复合变质对过共晶铝硅合金组织及性能的影响
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摘要
随着社会的进步，制造业的飞速发展，人类物质生活不断提高，出现了资源和能源逐渐枯竭，生存环境逐渐恶化的严重问题。这要求使用可持续发展的材料。另一方面，在节能、节材的要求下，材料又向着轻量化方向发展，以减轻自重、提高功率质量比，达到高速、高效、节能和减轻污染的目的。本文研究的铸造过共晶铝硅合金就是符合可持续发展的材料之一。因为从过共晶铝硅合金的性能来看：它具有优异的低膨胀性能，有很高的耐磨性、耐蚀性、较小的比重和良好的导热性。因此，它被广泛的应用于汽车、航天等领域。在汽车工业方面，研究开发高性能的汽车材料成为汽车工业发展的一个重要课题，别是关键零部件材料，如发动机活塞、转子等。
但是长期以来，困扰和限制过共晶铝硅合金应用的主要问题是这类合金的缺点：脆性大，切削加工性差。因为过共晶铝硅合金的显微组织由粗大板状多角形的初生硅和粗针状的共晶硅所组成。粗大的初生硅作为硬质点可以提高合金耐磨性，但因其硬而脆，割裂基体严重，故使合金的力学性能降低，同时加工性能变差，加工时刀具易磨损，表面光洁度差。因此，如何细化初生硅，提高合金的力学性能，对过共晶铝硅合金变质理论的完善发展及其应用具有极其重要的意义。
针对过共晶铝硅合金晶硅的细化变质问题，本文研究了不同体系变质剂对过共晶铝硅合金中晶硅细化的影响规律，发现了Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y(稀土)是变质效果较佳的复合变质剂。用此复合变质剂对不同硅含量的过共晶铝硅合金进行了变质，得出了较佳的变质处理工艺参数。并对复合变质及T6热处理的过共晶铝硅合金进行了性能分析。
1 复合变质剂的组分配比
为了研究不同变质剂及其组合对过共晶铝硅合金中晶硅变质效果的影响规律，
本实验配置了不同组分的变质剂，通过实验优选出较佳的变质剂组分，本文共设计了6种不同体系的变质剂。
(1) Al-Ti 体系； (2) Al-TiC 体系
Al-Ti-TiC 体系； (4) Al-TiC-P 体系
(5) Al-Ti-TiC-P 体系； (6) Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y(稀土) 体系
本文研究出的新型复合变质剂Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y(稀土)的SEM、EDS及XRD分析如图1-1、1-2 所示：
图1-1复合变质剂Al-Ti-TiC-P的SEM和EDS
Fig.1-1 SEM and EDS of composite modifier Al-Ti-TiC-P
图1-2 复合变质剂Al-Ti-TiC-P的XRD分析
Fig.1-2 XRD analysis of composite modifier Al-Ti-TiC-P
2、复合变质对过共晶Al-20wt.%Si合金组织的影响
用配制的6种复合变质剂对过共晶Al-20wt.%Si 合金进行变质处理，发现复合变质剂Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y(稀土)对过共晶铝硅合金中晶硅的变质效果较佳。
图2过共晶Al-20wt.%合金的显微组织
Fig2 Microstructure of hypereutectic Al-20w.t%Si alloy. (a)(b) unmodified as-cast alloy.
