烯效唑对附子生长、产量及品质的调控效应研究
摘要
本研究以四川地道药材附子作为供试材料,研究喷施烯效唑对附子生长、产量、质量的影响,试验分两年开展。2008～2009年度,在保留传统打尖措施的条件下,研究在不同时期(子根形成期、子根膨大期)喷施不同浓度(0、30、60、120 mg·L-1)烯效唑对附子农艺性状、干物质积累、产量和品质的影响；2009～2010年度,在不实施打尖措施的条件下,研究在子根形成期和子根膨大期喷施不同浓度(0、30、60、90mg·L-1)烯效唑对附子植株部分形态、光合特性、产量和品质的影响；筛选出适宜附子生产的烯效唑喷施浓度,为制定新的附子高产栽培措施提供有效参考。具体结果表明：
1.叶面喷施烯效唑对附子植株形态具有一定的调控作用,主要表现为：对株高、节间有一定的抑制作用：对茎粗、叶片数、子根和须根数目、第一子根体积起到促进作用,以低浓度(30 mg·L-1)和中浓度(60 mg·L-1)调控效果较理想,浓度过高会产生抑制作用。
2.叶片中叶绿素含量和部分荧光参数受烯效唑影响发生改变。喷施烯效唑使SPAD值增大,即增加了叶绿素含量,叶绿素荧光动力学研究发现：30 mg·L-1、60 mg·L-浓度烯效唑能够提高叶片原初光能捕获效率(Fv'/Fm')、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)有利于改善叶片对光能的吸收和转换；提高了PSⅡ反应中心开放部分的比例,电子传递活性增强(qP),降低初始荧光F0和非光化学猝灭NPQ以减少光能的非光化学损耗,使叶片吸收的光能充分用于光化学途径,在一定程度上提高了光能利用率。高浓度处理降低了叶片的光能利用率。
3.烯效唑喷施对叶面积和光合速率有一定的影响。子根形成期喷施烯效唑对叶面积有一定的抑制作用：子根膨大期喷施则表现出一定的促进效果,以30 mg·L-1效果最佳。30 mg·L-1和60 mg·L-1能够提高叶片光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr),降低胞间CO2浓度(Ci),与打尖处理间差异不显著；90 mg·L-1呈现相反趋势。
4.烯效唑喷施影响附子植株干物质积累量。烯效唑处理促进附子植株叶、茎、须根、子根、母根各器官及整株干物质积累量增加,两个时期喷施效果不一致。在实施打尖措施的条件下,子根膨大期喷施烯效唑干物质量增加较子根形成期喷施更显著,两个时期喷施均以120 mg·L-1处理增加幅度最大。干物质在各器官中的分配比例受烯效唑影响不显著。
5.烯效唑能够提高附子产量。2008-2009年度试验,打尖情况下,两个喷施时期增产幅度及适宜浓度不同,子根形成期以30 mg·L1产量最高,增产幅度达10.79%,子根膨大期以60 mg·L-1增产效果最佳,增产幅度达20.98%。2009-2010年度试验,未打尖的情况下,两个时期均喷施,60 mg·L-1增产幅度最大,达55.05%,较打尖处理高1.36个百分点。
6.烯效唑处理对附子外观品质和药用成分含量有一定的影响。施用烯效唑能够增加一级附子(>45 g)、二级附子(20-45 g)个数及其所占比例；喷施不同浓度烯效唑对总生物碱含量及双酯型生物碱总含量有一定的影响,但未达到显著水平,30mg·L-1表现出一定的促进作用；30 mg·L-1还能够促进附子多糖含量显著增加。
The effect of foliar application of uniconazole on the growth, yield, quality of the Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. as the famous-region drug in Sichuan were studied in 2008-2010. In 2008-2009, while preserving traditional disbudding measures, the agricultural characters, accumulation of dry substance, yield and quality of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. were studied under different uniconazole spraying stage (sub-root formation stage or sub-root enlargement stage) and density (0,30,60,120 mg·L-1). In 2009-2010, to study the effect of foliar application of different uniconazole density (0,30, 60,90 mg·L-1) at sub-root formation stage and sub-root enlargement stage on the morphological character, photosynthesis, yield and quality without disbudding measures. Now we have the suitable density for the cultivation of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. and provide a theory base for establishment of high-yield planting measure. The specific results of these studies are as follow:
1. The regulatory function of uniconazole on morphological shows that uniconazole may reduce plant height, knot spacing and enhance stem diameter, volume of biggest sub-root, number of leaves, sub-roots and fibril roots. The suitable density for the promotion of uniconazole was 30 mg·L-1 and 60 mg·L-1, there was inhibitory action when the density was too high.
