多级仿生耦合材料吸声性能及机理研究
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摘要
随着工业生产、交通运输和城市建筑的发展，噪声已成为污染人类社会环境的一大公害，使用新型吸声降噪材料是降低噪声污染的重要途径。当前，应用材料改进和新型声学结构相结合的方式来提高吸声材料的吸声性能，是吸声材料的主流发展趋势。
本文选用聚氨酯为基材，农作物副产品稻壳为填料，制备了稻壳-聚氨酯复合多孔材料，分析了添加稻壳对聚氨酯声学性能的影响；从声学专业角度设计了一种能够快速测量多孔材料特征参数的方法，测试了聚氨酯及稻壳-聚氨酯复合材料的特征参数，分析了各参数对材料声学性能的影响，并初步探索稻壳-聚氨酯复合材料的吸声机理；根据团队前期开展的鸮类仿生降噪的部分成果，基于鸮皮肤和覆羽的耦合吸声特性，设计了多层仿生耦合吸声结构，应用MATLAB和工程声学软件ACTRAN计算了其吸声性能及每层参数的影响，并应用有限元法模拟分析了其对索道滑舱内声场的影响，探索了多层仿生结构在交通工具上的降噪影响。
在材料方面，选择温度、总质量以及多元醇与MDI的比例作为试验因素制定试验方案，分析了各因素对聚氨酯泡沫声学性能的影响，并确定了制备聚氨酯的最佳条件。以优化后配方作为基材，添加不同量的稻壳，制备了稻壳-聚氨酯复合材料。应用红外光谱分析技术和扫描电镜分析了稻壳对复合材料化学成分及物理结构的影响。结果表明：稻壳未参与聚氨酯的化学反应，仅影响复合材料的物理结构，稻壳显著影响聚氨酯的孔形成和孔径分布。材料的声学性能测试表明，在不增加厚度的前提下，添加稻壳能够提高聚氨酯的低频吸声性能，且材料的吸声性能趋势与传递损失趋势相反。
为深入研究聚氨酯泡沫及稻壳聚氨酯复合材料的声学性能，在Johnson-Allard模型和Lafarge-Allard模型的基础上，搭建了一个特殊试验台，能够采用一个试验样本，快速且同时测定多孔材料的所有特征参数，解决了传统测试方法复杂且耗时的不足。该方法的基本原理为：通过改变多孔材料背后的边界条件，测试相应的材料的表面阻抗和吸声系数，然后用MATLAB和最小二乘法来求解多孔材料的特征参数。流阻和孔隙率通过测量材料在低频段的表面阻抗来确定，而曲率、特征长度和热渗透性通过将吸声系数的测试值与Johnson-Allard模型进行拟合或者将有效密度和体积模量的试验值与Lafarge-Allard模型进行拟合得到。通过与其他实验室的测试结果比较和试验值与预测值比较来验证该方法的可靠性。最后，利用该试验台测试了制备的聚氨酯及稻壳-聚氨酯复合材料的各种特征参数，分析了各因素对聚氨酯泡沫的流阻和孔隙率的影响，将得到的特征参数，通过Johnson-Allard模型和Lafarge-Allard模型计算来预测样本在背衬30mm空腔条件下的吸声系数曲线并与试验测试值进行对比，进一步分析了其吸声性能和声学机理。该方法最大的优势就是快速，且不需要其他专业的测试仪器，为多孔材料特征参数的测试提供了一种新的思路。
在结构方面，基于鸮皮肤和覆羽的多层次组织结构与形态特征，建立了梯形棱纹表面，背衬空腔以及多层耦合仿生模型。通过MATLAB计算及声学软件ACTRAN分析了模型的声学性能，以及各层参数对模型声学性能的影响。不同表面模型的声学性能分析表明：多孔材料背衬空腔，显著提高材料低频段的吸声性能，且吸声系数曲线的峰值向低频方向移动；多孔材料设计为梯形棱纹表面，可显著提高材料中高频段的吸声系数。多孔材料设计为梯形棱纹表面且背衬空腔，吸声性能最好，吸声系数曲线的峰值向低频移动，并且在整个频段内吸声系数显著提高。对于多层耦合模型，仿生耦合模型具有最佳的吸声能力。0-2000Hz内的垂直入射平均吸声系数达到0.778，200-2000Hz内达到0.85。低频吸声系数的显著提高可归功于微缝板和柔性微穿孔膜的Helmholtz效应，与多孔材料结合则导致宽频段内吸声系数的进一步提高。
以索道滑舱为对象，将多层仿生耦合模型粘贴于滑舱内座椅和地毯部分，用ACTRAN计算滑舱空腔的声学模态，分析添加吸声材料前后的滑舱内声场变化，人耳附近的声压级变化，并计算各板块的贡献量。结果表明：由于车厢空腔的横向和垂向的对称性，使车厢空腔声场的各阶模态振型的横向和垂向两侧对称分布，且频率越高，形变越复杂。添加五种吸声模型后，人耳附近的声压级显著降低，其中，模型2和5表现出最好的吸声效率。正如所期望的，所有部位均添加吸声材料对滑舱内人耳附近的声压级降低最有效，其中地毯的贡献占主导。表明声压级曲线向低频范围移动，吸声材料增加了系统的质量。由吸声结构所提供的声吸收在低频范围非常低，但随着频率增加而提高，多层吸声结构在50Hz以下几乎无能量散射。
With the development of industrial manufacture, transportation and urban architecture,noise pollution has become a big public hazard of polluting the human society environment,the development of new sound absorption materials is an important way to reduce noisepollution. At present, the mainstream development trendency of sound-absorbing material isthe combinative application of material improvement and new acoustic structure to improvethe absorption property of sound-absorbing material.
In this manuscript, rice hull-polyurethane composite porous materials were prepared bytaking polyurethane as basic material and crop byproducts-rice hull as filler, and analyze theinfluence of rice hull for the acoustic performance of polyurethane. A rapid method wasdeveloped for determining all the characteristic parameters of porous materials by means ofacoustic measurements. Tested the characteristic parameters of polyurethane and ricehull-polyurethane, and analyzed the influence of various parameters for the acousticperformance, and also conducted a preliminary exploration of the sound absorptionmechanism of rice hull-polyurethane composite materials. According to the part of previousachievement of owl bionic noise reduction that our team did, a bionic coupling multi-layerabsorbing structure