黄土丘陵区不同农业技术措施的土壤水分效应研究
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摘要
黄土丘陵沟壑区地形破碎、降水少而集中、土壤类型单一以及不适宜的农业耕作措施共同导致了严重的水土流失,使得该区生态环境进一步恶化,土壤肥力持续下降,作物产量低而不稳,生产成本逐年加大,因此,在这一地区发展可以减少水土流失的农业技术措施至关重要。为了探索适合该区的农田土壤蓄水保墒管理技术,提高自然降水利用率和土壤水分生产效率,本文作者以位于黄土丘陵沟壑区的陕西省米脂县为代表,通过对免耕休闲、免耕秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖、组合覆盖和传统耕作5种农业技术措施下土壤水分的时空变化特征、水分消耗规律、作物产量及水分利用效率等的系统研究,综合评价了“双料沟垄组合覆盖”措施在该区的应用前景,并对其增产机理进行了专门试验研究。取得主要结论如下:
(1)对不同农业技术措施下土壤水分时空变化特征研究表明,正常年份农地土壤水分季节动态可划分为春季缓慢收墒期、春夏季快速失墒期、夏秋季缓慢收墒期和冬季快速失墒期4个阶段。土壤水分剖面可划分为速变层(0～10cm)、活跃层(10～40cm)、次活跃层(40～140cm)和相对稳定层(140～200cm) 4个层次。不同农业技术措施在干旱年、平常年和丰水年3个年型中,上下层土壤水分的季节变化趋势各有特点。干旱年份免耕休闲、正常年份地膜覆盖、丰水年份秸秆覆盖措施上下层土壤水分季节变化态势比较一致,组合覆盖措施在正常年份上下层土壤水分变化态势不一致;60cm深处是农地上下层土壤水分最活跃的交换界面;120cm深处为农地土壤最低含水层。地面管理措施对土壤水分的影响深度在0～60cm范围内。干旱年份不同农业技术措施的土壤水分时空变化可用二元二次回归方程Y=a+bX1+cX2+dX12+eX22+fX1X2表示,但不同管理措施之间的回归系数差异很大。同时,以干旱年份传统耕作(CT)、免耕秸秆覆盖(MF)和休闲裸地(CK)3种措施下的土壤水分绘制的时空变化等值线图,其分析结果与数量统计结果完全一致。
(2)对不同农业技术措施土壤蒸发特征研究表明,黄土丘陵沟壑区裸地土壤蒸发十分强烈,而且有明显的季节性,强烈蒸发期出现在夏季和秋季,累计蒸发量小于同期降雨总量,土壤水分可得到部分补偿。就作物地而言,虽然生长期耗水量大于同期降水量,土壤水分部分亏缺,但冬春空闲期土壤储水可使亏缺部分得以补偿,年降水量能够满足作物生长需求;农田覆盖改变了土壤水分的蒸散规律,表现为强烈蒸发期提前,蒸散量加大。地面采取全覆盖(组合覆盖和秸秆覆盖)有利于土壤水分的高效利用。降水年型对农田年蒸散量的影响很大,总体趋势是干旱年和丰水年蒸散量均小于或等于降水量,正常年蒸散量均大于或接近于降水量。正常年份作物地蒸散量均小于对照裸地,丰水年份均大于裸地,干旱年份则不同,组合和地膜覆盖措施均大于对照,秸秆覆盖和常规种植则小于对照;干旱年份秸秆覆盖保水效果最好,一般年份和丰水年份组合覆盖保水效果较好。不同地面覆盖措施对农作物棵间土壤蒸发的抑制效果依次为:组合覆盖>秸秆覆盖>地膜覆盖>无覆盖。整个生育期内组合覆盖措施可以减少裸露地表无效蒸发量38%,其次为秸秆覆盖措施,较对照减少28.4%,地膜覆盖措施较对照减少3.6%。
(3)降水对土壤水分利用效率的影响作用远远超过了地面覆盖措施的作用,如果不考虑降水因素的影响,同一降水年份不同地面覆盖措施对土壤水分利用效率的影响程度有很大差异,与传统耕作措施相比,干旱年和丰水年三种覆盖措施均能够显著提高土壤水分的利用效率,正常年份除秸秆覆盖措施外,其余两种覆盖措施的水分利用效率均低于传统耕作措施。采取有效的地面覆盖措施可明显提高土壤水分的利用效率,但是不同的降水年份其影响程度各不相同。
(4)应用TOPSIS法综合评价结果表明,5种农业技术措施当中,组合覆盖措施综合水分效应表现最好,免耕秸秆覆盖措施次之,而连年休闲农地措施综合水分效应最差。目前在农业生产中大面积推广应用的地膜覆盖措施,由于其使用方便、增产效益显著,在国内外得到广泛认可,但是,综合分析表明,其综合水分效应不如秸秆覆盖措施。
(5)双料沟垄组合覆盖措施是一种特殊的水土保持农业技术措施,它是将地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖两种措施通过垄作栽培技术有机地结合在一起,除具有垄作栽培的一系列优点外,还兼有地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖二者的优点,有其独特的优越性。与传统耕作措施相比,组合覆盖措施促进作物增产主要有两方面的因素,即增加土壤水分和提高土壤肥力。对于旱作农业区域,这是提高作物产量的两个关键因素。
Jointed factors of broken topgraph, less and concentrated rain, single soil type as well as inappropriate agricultural techniques lead to serious soil and water loss in the rolling and gullied area of Loess Plateau, which make further deterioration of ecological environment, continued declining of soil fertility, low and unstable crop yields, increasing of production costs year after year. Therefore, it is essential to develop agricultural techniques which can reduce soil and water loss in this area. In order to exploring soil management technology system of water storage and conservation which is suitable for this area, improving utilization efficiency of natural precipitation and soil moisture, providing a basis for agricultural techniques of soil and water conservation