2. Uniconazole treatment increased SPAD value in the leave. It means that uniconazole increased the content of chlorophyll. The study of chlorophyll fluorescence dynamics shows that 30,60 mg·L-1 concentrations of uniconazole promote original light capture rate (Fv'Fm'), the actual photochemical efficiency of PSII (OPSⅡ), photochemical quenching efficiency (qP), decrease the minimal fluorescence (F0) and none-photochemical quenching efficiency (NPQ). The light utilization rate of leaves was improved in a certain extent with the change of the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters.
3. Foliar application of uniconazole affected the leaf area. The leaf area of uniconazole treatment at sub-root formation stage was decreased while it was increased with the 30 mg·L-1 concentrations of uniconazole treatment at sub-root enlargement stage. The intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) was decreased, but the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) were increased under the 30,60 mg·L-1 concentrations of uniconazole, there was no significant difference between the uniconazole treatment and disbudding treatment. While it shows the opposite trend under the highest concentration.
4. The dry matter of leaves, stem, fibril roots, sub-roots, mother root, and the total plant were higher than the control treatment, there was some difference between the two spraying stage. The improvement of dry matter at sub-root formation stage was more significant than at sub-root enlargement stage, it has the best result at two stage both under the 120 mg·L-1 concentrations of uniconazole. The distribution of dry matter among all the organs was not affected significantly under the uniconazole treatment.
5. Suitable concentration uniconazole treatment could increase the yield of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx.. In 2008-2009, with the disbudding measure, the increases in yield at different spaying stage were different and the suitable concentration was different too. The 30 mg·L-1 concentration of uniconazole treatment got the remarkable effect, which has the highest yield and was 10.79% higher than that of control at sub-root formation stage. While the 60 mg·L-1 concentration of uniconazole treatment has the highest yield, which was 20.98% higher than that of control at sub-root enlargement stage. In 2009-2010, spraying uniconazole at both two stages without the disbudding measure, the yield has the highest increase under the 60 mg·L-1, which was 55.05% higher than the control and the increas range was 1.36 percentage point than that of disbudding treatment.
6. The number of first level (> 45 g) sub-roots, second level (20-45 g) sub-roots and their proportion were increased with uniconazole treatment. The effect of application of uniconazole to total alkaloid content, total content of double ester type alkaloids were not significant, but there was a certain extent improvement with 30 mg·L-1 uniconazole. The 30 mg·L-1 uniconazole significantly increase the polysaccharide content of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx..
1.叶面喷施烯效唑对附子植株形态具有一定的调控作用,主要表现为：对株高、节间有一定的抑制作用：对茎粗、叶片数、子根和须根数目、第一子根体积起到促进作用,以低浓度(30 mg·L-1)和中浓度(60 mg·L-1)调控效果较理想,浓度过高会产生抑制作用。
2.叶片中叶绿素含量和部分荧光参数受烯效唑影响发生改变。喷施烯效唑使SPAD值增大,即增加了叶绿素含量,叶绿素荧光动力学研究发现：30 mg·L-1、60 mg·L-浓度烯效唑能够提高叶片原初光能捕获效率(Fv'/Fm')、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)有利于改善叶片对光能的吸收和转换；提高了PSⅡ反应中心开放部分的比例,电子传递活性增强(qP),降低初始荧光F0和非光化学猝灭NPQ以减少光能的非光化学损耗,使叶片吸收的光能充分用于光化学途径,在一定程度上提高了光能利用率。高浓度处理降低了叶片的光能利用率。
3.烯效唑喷施对叶面积和光合速率有一定的影响。子根形成期喷施烯效唑对叶面积有一定的抑制作用：子根膨大期喷施则表现出一定的促进效果,以30 mg·L-1效果最佳。30 mg·L-1和60 mg·L-1能够提高叶片光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr),降低胞间CO2浓度(Ci),与打尖处理间差异不显著；90 mg·L-1呈现相反趋势。
4.烯效唑喷施影响附子植株干物质积累量。烯效唑处理促进附子植株叶、茎、须根、子根、母根各器官及整株干物质积累量增加,两个时期喷施效果不一致。在实施打尖措施的条件下,子根膨大期喷施烯效唑干物质量增加较子根形成期喷施更显著,两个时期喷施均以120 mg·L-1处理增加幅度最大。干物质在各器官中的分配比例受烯效唑影响不显著。
5.烯效唑能够提高附子产量。2008-2009年度试验,打尖情况下,两个喷施时期增产幅度及适宜浓度不同,子根形成期以30 mg·L1产量最高,增产幅度达10.79%,子根膨大期以60 mg·L-1增产效果最佳,增产幅度达20.98%。2009-2010年度试验,未打尖的情况下,两个时期均喷施,60 mg·L-1增产幅度最大,达55.05%,较打尖处理高1.36个百分点。
6.烯效唑处理对附子外观品质和药用成分含量有一定的影响。施用烯效唑能够增加一级附子(>45 g)、二级附子(20-45 g)个数及其所占比例；喷施不同浓度烯效唑对总生物碱含量及双酯型生物碱总含量有一定的影响,但未达到显著水平,30mg·L-1表现出一定的促进作用；30 mg·L-1还能够促进附子多糖含量显著增加。