was established based on the coupling sound absorption characteristicsof owl skin and coverts, MATLAB and acoustic software ACTRAN were applied tocalculate its acoustic performance and analyze the influence of different parameters of eachlayer on the absorption coefficients of this model, and finite element method was used toanalyze the influence of the bionic model for the sound filed in the cableway cabin andexplored the noise reduction effect of multi-layered bionic structure in transportation.
In the respect of material, a testing program was developed by taking the temperature,total mass and the ratio of the polyol and MDI as factors, analyzed the influence of variousfactors for the acoustic performance of polyurethane foam and identified the optimumformula of the polyurethane preparation. Rice hull-polyurethane compound were preparedby taking the optimized formula as base material and adding different amount of rice hull.Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy method and scanningelectron microscopy were applied to analyze the influence of rice hull for the chemical andphysical structure of the compound. The results indicated that rice hull did not participate inthe chemical reactions of polyurethane and only affected its physical structure. Rice hullsignificantly affected the pore formation and pore size distribution. The testing of theacoustic performance of materials showed that rice hull improve the sound absorption performance at low frequency without increasing the thickness of the material, and theinsulate performance showed opposite trend compared with the sound absorption coefficientof materials.
In order to further study the acoustic performance of polyurethane foam and rice hull–polyurethane compound, a unique test bench was established based on Johnson-Allardmodel and Lafarge-Allard model. The bench was able to simultaneous determine all thecharacteristic parameters of porous material rapidly with only one sample, solving thecomplex and time-consuming drawbacks of conventional test methods. The basic principleof this method was as following: firstly, changed the different optional boundary conditionsbehind the materials, then tested the correspondent surface impedance and sound absorptioncoefficient of the material, then used MATLAB and least square method to solve all thecharacteristic parameters. Flow resistance and porosity of the material were determined bymeasuring the surface impedance at low frequencies, while tortuosity, characteristic lengthand thermal permeability were determined by the adjustment of Johnson-Allard model andtest values of absorption coefficients or the adjustment of Lafarge-Allard model and testvalues of effective density and bulk modulus. The reliability of the method was verified bythe comparisons with the test results of other laboratories or the experimental and predictedvalues. Finally, the test bench was used to test the characteristic parameters of preparedpolyurethane foam and rice hull-polyuretane composites, further analyzed the soundabsorption performance and acoustic mechanism. The biggest advantage of this method wasrapid and with no need for other specialized test equipment, which provided a new idea forthe test of characteristic parameters of porous materials.