and establishing a development direction of this area, the author of this thesis took represented Mizhi county of Shaanxi province as study area, has finished systematic researches on the temporal and spatial variation of soil moisture characteristics, soil water consumption law, crop yield and water use efficiency under 5 agricultural techniques including no-crop of no-tillage, straw mulch of no-tillage, combination coverage, plastic film coverage and so on, using integrated evaluation method, confirmed the applicated prospect of "double material coverage combined with groove and ridge "measures in this area. The main findings are as follows:
(1) The results in different agro-technical measures for temporal and spatial variation of soil moisture show that seasonal dynamics of soil moisture of no-tillage no-crop measures in normal years can be divided into four stages relatively: increasing moisture slowly in spring, stable moisture relativly in spring and summer, losing moisture slowly in summer and autumn, fast lose moisture in winter and spring. soil moisture profile can be divided into four layers: rapid change layer of soil moisture (0~10cm), active layer of soil moisture (10~40cm), sub-active layer of soil moisture (40~140cm) and relatively stable layer of soil moisture (140~200cm). Different agro-technical measures in the drought year, usual year and wet year, the upper and lower soil moisture change in seasonal trends have their own characteristics, dynamics of soil moisture of no-tillage measures are more consistent in drought year, and film coverage measures in normal year. But, the combined coverage measures in normal year changed in upper and lower soil moisture has shown a distinct changable trend, no-tillage straw mulch measures in wet-year changed in upper and lower soil moisture has more consistent trends. Whether dry years or wet years, 60cm layer of soil is the most active layer of soil moisture, as well as the exchange interface of soil water between upper and lower soil layer; 120cm layer is a clear lower water line in crop land. The impact depth on soil moisture of ground management measures is at the range of 0~60cm. Different agro-technical measures in dry years, temporal and spatial variation of soil moisture can be described as a binary quadratic regression equation Y = a + bX1 + cX2 + dX12 + eX22 + fX1X2, but different management measures vary greatly between the regression coefficients. At the same time, the soil moisture contour map that draw by computer technology, which for conventional tillage (CT), straw mulch with no-tillage (MF) and bare land with no-tillage (CK) in dry years, can also better reflect the change trend of soil moisture temporal and spatial variation, this result is the same as the numerical analysis and regression analysis findings aforementioned.