The effect of foliar application of uniconazole on the growth, yield, quality of the Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. as the famous-region drug in Sichuan were studied in 2008-2010. In 2008-2009, while preserving traditional disbudding measures, the agricultural characters, accumulation of dry substance, yield and quality of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. were studied under different uniconazole spraying stage (sub-root formation stage or sub-root enlargement stage) and density (0,30,60,120 mg·L-1). In 2009-2010, to study the effect of foliar application of different uniconazole density (0,30, 60,90 mg·L-1) at sub-root formation stage and sub-root enlargement stage on the morphological character, photosynthesis, yield and quality without disbudding measures. Now we have the suitable density for the cultivation of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. and provide a theory base for establishment of high-yield planting measure. The specific results of these studies are as follow:
1. The regulatory function of uniconazole on morphological shows that uniconazole may reduce plant height, knot spacing and enhance stem diameter, volume of biggest sub-root, number of leaves, sub-roots and fibril roots. The suitable density for the promotion of uniconazole was 30 mg·L-1 and 60 mg·L-1, there was inhibitory action when the density was too high.
2. Uniconazole treatment increased SPAD value in the leave. It means that uniconazole increased the content of chlorophyll. The study of chlorophyll fluorescence dynamics shows that 30,60 mg·L-1 concentrations of uniconazole promote original light capture rate (Fv'Fm'), the actual photochemical efficiency of PSII (OPSⅡ), photochemical quenching efficiency (qP), decrease the minimal fluorescence (F0) and none-photochemical quenching efficiency (NPQ). The light utilization rate of leaves was improved in a certain extent with the change of the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters.
3. Foliar application of uniconazole affected the leaf area. The leaf area of uniconazole treatment at sub-root formation stage was decreased while it was increased with the 30 mg·L-1 concentrations of uniconazole treatment at sub-root enlargement stage. The intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) was decreased, but the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) were increased under the 30,60 mg·L-1 concentrations of uniconazole, there was no significant difference between the uniconazole treatment and disbudding treatment. While it shows the opposite trend under the highest concentration.
4. The dry matter of leaves, stem, fibril roots, sub-roots, mother root, and the total plant were higher than the control treatment, there was some difference between the two spraying stage. The improvement of dry matter at sub-root formation stage was more significant than at sub-root enlargement stage, it has the best result at two stage both under the 120 mg·L-1 concentrations of uniconazole. The distribution of dry matter among all the organs was not affected significantly under the uniconazole treatment.
5. Suitable concentration uniconazole treatment could increase the yield of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx.. In 2008-2009, with the disbudding measure, the increases in yield at different spaying stage were different and the suitable concentration was different too. The 30 mg·L-1 concentration of uniconazole treatment got the remarkable effect, which has the highest yield and was 10.79% higher than that of control at sub-root formation stage. While the 60 mg·L-1 concentration of uniconazole treatment has the highest yield, which was 20.98% higher than that of control at sub-root enlargement stage. In 2009-2010, spraying uniconazole at both two stages without the disbudding measure, the yield has the highest increase under the 60 mg·L-1, which was 55.05% higher than the control and the increas range was 1.36 percentage point than that of disbudding treatment.
6. The number of first level (> 45 g) sub-roots, second level (20-45 g) sub-roots and their proportion were increased with uniconazole treatment. The effect of application of uniconazole to total alkaloid content, total content of double ester type alkaloids were not significant, but there was a certain extent improvement with 30 mg·L-1 uniconazole. The 30 mg·L-1 uniconazole significantly increase the polysaccharide content of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx..
引文
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