In case of the material structure, three bionic models were designed based on themulti-level organization structure and morphological characteristics of skin and coverts ofospreys, including trapezoidal ribbed surface, backing with a cavity and multi-layer couplingbionic models. MATLAB and acoustic analysis software ACTRAN were applied to analyzethe acoustic performances and influence of different parameters of each layer on absorptioncoefficients of this model. The acoustic performance analysis of different surfaces showedthat: the porous material backed with a cavity improved the absorption performance at lowfrequency and the absorption coefficients curve moved to low frequency. The trapezoidalribbed surface effectively improved the sound-absorption performance of materials in theintermediate and high frequency. The porous materials with trapezoidal ribbed surface andbacked with a cavity showed the best acoustic performance, the absorption coefficients curvemoved to the low frequency and significantly increased the absorption coefficients in theentire frequency band. In case of the multi-layer coupling structures, the bionic modelshowed the best sound absorption cability. The average normal incidence absorptioncoefficient reached0.778with frequency range from0to2000Hz while0.85from200to2000Hz. The significant improvement of absorption coefficients can be mainly due to the Helmholtz effects of micro-silt plate and flexible micro-perforated membrane, and thecombination with porous materials lead to even better absorption performance in broadband.
Cableway cabin was taking as research object, the multi-bionic coupling model andcontrast models were pasted on the seats and carpet of the cabin, ACTRAN was applied tocalculate the acoustic modals of the cabin cavity, to analyze the changes of the sound field ofthe cabin with or without sound-absorbing material and the SPL near the people’s ears, andthe contribution of each segment was also calculated. The results revealed that: the vibrationmode of each modal of the cabin cavity showed symmetric distribution in the two sides ofhorizontal and vertical due to the horizontal and vertical symmetry of the acbin structure,and the higher the frequency, the more complex the deformation. The SPL near the earssignificantly reduced after the five models were added, of which, model2and5showed thebest sound absorption efficiency. As expected, absorption material was added at all parts wasmost effective to reduce the SPL in the cabin, in which, the carpet contribution seems to bepredominant. The SPL curve moved to low frequency, indicating the absorption materialincreased the mass of the system. The sound absorption provided by the sound absorbingstructure at low frequency is very low, but improved as the frequency increases. There wasalmost no energy scattering for multi-layer structure below50Hz.
本文选用聚氨酯为基材，农作物副产品稻壳为填料，制备了稻壳-聚氨酯复合多孔材料，分析了添加稻壳对聚氨酯声学性能的影响；从声学专业角度设计了一种能够快速测量多孔材料特征参数的方法，测试了聚氨酯及稻壳-聚氨酯复合材料的特征参数，分析了各参数对材料声学性能的影响，并初步探索稻壳-聚氨酯复合材料的吸声机理；根据团队前期开展的鸮类仿生降噪的部分成果，基于鸮皮肤和覆羽的耦合吸声特性，设计了多层仿生耦合吸声结构，应用MATLAB和工程声学软件ACTRAN计算了其吸声性能及每层参数的影响，并应用有限元法模拟分析了其对索道滑舱内声场的影响，探索了多层仿生结构在交通工具上的降噪影响。