(2) The research results of soil evaporation characteristics in different agro-technical measures show that, evaporation of bare soil in the loess hilly-gully region is very strong, but also a clear seasonal period, the intense evaporation period appeared in summer and autumn, while this time is the rainy season, although soil water can get some of compensation, but the cumulative evaporation is still higher than the total rainfall over the same period. On the crop land is concerned, although water consumption is greater than the same period of precipitation in growing season, soil water part of the deficit, but part of it can be compensated by water storage of soil in winter-spring period of no crop time, yearly pecipitation can meet crop needs. The evapotranspiration law of soil moisture were changed by farmland covered, showing that period for strong evaporation was in advance, evapotranspiration increase, that is excessive soil moisture were consumpted when increase crop production. To take part of ground cover (plastic film mulch, coverage 60%) is conducive to protect soil moisture environment, while taking full coverage (combined coverage and straw mulch, coverage 100%) are conducive to the efficient use of soil moisture. Precipitation pattern take a great impact on the farmland evapotranspiration of one year, overall trend is evapotranspiration volume less than or equal annual precipitation volume in drought years and wet years, and it is greater than or close to annual precipitation volume in normal years. Evapotranspiration volume of crop land is less than the control bare ground in normal years, and it is more than bare ground in wet years; it is more different in drought years: combined coverage and plastic film mulch measures are higher than the control, straw mulch and conventional cultivation is less than control; coverage measures can show their respective performance of cover effectiveness in drought years, as well as little effect in normal and wet years. Water-retention effect of straw mulch is the best in drought years, that of combined coverage is better than others in normal and wet years. The inhibitory effect order of different cover measures on the inter-crop soil evaporation were as follows: combined coverage > straw mulch > plastic film coverage > no coverage. In whole growth period, the combined cover measures can reduce invalid evaporation of bare soil surface 38%, followed by straw mulch measures 28.4% compared with the control, plastic film cover measures decreased by 3.6% compared with the control.
(3) Influence of precipitation on soil water use efficiency are far beyond the role of ground cover measures, if the rainfall factor does not take into account, influence of different ground cover measures on soil water use efficiency are very different in the same precipitation year, compared with conventional tillage, three kinds of coverage measures are able to significantly improve the soil water use efficiency in drought years and wet years, water use efficiency of the other two kinds of coverage measures, excepting straw mulch, are lower than conventional tillage in a normal year. To take effective measures for ground cover can significantly improve the utilization efficiency of soil moisture, but its influence varies in different precipitation years. Under normal circumstances, the measures of straw mulch can improve soil water use efficiency, combined coverage measures can better play to their strengths in drought year and the year of high rainfall relatively, the effect is more obvious.
(4) Comprehensive evaluation results that use TOPSIS method show that, among 5 measures of agro-technology, comprehensive water efficiency of combined coverage measures is the best, followed by no-tillage straw mulch measures, while no crop land year after year show the worst performance of comprehensive water efficiency, so ranks after the traditional farming measures because of no yield effect. The measures of plastic film mulch which large-scale to promote the use currently in agricultural production, because of its ease of use, yield-increase efficiency significantly, widely recognized at home and abroad, but a comprehensive analysis result shows that the integrated water efficiency are not better than straw mulch.
(5) The measures of double materials coverage combined with groove ridge is a special agricultural measures of soil and water conservation, which is organically combined by two kinds of measures of plastic film mulch and straw mulch through the ridge cultivation techniques; in addition to a ridge for planting a series of advantages, in addition to have a series of advantages of the ridge cultivation, it also has both advantages of plastic film mulch and straw mulch, there is its unique advantages.
