采空区多灾耦合作用下的隧道稳定性分析
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摘要
采空区塌陷、滑坡均为典型的地质灾害问题,由此带来的损失非常巨大,因此对采空区塌陷、滑坡问题的研究也是岩土工程领域重点课题。苏州阳山矿区目前已经发生地面塌陷和地裂缝,并造成附近山体多处滑坡。拟建隧道工程将从两个采空区之间通过并穿过阳山,而这些采空区导致的地面塌陷、地裂缝、滑坡等地质灾害必将对隧道工程产生影响,因此苏州阳山隧道工程建设条件非常复杂。本文以该工程为背景,研究采空区、滑坡、地裂缝、地面塌陷等因素对隧道工程的影响,对隧道及附近山体边坡进行稳定性评价。显然这一研究对拟建隧道工程设计和施工具有重要的指导作用和理论意义。隧道和边坡稳定性评价的前提是通过正确的方法获取岩体的物理力学参数,目前常用的方法有现场试验法以及经验估算法,其中现场试验操作复杂,耗时费力,而且现场试验得出的数据也无法避免尺寸效应,最终选取的力学参数也不一定准确。经验估算法无需现场的大型试验,主要靠一些岩体质量评价体系来进行参数估算,但必须要在查清岩体结构类型、控制岩体稳定性优势面并具有一定数量的岩体基本强度参数的基础上进行,如岩块的单轴抗压强度、抗剪强度等。
工程地质优势面分析和岩石强度试验方法是工程稳定性评价的基础,因此本文在现场工程地质调查及控稳优势面分析的基础上,重点研究岩石强度试验方法。试图寻求一种能在现场方便进行的岩石强度测试方法,为此自行研制了岩石强度测试仪,该测试仪可方便快捷的对控制工程稳定性的软弱岩块的单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度、粘聚力进行测试。然后结合岩体稳定性优势面分析和岩体质量评价体系进行物理力学参数的估算。最后对采空区塌陷、滑坡、隧道的稳定性进行了计算分析,论文主要取得以下研究成果和认识：
(1)对苏州市拟建阳山隧道工程场区进行工程地质调查和岩体稳定性优势面分析,研究结果表明工程场区主要为压性断裂,致使岩体极其破碎,影响隧道工程有断层破碎带、岩脉带、滑坡、地面塌陷等。控制隧道及出入口边坡稳定性的优势面组合为岩体破碎带、岩脉带及NE向结构面。在对阳山岩体质量进行评价时,分析结果显示BQ与Q、RMR与Q成对数关系,BQ与RMR呈线性关系。用Hoek-Brown法计算了阳山岩体物理力学参数,便于在计算稳定性是选用。结构面抗剪强度对节理岩体抗剪强度的影响分析结果显示,法向应力越大,节理连通率对强度比的影响越小,随着连通率的增大,法向应力对强度比的影响逐渐减小。
(2)分析总结了目前存在的岩石强度测试方法,指出了不足之处,对自行研制的岩石强度测试仪进行了试验,该仪器操作方便快捷,且性能稳定可以测定岩块的粘聚力、单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度,仪器总重约30Kg,可以进行现场测试。本文还进行了室内外的岩石单轴抗压强度、点荷载强度、回弹强度的试验,并通过回归分析建立了三者的数学关系,可以相互转换三种强度指标。对于岩石基本摩擦角的测定,本文提出量力环法,并与滑落法对比,平均误差仅为4.38%。
(3)通过现场工程探勘和工程地质分析,北侧青山高岭土矿目前矿层已开采结束,处于停采状态,且距山体较远,地面塌陷已完成,继续出现灾害性塌陷及滑坡的可能性较低。南侧阳西高岭土矿采空区面积大,且深度浅,距阳山近,地表坡度较大,目前已经出现多个塌陷坑,且造成西侧山体发生滑坡,山体坡面多处开裂,同时该矿区仍在开采中,严重威胁山体稳定。因此,对阳西矿区应提高重视,加强对滑坡的监测,采用钻探、物探手段,进一步确定滑面位置。数值计算结果显示,阳西矿区在1#、2#、3#、4#采空区相继开采形成后就出现了数米的沉降,采空区上方的剪应变增量已经完全贯通,说明边坡已经滑动,这与实际情况是吻合的。
(4)在有采空区的影响下,在隧道纵断面上,采空区滑坡对隧道的影响主要体现在水平位移上的放大作用,一般增加在10%左右。因此在隧道开挖时,当开挖至山体西侧坡脚时应加强监测。在隧道横断面上,隧道围岩变形明显受到滑坡的影响,在模型中X=1020m断面处,滑坡对隧道的影响较小,随着断面向西侧及靠近采空区一侧移动,滑坡对隧道的影响明显加剧,因此隧道开挖至X=1020m及以西地段时应提高重视,同时在断层破碎带及岩脉带处也需要足够重视。
Goaf collapse, landslides are typical geological disasters, the loss due to them is very great, therefore, the goaf collapse, landslide issues are important subjects of research in the field of geotechnical engineering. In Yangshan mine area of Suzhou, the ground collapse and ground fissures had occurred, and leaded to landslides. A proposed tunnel project will across the Yangshan, these goaf, ground collapse, ground fissures, landslides and other geological disasters will have an impact on the tunnel project.the construction conditions of Yangshan tunnel project are very complex. As the background to this project, the influence of goaf, landslides, ground fissures, ground collapse and other factors on the tunnel project was studied, the tunnel and the nearby mountain slope stability was evaluated in this paperr. Obviously, this study plays an important role in guiding the engineering design and construction of the proposed tunnel. The premise of stability evaluation for the tunnel and slope is finding a correct way to obtain physical and mechanical parameters of rock mass. The currently used methods is the field test method and empirical estimation method, the operation of field test is complex, time-consuming, but also the field trials data can not avoid the size effect, the selection of mechanical parameters is not necessarily accurate. The empirical estimation method depends mainly on rock mass quality evaluation system does not take into account large-scale trials, but it must identify the rock mass structure type, control surface of the rock mass and need a certain number of rock strength parameters, such as rock uniaxial compressive strength, shear strength.