在材料方面，选择温度、总质量以及多元醇与MDI的比例作为试验因素制定试验方案，分析了各因素对聚氨酯泡沫声学性能的影响，并确定了制备聚氨酯的最佳条件。以优化后配方作为基材，添加不同量的稻壳，制备了稻壳-聚氨酯复合材料。应用红外光谱分析技术和扫描电镜分析了稻壳对复合材料化学成分及物理结构的影响。结果表明：稻壳未参与聚氨酯的化学反应，仅影响复合材料的物理结构，稻壳显著影响聚氨酯的孔形成和孔径分布。材料的声学性能测试表明，在不增加厚度的前提下，添加稻壳能够提高聚氨酯的低频吸声性能，且材料的吸声性能趋势与传递损失趋势相反。
为深入研究聚氨酯泡沫及稻壳聚氨酯复合材料的声学性能，在Johnson-Allard模型和Lafarge-Allard模型的基础上，搭建了一个特殊试验台，能够采用一个试验样本，快速且同时测定多孔材料的所有特征参数，解决了传统测试方法复杂且耗时的不足。该方法的基本原理为：通过改变多孔材料背后的边界条件，测试相应的材料的表面阻抗和吸声系数，然后用MATLAB和最小二乘法来求解多孔材料的特征参数。流阻和孔隙率通过测量材料在低频段的表面阻抗来确定，而曲率、特征长度和热渗透性通过将吸声系数的测试值与Johnson-Allard模型进行拟合或者将有效密度和体积模量的试验值与Lafarge-Allard模型进行拟合得到。通过与其他实验室的测试结果比较和试验值与预测值比较来验证该方法的可靠性。最后，利用该试验台测试了制备的聚氨酯及稻壳-聚氨酯复合材料的各种特征参数，分析了各因素对聚氨酯泡沫的流阻和孔隙率的影响，将得到的特征参数，通过Johnson-Allard模型和Lafarge-Allard模型计算来预测样本在背衬30mm空腔条件下的吸声系数曲线并与试验测试值进行对比，进一步分析了其吸声性能和声学机理。该方法最大的优势就是快速，且不需要其他专业的测试仪器，为多孔材料特征参数的测试提供了一种新的思路。
在结构方面，基于鸮皮肤和覆羽的多层次组织结构与形态特征，建立了梯形棱纹表面，背衬空腔以及多层耦合仿生模型。通过MATLAB计算及声学软件ACTRAN分析了模型的声学性能，以及各层参数对模型声学性能的影响。不同表面模型的声学性能分析表明：多孔材料背衬空腔，显著提高材料低频段的吸声性能，且吸声系数曲线的峰值向低频方向移动；多孔材料设计为梯形棱纹表面，可显著提高材料中高频段的吸声系数。多孔材料设计为梯形棱纹表面且背衬空腔，吸声性能最好，吸声系数曲线的峰值向低频移动，并且在整个频段内吸声系数显著提高。对于多层耦合模型，仿生耦合模型具有最佳的吸声能力。0-2000Hz内的垂直入射平均吸声系数达到0.778，200-2000Hz内达到0.85。低频吸声系数的显著提高可归功于微缝板和柔性微穿孔膜的Helmholtz效应，与多孔材料结合则导致宽频段内吸声系数的进一步提高。
以索道滑舱为对象，将多层仿生耦合模型粘贴于滑舱内座椅和地毯部分，用ACTRAN计算滑舱空腔的声学模态，分析添加吸声材料前后的滑舱内声场变化，人耳附近的声压级变化，并计算各板块的贡献量。结果表明：由于车厢空腔的横向和垂向的对称性，使车厢空腔声场的各阶模态振型的横向和垂向两侧对称分布，且频率越高，形变越复杂。添加五种吸声模型后，人耳附近的声压级显著降低，其中，模型2和5表现出最好的吸声效率。正如所期望的，所有部位均添加吸声材料对滑舱内人耳附近的声压级降低最有效，其中地毯的贡献占主导。表明声压级曲线向低频范围移动，吸声材料增加了系统的质量。由吸声结构所提供的声吸收在低频范围非常低，但随着频率增加而提高，多层吸声结构在50Hz以下几乎无能量散射。
With the development of industrial manufacture, transportation and urban architecture,noise pollution has become a big public hazard of polluting the human society environment,the development of new sound absorption materials is an important way to reduce noisepollution. At present, the mainstream development trendency of sound-absorbing material isthe combinative application of material improvement and new acoustic structure to improvethe absorption property of sound-absorbing material.
In this manuscript, rice hull-polyurethane composite porous materials were prepared bytaking polyurethane as basic material and crop byproducts-rice hull as filler, and analyze theinfluence of rice hull for the acoustic performance of polyurethane. A rapid method wasdeveloped for determining all the characteristic parameters of porous materials by means ofacoustic measurements. Tested the characteristic parameters of polyurethane and ricehull-polyurethane, and analyzed the influence of various parameters for the acousticperformance, and also conducted a preliminary exploration of the sound absorptionmechanism of rice hull-polyurethane composite materials. According to the part of previousachievement of owl bionic noise reduction that our team did, a bionic coupling multi-layerabsorbing structure was established based on the coupling sound absorption characteristicsof owl skin and coverts, MATLAB and acoustic software ACTRAN were applied tocalculate its acoustic performance and analyze the influence of different parameters of eachlayer on the absorption coefficients of this model, and finite element method was used toanalyze the influence of the bionic model for the sound filed in the cableway cabin andexplored the noise reduction effect of multi-layered bionic structure in transportation.
