165-167
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