(c)(d) composite modificatoin by addition of Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y(RE) composite modifier
从图中可以看出，复合变质后初生硅从大小、形态都到了明显改善。尺寸在5～20μm之间，形态由变质前的多角形、长条状变为规则的块状，分布也非常均匀。
复合变质剂Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y(稀土)变质过共晶Al-20wt.%Si合金的工艺参数为：变质剂加入量0.5wt.%；变质时间5分钟；变质温度850℃。
随着过共晶铝硅合金中硅含量的增加，复合变质剂的加入量也需要随之相应的增加，硅含量每增加3wt.%，变质剂的加入量相应的增加0.3wt.%。
3、复合变质对不同硅含量的过共晶铝硅合金性能的影响
对不同硅含量的过共晶铝硅合金复合变质及T6热处理后，测试合金的性能，包括布氏硬度、磨粒磨损和抗拉强度，主要研究结果如下：
(1) T6热处理可以改善过共晶铝硅合金组织，使共晶硅粒状化，由原来的针状、纤维状转变为椭球状。T6热处理对初晶硅影响不大，可以使长板状星
形初生硅在尖角初发生熔断、钝化，但不改变初生硅尺寸。
(2) 复合变质后的过共晶铝硅合金布氏硬度明显提高，且随着含硅量的增加硬度也随着提高。五种硅含量(16.8wt%，19.6wt.%，22.5wt.%，25.8wt.%，28.4wt.%)的过共晶铝硅合金变质后的布氏硬度比未变质铸态分别提高了26.2%，24%，22.8%，19.5%，18.9%；变质+T6热处理的布氏硬度比未变质+T6热处理分别提高了21.4%，15.5%，10%，1.2%，3.7%。
(3) 复合变质及T6热处理使过共晶Al-16.8wt.%Si合金的抗拉强度及韧性提高。未变质合金进行T6热处理，σb和δ比未变质铸态分别提高了29%和34.8%；
变质合金进行T6热处理的σb和δ比未变质合金进行T6热处理分别提高了10.1%和47.7%。
(4) 复合变质及T6热处理后，过共晶铝硅合金的耐磨性提高。T6热处理后，五种不同硅含量的实验合金的耐磨性比未变质合金分别提高了21.9%，16.6%，15.5%。24.9%，21.5%(5N)；10.8%，13.8%，13.3%，11.6%，22.2%(15N)。而变质合金进行T6热处理后，耐磨性比未变质合金进行T6热处理又有所提高，分别提高了4.5%，6.1%，9.2%，2.7%，9.9%(5N)；6.0%，6.1%，3.3%，1.2%，5.1%(15N)。
合金耐磨性的提高主要是因为复合变质后，初生硅得到细化，组织分布均匀，起到耐磨质点的作用。另外经T6热处理，合金基体得到明显强化，增加
The substantial life of the human has been improved step by step with the development of the society and manufacturing, but meantime the resource and power has being lacking and the environment has being damaged. Therefore, some permanent materials are imperative to be made and applied. On the other hand, the material is developed to be lighter, leading to be more efficient and decreasing the pollution. The cast hypereutectic Al-Si alloy we are researching is one of these materials, whose properties are as follows: the lower expanding and density behavior, the higher resistance to wear and corrosion and excellent conduct. And therefore, it has being widely applied to automobile and aviation industry. It is a vital subject for the automobile industry that some auto-materials with more excellent properties are explored and put in use, especially to some materials of the key parts such as some engine plunger and rotor etc.
However, for a long time, the hypereutectic Al-Si alloy can’t been widely applied because of it’s the disadvantages: the bigger brittleness and the worse machining property, which can be attributed to the lath primary Si and coarse eutectic Si in the microstructure. The coarse primary Si, as hard particles, can improve the resistance to wear, but at the same time reduce the mechanical and machining properties due to its brittleness and the dissevering effect to the matrix. It is o great interest for the research development of the hypereutectic Al-Si alloy to improve the mechanical properties by fining the primary Si.
Aiming at the modification of the cast hypereutectic Al-Si alloy, in this present study, refining modification of hypereutectic Al-Si alloy has been studied by different modifiers. A kind of better complex modifier(Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y) chosen among these ones is used for modifying hypereutectic Al-Si alloy with different Si content and furthermore some good parameters are optimized. Furthermore, the properties of hypereutectic Al-Si alloy modified by the modifier and treated by T6 are tested.
1、The chemical composition of the composite modifier
In order to research the effect of different modifiers on hypereutectic
Al-Si alloy, some modifiers are prepared in the present study, in clouding 6 modifiers as follows:
(1) Al-Ti; (2) Al-TiC; (3) Al-Ti-TiC;
(4) Al-TiC-P; (5) Al-Ti-TiC-P; (6) Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y.
The key modifier is the Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y, which SEM,EDS and XRD are shown the Fig.1-1, 1-2:
Fig.1-1 SEM and EDS of composite modifier Al-Ti-TiC-P
Fig.1-2 XRD analysis of composite modifier Al-Ti-TiC-P
2、Effect of the complex modifier on the structure
By comparison of the 6 modifiers in the hypereutectic Al-20wt%Si, it is found that the modifier Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y is the best one.