The analysis of preferred plane and rock strength test methods is the basis of engineering stability evaluation, therefore, according to the analysis of preferred plane and field engineering geology survey, rock strength test method was researched mainly. A kind of rock strength tester was self-developed, the tester can be a convenient method for testing rock uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength and cohesion. Then combine the analysis of preferred plane and the system of rock mass quality evaluation to estimate the physical and mechanical parameters. Finally, the stability of goaf collapse, landslide, and tunnel was calculated and analyzed. To sum up, the main results of this paper can be summarized as follows:
(1) The investigation of engineering geology and preferred plane analysis for Yangshan tunnel project show that the engineering field was controlled by compressive fracture, and produced extremely broken rock mass. The important influence factors of tunnel project are fault broken zone, dykes, landslides and ground collapse. The preferred plane controlling the stability of tunnel and slope are fault broken zone, dike zone and the NE structure surface. The quality evaluation of Yangshan rock mass shows that the relation of BQ and Q, RMR and Q is logarithmic, BQ and RMR showed a linear relationship. The physical and mechanical parameters of rock mass were calculated by Hoek-Brown method, and these parameters can be used for the numerical calculation. The impact analysis of the shear strength of jointed rock mass by structure surface showes that, the normal stress is greater and the impact of strength ratio by joints connectivity rate is smaller. The impact of strength ratio by normal stress decreases with the increase of joints connectivity rate.
(2) The existing rock strength testing methods was analyzed and summarized, the self-developed rock strength tester can be used to test uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength, and cohesion, the total weight is about30Kg, it is facilitate to the field testing. The indoor and outdoor rock uniaxial compressive strength, point load strength, rebound strength tests were also tested in this paper, and regression analysis was used to establish the mathematical relationship of the three strength. Proving Ring method was invented to test the basic friction angle of rock, and the average error is only4.38%when contrast with the slide method.
(3) According to the field geological survey and engineering geology analysis, Qingshan mine area had finished mining, and it is far from the mountain, ground collapse had completed, the possibility of catastrophic collapse and landslide is lower. Yangxi mine area has a larger goaf area and shallow depth, there are already multiple collapse pits, and caused landslide in the west side of the mountain, while the mine area is still mining, it's a serious threat to the stability of the mountain. Therefore, the Yangxi mine area should improve great importance to monitor for landslide,take drilling and geophysical to determine the sliding surface further. The numerical results show that Yangxi mining area, the goaf1#,2#,3#and4#formed a few meters of settlement, the rock mass above goaf has been completely passed through by shear strain, indicating that the slope had slidied, which is consistent with the actual situation.