(1)对不同农业技术措施下土壤水分时空变化特征研究表明,正常年份农地土壤水分季节动态可划分为春季缓慢收墒期、春夏季快速失墒期、夏秋季缓慢收墒期和冬季快速失墒期4个阶段。土壤水分剖面可划分为速变层(0～10cm)、活跃层(10～40cm)、次活跃层(40～140cm)和相对稳定层(140～200cm) 4个层次。不同农业技术措施在干旱年、平常年和丰水年3个年型中,上下层土壤水分的季节变化趋势各有特点。干旱年份免耕休闲、正常年份地膜覆盖、丰水年份秸秆覆盖措施上下层土壤水分季节变化态势比较一致,组合覆盖措施在正常年份上下层土壤水分变化态势不一致;60cm深处是农地上下层土壤水分最活跃的交换界面;120cm深处为农地土壤最低含水层。地面管理措施对土壤水分的影响深度在0～60cm范围内。干旱年份不同农业技术措施的土壤水分时空变化可用二元二次回归方程Y=a+bX1+cX2+dX12+eX22+fX1X2表示,但不同管理措施之间的回归系数差异很大。同时,以干旱年份传统耕作(CT)、免耕秸秆覆盖(MF)和休闲裸地(CK)3种措施下的土壤水分绘制的时空变化等值线图,其分析结果与数量统计结果完全一致。
(2)对不同农业技术措施土壤蒸发特征研究表明,黄土丘陵沟壑区裸地土壤蒸发十分强烈,而且有明显的季节性,强烈蒸发期出现在夏季和秋季,累计蒸发量小于同期降雨总量,土壤水分可得到部分补偿。就作物地而言,虽然生长期耗水量大于同期降水量,土壤水分部分亏缺,但冬春空闲期土壤储水可使亏缺部分得以补偿,年降水量能够满足作物生长需求;农田覆盖改变了土壤水分的蒸散规律,表现为强烈蒸发期提前,蒸散量加大。地面采取全覆盖(组合覆盖和秸秆覆盖)有利于土壤水分的高效利用。降水年型对农田年蒸散量的影响很大,总体趋势是干旱年和丰水年蒸散量均小于或等于降水量,正常年蒸散量均大于或接近于降水量。正常年份作物地蒸散量均小于对照裸地,丰水年份均大于裸地,干旱年份则不同,组合和地膜覆盖措施均大于对照,秸秆覆盖和常规种植则小于对照;干旱年份秸秆覆盖保水效果最好,一般年份和丰水年份组合覆盖保水效果较好。不同地面覆盖措施对农作物棵间土壤蒸发的抑制效果依次为:组合覆盖>秸秆覆盖>地膜覆盖>无覆盖。整个生育期内组合覆盖措施可以减少裸露地表无效蒸发量38%,其次为秸秆覆盖措施,较对照减少28.4%,地膜覆盖措施较对照减少3.6%。
(3)降水对土壤水分利用效率的影响作用远远超过了地面覆盖措施的作用,如果不考虑降水因素的影响,同一降水年份不同地面覆盖措施对土壤水分利用效率的影响程度有很大差异,与传统耕作措施相比,干旱年和丰水年三种覆盖措施均能够显著提高土壤水分的利用效率,正常年份除秸秆覆盖措施外,其余两种覆盖措施的水分利用效率均低于传统耕作措施。采取有效的地面覆盖措施可明显提高土壤水分的利用效率,但是不同的降水年份其影响程度各不相同。
(4)应用TOPSIS法综合评价结果表明,5种农业技术措施当中,组合覆盖措施综合水分效应表现最好,免耕秸秆覆盖措施次之,而连年休闲农地措施综合水分效应最差。目前在农业生产中大面积推广应用的地膜覆盖措施,由于其使用方便、增产效益显著,在国内外得到广泛认可,但是,综合分析表明,其综合水分效应不如秸秆覆盖措施。
(5)双料沟垄组合覆盖措施是一种特殊的水土保持农业技术措施,它是将地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖两种措施通过垄作栽培技术有机地结合在一起,除具有垄作栽培的一系列优点外,还兼有地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖二者的优点,有其独特的优越性。与传统耕作措施相比,组合覆盖措施促进作物增产主要有两方面的因素,即增加土壤水分和提高土壤肥力。对于旱作农业区域,这是提高作物产量的两个关键因素。
Jointed factors of broken topgraph, less and concentrated rain, single soil type as well as inappropriate agricultural techniques lead to serious soil and water loss in the rolling and gullied area of Loess Plateau, which make further deterioration of ecological environment, continued declining of soil fertility, low and unstable crop yields, increasing of production costs year after year. Therefore, it is essential to develop agricultural techniques which can reduce soil and water loss in this area. In order to exploring soil management technology system of water storage and conservation which is suitable for this area, improving utilization efficiency of natural precipitation and soil moisture, providing a basis for agricultural techniques of soil and water conservation and establishing a development direction of this area, the author of this thesis took represented Mizhi county of Shaanxi province as study area, has finished systematic researches on the temporal and spatial variation of soil moisture characteristics, soil water consumption law, crop yield and water use efficiency under 5 agricultural techniques including no-crop of no-tillage, straw mulch of no-tillage, combination coverage, plastic film coverage and so on, using integrated evaluation method, confirmed the applicated prospect of "double material coverage combined with groove and ridge "measures in this area. The main findings are as follows:
(1) The results in different agro-technical measures for temporal and spatial variation of soil moisture show that seasonal dynamics of soil moisture of no-tillage no-crop measures in normal years can be divided into four stages relatively: increasing moisture slowly in spring, stable moisture relativly in spring and summer, losing moisture slowly in summer and autumn, fast lose moisture in winter and spring. soil moisture profile can be divided into four layers: rapid change layer of soil moisture (0~10cm), active layer of soil moisture (10~40cm), sub-active layer of soil moisture (40~140cm) and relatively stable layer of soil moisture (140~200cm). Different agro-technical measures in the drought year, usual year and wet year, the upper and lower soil moisture change in seasonal trends have their own characteristics, dynamics of soil moisture of no-tillage measures are more consistent in drought year, and film coverage measures in normal year. But, the combined coverage measures in normal year changed in upper and lower soil moisture has shown a distinct changable trend, no-tillage straw mulch measures in wet-year changed in upper and lower soil moisture has more consistent trends. Whether dry years or wet years, 60cm layer of soil is the most active layer of soil moisture, as well as the exchange interface of soil water between upper and lower soil layer; 120cm layer is a clear lower water line in crop land. The impact depth on soil moisture of ground management measures is at the range of 0~60cm. Different agro-technical measures in dry years, temporal and spatial variation of soil moisture can be described as a binary quadratic regression equation Y = a + bX1 + cX2 + dX12 + eX22 + fX1X2, but different management measures vary greatly between the regression coefficients. At the same time, the soil moisture contour map that draw by computer technology, which for conventional tillage (CT), straw mulch with no-tillage (MF) and bare land with no-tillage (CK) in dry years, can also better reflect the change trend of soil moisture temporal and spatial variation, this result is the same as the numerical analysis and regression analysis findings aforementioned.