Fig2 Microstructure of hypereutectic Al-20wt%Si alloy r (a) unmodified as-cast (b) modified by addition of Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y(RE) composite modifie
It can be seen from Figs. 2 (a) and (b) that the size and morphology of the primary Si improve significantly after composite modification. The largest size of it is 20?m, and the morphology changes over from polygon and strip to regular block and its distribution is uniform.
The processing parameter of hypereutectic Al-Si alloys modified by Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y (RE) composite modifier is shown as follows,
the content of the composite modifier addition :0.5%;
the modified time :5 minutes;
the modified temperature :850 ℃.
The amount of composite modifier addition increases accordingly with increasing amount of Si in hypereutectic Al-Si alloys.
3. Effect of composite modification on the properties
After composite modification of hypereutectic Al-Si alloys with various Si content, they was heat treat by T6 and then, properties measurement containing
hardness (HB), wear resistance and tensile strength was conducted. The main results o are shown as follows.
(1) After T6 heat treat, the microstructure of hypereutectic Al-Si alloys is improved greatly, and eutectic Si becomes grainy, But it is found that the primary Si starlike blunt only at the
但是长期以来，困扰和限制过共晶铝硅合金应用的主要问题是这类合金的缺点：脆性大，切削加工性差。因为过共晶铝硅合金的显微组织由粗大板状多角形的初生硅和粗针状的共晶硅所组成。粗大的初生硅作为硬质点可以提高合金耐磨性，但因其硬而脆，割裂基体严重，故使合金的力学性能降低，同时加工性能变差，加工时刀具易磨损，表面光洁度差。因此，如何细化初生硅，提高合金的力学性能，对过共晶铝硅合金变质理论的完善发展及其应用具有极其重要的意义。
针对过共晶铝硅合金晶硅的细化变质问题，本文研究了不同体系变质剂对过共晶铝硅合金中晶硅细化的影响规律，发现了Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y(稀土)是变质效果较佳的复合变质剂。用此复合变质剂对不同硅含量的过共晶铝硅合金进行了变质，得出了较佳的变质处理工艺参数。并对复合变质及T6热处理的过共晶铝硅合金进行了性能分析。
1 复合变质剂的组分配比
为了研究不同变质剂及其组合对过共晶铝硅合金中晶硅变质效果的影响规律，
本实验配置了不同组分的变质剂，通过实验优选出较佳的变质剂组分，本文共设计了6种不同体系的变质剂。
(1) Al-Ti 体系； (2) Al-TiC 体系
Al-Ti-TiC 体系； (4) Al-TiC-P 体系
(5) Al-Ti-TiC-P 体系； (6) Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y(稀土) 体系
本文研究出的新型复合变质剂Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y(稀土)的SEM、EDS及XRD分析如图1-1、1-2 所示：
图1-1复合变质剂Al-Ti-TiC-P的SEM和EDS
Fig.1-1 SEM and EDS of composite modifier Al-Ti-TiC-P
图1-2 复合变质剂Al-Ti-TiC-P的XRD分析
Fig.1-2 XRD analysis of composite modifier Al-Ti-TiC-P
2、复合变质对过共晶Al-20wt.%Si合金组织的影响
用配制的6种复合变质剂对过共晶Al-20wt.%Si 合金进行变质处理，发现复合变质剂Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y(稀土)对过共晶铝硅合金中晶硅的变质效果较佳。
图2过共晶Al-20wt.%合金的显微组织
Fig2 Microstructure of hypereutectic Al-20w.t%Si alloy. (a)(b) unmodified as-cast alloy.