(4) Under goaf condition, the influence of landslide to tunnel is mainly reflecting on amplification for horizontal displacement, generally increased about10%. Therefore, when tunnelling to the west side of the mountain, the slope and tunnel should be intensified monitoring. In the numerical model, the cross-section of X=1020m, landslide has a small impact on the tunnel, when the cross-section move to west side, the impact of landslide was significantly increased, therefore, when tunneling to X=1020m, and the west should improve great importance, and fault fracture zone and dykes zone also needs adequate attention.
工程地质优势面分析和岩石强度试验方法是工程稳定性评价的基础,因此本文在现场工程地质调查及控稳优势面分析的基础上,重点研究岩石强度试验方法。试图寻求一种能在现场方便进行的岩石强度测试方法,为此自行研制了岩石强度测试仪,该测试仪可方便快捷的对控制工程稳定性的软弱岩块的单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度、粘聚力进行测试。然后结合岩体稳定性优势面分析和岩体质量评价体系进行物理力学参数的估算。最后对采空区塌陷、滑坡、隧道的稳定性进行了计算分析,论文主要取得以下研究成果和认识：
(1)对苏州市拟建阳山隧道工程场区进行工程地质调查和岩体稳定性优势面分析,研究结果表明工程场区主要为压性断裂,致使岩体极其破碎,影响隧道工程有断层破碎带、岩脉带、滑坡、地面塌陷等。控制隧道及出入口边坡稳定性的优势面组合为岩体破碎带、岩脉带及NE向结构面。在对阳山岩体质量进行评价时,分析结果显示BQ与Q、RMR与Q成对数关系,BQ与RMR呈线性关系。用Hoek-Brown法计算了阳山岩体物理力学参数,便于在计算稳定性是选用。结构面抗剪强度对节理岩体抗剪强度的影响分析结果显示,法向应力越大,节理连通率对强度比的影响越小,随着连通率的增大,法向应力对强度比的影响逐渐减小。
(2)分析总结了目前存在的岩石强度测试方法,指出了不足之处,对自行研制的岩石强度测试仪进行了试验,该仪器操作方便快捷,且性能稳定可以测定岩块的粘聚力、单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度,仪器总重约30Kg,可以进行现场测试。本文还进行了室内外的岩石单轴抗压强度、点荷载强度、回弹强度的试验,并通过回归分析建立了三者的数学关系,可以相互转换三种强度指标。对于岩石基本摩擦角的测定,本文提出量力环法,并与滑落法对比,平均误差仅为4.38%。
(3)通过现场工程探勘和工程地质分析,北侧青山高岭土矿目前矿层已开采结束,处于停采状态,且距山体较远,地面塌陷已完成,继续出现灾害性塌陷及滑坡的可能性较低。南侧阳西高岭土矿采空区面积大,且深度浅,距阳山近,地表坡度较大,目前已经出现多个塌陷坑,且造成西侧山体发生滑坡,山体坡面多处开裂,同时该矿区仍在开采中,严重威胁山体稳定。因此,对阳西矿区应提高重视,加强对滑坡的监测,采用钻探、物探手段,进一步确定滑面位置。数值计算结果显示,阳西矿区在1#、2#、3#、4#采空区相继开采形成后就出现了数米的沉降,采空区上方的剪应变增量已经完全贯通,说明边坡已经滑动,这与实际情况是吻合的。
(4)在有采空区的影响下,在隧道纵断面上,采空区滑坡对隧道的影响主要体现在水平位移上的放大作用,一般增加在10%左右。因此在隧道开挖时,当开挖至山体西侧坡脚时应加强监测。在隧道横断面上,隧道围岩变形明显受到滑坡的影响,在模型中X=1020m断面处,滑坡对隧道的影响较小,随着断面向西侧及靠近采空区一侧移动,滑坡对隧道的影响明显加剧,因此隧道开挖至X=1020m及以西地段时应提高重视,同时在断层破碎带及岩脉带处也需要足够重视。
Goaf collapse, landslides are typical geological disasters, the loss due to them is very great, therefore, the goaf collapse, landslide issues are important subjects of research in the field of geotechnical engineering. In Yangshan mine area of Suzhou, the ground collapse and ground fissures had occurred, and leaded to landslides. A proposed tunnel project will across the Yangshan, these goaf, ground collapse, ground fissures, landslides and other geological disasters will have an impact on the tunnel project.the construction conditions of Yangshan tunnel project are very complex. As the background to this project, the influence of goaf, landslides, ground fissures, ground collapse and other factors on the tunnel project was studied, the tunnel and the nearby mountain slope stability was evaluated in this paperr. Obviously, this study plays an important role in guiding the engineering design and construction of the proposed tunnel. The premise of stability evaluation for the tunnel and slope is finding a correct way to obtain physical and mechanical parameters of rock mass. The currently used methods is the field test method and empirical estimation method, the operation of field test is complex, time-consuming, but also the field trials data can not avoid the size effect, the selection of mechanical parameters is not necessarily accurate. The empirical estimation method depends mainly on rock mass quality evaluation system does not take into account large-scale trials, but it must identify the rock mass structure type, control surface of the rock mass and need a certain number of rock strength parameters, such as rock uniaxial compressive strength, shear strength.