(2) The research results of soil evaporation characteristics in different agro-technical measures show that, evaporation of bare soil in the loess hilly-gully region is very strong, but also a clear seasonal period, the intense evaporation period appeared in summer and autumn, while this time is the rainy season, although soil water can get some of compensation, but the cumulative evaporation is still higher than the total rainfall over the same period. On the crop land is concerned, although water consumption is greater than the same period of precipitation in growing season, soil water part of the deficit, but part of it can be compensated by water storage of soil in winter-spring period of no crop time, yearly pecipitation can meet crop needs. The evapotranspiration law of soil moisture were changed by farmland covered, showing that period for strong evaporation was in advance, evapotranspiration increase, that is excessive soil moisture were consumpted when increase crop production. To take part of ground cover (plastic film mulch, coverage 60%) is conducive to protect soil moisture environment, while taking full coverage (combined coverage and straw mulch, coverage 100%) are conducive to the efficient use of soil moisture. Precipitation pattern take a great impact on the farmland evapotranspiration of one year, overall trend is evapotranspiration volume less than or equal annual precipitation volume in drought years and wet years, and it is greater than or close to annual precipitation volume in normal years. Evapotranspiration volume of crop land is less than the control bare ground in normal years, and it is more than bare ground in wet years; it is more different in drought years: combined coverage and plastic film mulch measures are higher than the control, straw mulch and conventional cultivation is less than control; coverage measures can show their respective performance of cover effectiveness in drought years, as well as little effect in normal and wet years. Water-retention effect of straw mulch is the best in drought years, that of combined coverage is better than others in normal and wet years. The inhibitory effect order of different cover measures on the inter-crop soil evaporation were as follows: combined coverage > straw mulch > plastic film coverage > no coverage. In whole growth period, the combined cover measures can reduce invalid evaporation of bare soil surface 38%, followed by straw mulch measures 28.4% compared with the control, plastic film cover measures decreased by 3.6% compared with the control.
(3) Influence of precipitation on soil water use efficiency are far beyond the role of ground cover measures, if the rainfall factor does not take into account, influence of different ground cover measures on soil water use efficiency are very different in the same precipitation year, compared with conventional tillage, three kinds of coverage measures are able to significantly improve the soil water use efficiency in drought years and wet years, water use efficiency of the other two kinds of coverage measures, excepting straw mulch, are lower than conventional tillage in a normal year. To take effective measures for ground cover can significantly improve the utilization efficiency of soil moisture, but its influence varies in different precipitation years. Under normal circumstances, the measures of straw mulch can improve soil water use efficiency, combined coverage measures can better play to their strengths in drought year and the year of high rainfall relatively, the effect is more obvious.
(4) Comprehensive evaluation results that use TOPSIS method show that, among 5 measures of agro-technology, comprehensive water efficiency of combined coverage measures is the best, followed by no-tillage straw mulch measures, while no crop land year after year show the worst performance of comprehensive water efficiency, so ranks after the traditional farming measures because of no yield effect. The measures of plastic film mulch which large-scale to promote the use currently in agricultural production, because of its ease of use, yield-increase efficiency significantly, widely recognized at home and abroad, but a comprehensive analysis result shows that the integrated water efficiency are not better than straw mulch.
(5) The measures of double materials coverage combined with groove ridge is a special agricultural measures of soil and water conservation, which is organically combined by two kinds of measures of plastic film mulch and straw mulch through the ridge cultivation techniques; in addition to a ridge for planting a series of advantages, in addition to have a series of advantages of the ridge cultivation, it also has both advantages of plastic film mulch and straw mulch, there is its unique advantages.
引文
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