In the respect of material, a testing program was developed by taking the temperature,total mass and the ratio of the polyol and MDI as factors, analyzed the influence of variousfactors for the acoustic performance of polyurethane foam and identified the optimumformula of the polyurethane preparation. Rice hull-polyurethane compound were preparedby taking the optimized formula as base material and adding different amount of rice hull.Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy method and scanningelectron microscopy were applied to analyze the influence of rice hull for the chemical andphysical structure of the compound. The results indicated that rice hull did not participate inthe chemical reactions of polyurethane and only affected its physical structure. Rice hullsignificantly affected the pore formation and pore size distribution. The testing of theacoustic performance of materials showed that rice hull improve the sound absorption performance at low frequency without increasing the thickness of the material, and theinsulate performance showed opposite trend compared with the sound absorption coefficientof materials.
In order to further study the acoustic performance of polyurethane foam and rice hull–polyurethane compound, a unique test bench was established based on Johnson-Allardmodel and Lafarge-Allard model. The bench was able to simultaneous determine all thecharacteristic parameters of porous material rapidly with only one sample, solving thecomplex and time-consuming drawbacks of conventional test methods. The basic principleof this method was as following: firstly, changed the different optional boundary conditionsbehind the materials, then tested the correspondent surface impedance and sound absorptioncoefficient of the material, then used MATLAB and least square method to solve all thecharacteristic parameters. Flow resistance and porosity of the material were determined bymeasuring the surface impedance at low frequencies, while tortuosity, characteristic lengthand thermal permeability were determined by the adjustment of Johnson-Allard model andtest values of absorption coefficients or the adjustment of Lafarge-Allard model and testvalues of effective density and bulk modulus. The reliability of the method was verified bythe comparisons with the test results of other laboratories or the experimental and predictedvalues. Finally, the test bench was used to test the characteristic parameters of preparedpolyurethane foam and rice hull-polyuretane composites, further analyzed the soundabsorption performance and acoustic mechanism. The biggest advantage of this method wasrapid and with no need for other specialized test equipment, which provided a new idea forthe test of characteristic parameters of porous materials.
In case of the material structure, three bionic models were designed based on themulti-level organization structure and morphological characteristics of skin and coverts ofospreys, including trapezoidal ribbed surface, backing with a cavity and multi-layer couplingbionic models. MATLAB and acoustic analysis software ACTRAN were applied to analyzethe acoustic performances and influence of different parameters of each layer on absorptioncoefficients of this model. The acoustic performance analysis of different surfaces showedthat: the porous material backed with a cavity improved the absorption performance at lowfrequency and the absorption coefficients curve moved to low frequency. The trapezoidalribbed surface effectively improved the sound-absorption performance of materials in theintermediate and high frequency. The porous materials with trapezoidal ribbed surface andbacked with a cavity showed the best acoustic performance, the absorption coefficients curvemoved to the low frequency and significantly increased the absorption coefficients in theentire frequency band. In case of the multi-layer coupling structures, the bionic modelshowed the best sound absorption cability. The average normal incidence absorptioncoefficient reached0.778with frequency range from0to2000Hz while0.85from200to2000Hz. The significant improvement of absorption coefficients can be mainly due to the Helmholtz effects of micro-silt plate and flexible micro-perforated membrane, and thecombination with porous materials lead to even better absorption performance in broadband.
Cableway cabin was taking as research object, the multi-bionic coupling model andcontrast models were pasted on the seats and carpet of the cabin, ACTRAN was applied tocalculate the acoustic modals of the cabin cavity, to analyze the changes of the sound field ofthe cabin with or without sound-absorbing material and the SPL near the people’s ears, andthe contribution of each segment was also calculated. The results revealed that: the vibrationmode of each modal of the cabin cavity showed symmetric distribution in the two sides ofhorizontal and vertical due to the horizontal and vertical symmetry of the acbin structure,and the higher the frequency, the more complex the deformation. The SPL near the earssignificantly reduced after the five models were added, of which, model2and5showed thebest sound absorption efficiency. As expected, absorption material was added at all parts wasmost effective to reduce the SPL in the cabin, in which, the carpet contribution seems to bepredominant. The SPL curve moved to low frequency, indicating the absorption materialincreased the mass of the system. The sound absorption provided by the sound absorbingstructure at low frequency is very low, but improved as the frequency increases. There wasalmost no energy scattering for multi-layer structure below50Hz.
引文
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