The analysis of preferred plane and rock strength test methods is the basis of engineering stability evaluation, therefore, according to the analysis of preferred plane and field engineering geology survey, rock strength test method was researched mainly. A kind of rock strength tester was self-developed, the tester can be a convenient method for testing rock uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength and cohesion. Then combine the analysis of preferred plane and the system of rock mass quality evaluation to estimate the physical and mechanical parameters. Finally, the stability of goaf collapse, landslide, and tunnel was calculated and analyzed. To sum up, the main results of this paper can be summarized as follows:
(1) The investigation of engineering geology and preferred plane analysis for Yangshan tunnel project show that the engineering field was controlled by compressive fracture, and produced extremely broken rock mass. The important influence factors of tunnel project are fault broken zone, dykes, landslides and ground collapse. The preferred plane controlling the stability of tunnel and slope are fault broken zone, dike zone and the NE structure surface. The quality evaluation of Yangshan rock mass shows that the relation of BQ and Q, RMR and Q is logarithmic, BQ and RMR showed a linear relationship. The physical and mechanical parameters of rock mass were calculated by Hoek-Brown method, and these parameters can be used for the numerical calculation. The impact analysis of the shear strength of jointed rock mass by structure surface showes that, the normal stress is greater and the impact of strength ratio by joints connectivity rate is smaller. The impact of strength ratio by normal stress decreases with the increase of joints connectivity rate.
(2) The existing rock strength testing methods was analyzed and summarized, the self-developed rock strength tester can be used to test uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength, and cohesion, the total weight is about30Kg, it is facilitate to the field testing. The indoor and outdoor rock uniaxial compressive strength, point load strength, rebound strength tests were also tested in this paper, and regression analysis was used to establish the mathematical relationship of the three strength. Proving Ring method was invented to test the basic friction angle of rock, and the average error is only4.38%when contrast with the slide method.
(3) According to the field geological survey and engineering geology analysis, Qingshan mine area had finished mining, and it is far from the mountain, ground collapse had completed, the possibility of catastrophic collapse and landslide is lower. Yangxi mine area has a larger goaf area and shallow depth, there are already multiple collapse pits, and caused landslide in the west side of the mountain, while the mine area is still mining, it's a serious threat to the stability of the mountain. Therefore, the Yangxi mine area should improve great importance to monitor for landslide,take drilling and geophysical to determine the sliding surface further. The numerical results show that Yangxi mining area, the goaf1#,2#,3#and4#formed a few meters of settlement, the rock mass above goaf has been completely passed through by shear strain, indicating that the slope had slidied, which is consistent with the actual situation.
(4) Under goaf condition, the influence of landslide to tunnel is mainly reflecting on amplification for horizontal displacement, generally increased about10%. Therefore, when tunnelling to the west side of the mountain, the slope and tunnel should be intensified monitoring. In the numerical model, the cross-section of X=1020m, landslide has a small impact on the tunnel, when the cross-section move to west side, the impact of landslide was significantly increased, therefore, when tunneling to X=1020m, and the west should improve great importance, and fault fracture zone and dykes zone also needs adequate attention.
引文
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