(c)(d) composite modificatoin by addition of Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y(RE) composite modifier
从图中可以看出，复合变质后初生硅从大小、形态都到了明显改善。尺寸在5～20μm之间，形态由变质前的多角形、长条状变为规则的块状，分布也非常均匀。
复合变质剂Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y(稀土)变质过共晶Al-20wt.%Si合金的工艺参数为：变质剂加入量0.5wt.%；变质时间5分钟；变质温度850℃。
随着过共晶铝硅合金中硅含量的增加，复合变质剂的加入量也需要随之相应的增加，硅含量每增加3wt.%，变质剂的加入量相应的增加0.3wt.%。
3、复合变质对不同硅含量的过共晶铝硅合金性能的影响
对不同硅含量的过共晶铝硅合金复合变质及T6热处理后，测试合金的性能，包括布氏硬度、磨粒磨损和抗拉强度，主要研究结果如下：
(1) T6热处理可以改善过共晶铝硅合金组织，使共晶硅粒状化，由原来的针状、纤维状转变为椭球状。T6热处理对初晶硅影响不大，可以使长板状星
形初生硅在尖角初发生熔断、钝化，但不改变初生硅尺寸。
(2) 复合变质后的过共晶铝硅合金布氏硬度明显提高，且随着含硅量的增加硬度也随着提高。五种硅含量(16.8wt%，19.6wt.%，22.5wt.%，25.8wt.%，28.4wt.%)的过共晶铝硅合金变质后的布氏硬度比未变质铸态分别提高了26.2%，24%，22.8%，19.5%，18.9%；变质+T6热处理的布氏硬度比未变质+T6热处理分别提高了21.4%，15.5%，10%，1.2%，3.7%。
(3) 复合变质及T6热处理使过共晶Al-16.8wt.%Si合金的抗拉强度及韧性提高。未变质合金进行T6热处理，σb和δ比未变质铸态分别提高了29%和34.8%；
变质合金进行T6热处理的σb和δ比未变质合金进行T6热处理分别提高了10.1%和47.7%。
(4) 复合变质及T6热处理后，过共晶铝硅合金的耐磨性提高。T6热处理后，五种不同硅含量的实验合金的耐磨性比未变质合金分别提高了21.9%，16.6%，15.5%。24.9%，21.5%(5N)；10.8%，13.8%，13.3%，11.6%，22.2%(15N)。而变质合金进行T6热处理后，耐磨性比未变质合金进行T6热处理又有所提高，分别提高了4.5%，6.1%，9.2%，2.7%，9.9%(5N)；6.0%，6.1%，3.3%，1.2%，5.1%(15N)。
合金耐磨性的提高主要是因为复合变质后，初生硅得到细化，组织分布均匀，起到耐磨质点的作用。另外经T6热处理，合金基体得到明显强化，增加
The substantial life of the human has been improved step by step with the development of the society and manufacturing, but meantime the resource and power has being lacking and the environment has being damaged. Therefore, some permanent materials are imperative to be made and applied. On the other hand, the material is developed to be lighter, leading to be more efficient and decreasing the pollution. The cast hypereutectic Al-Si alloy we are researching is one of these materials, whose properties are as follows: the lower expanding and density behavior, the higher resistance to wear and corrosion and excellent conduct. And therefore, it has being widely applied to automobile and aviation industry. It is a vital subject for the automobile industry that some auto-materials with more excellent properties are explored and put in use, especially to some materials of the key parts such as some engine plunger and rotor etc.
However, for a long time, the hypereutectic Al-Si alloy can’t been widely applied because of it’s the disadvantages: the bigger brittleness and the worse machining property, which can be attributed to the lath primary Si and coarse eutectic Si in the microstructure. The coarse primary Si, as hard particles, can improve the resistance to wear, but at the same time reduce the mechanical and machining properties due to its brittleness and the dissevering effect to the matrix. It is o great interest for the research development of the hypereutectic Al-Si alloy to improve the mechanical properties by fining the primary Si.
Aiming at the modification of the cast hypereutectic Al-Si alloy, in this present study, refining modification of hypereutectic Al-Si alloy has been studied by different modifiers. A kind of better complex modifier(Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y) chosen among these ones is used for modifying hypereutectic Al-Si alloy with different Si content and furthermore some good parameters are optimized. Furthermore, the properties of hypereutectic Al-Si alloy modified by the modifier and treated by T6 are tested.
1、The chemical composition of the composite modifier
In order to research the effect of different modifiers on hypereutectic
Al-Si alloy, some modifiers are prepared in the present study, in clouding 6 modifiers as follows:
(1) Al-Ti; (2) Al-TiC; (3) Al-Ti-TiC;
(4) Al-TiC-P; (5) Al-Ti-TiC-P; (6) Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y.
The key modifier is the Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y, which SEM,EDS and XRD are shown the Fig.1-1, 1-2:
Fig.1-1 SEM and EDS of composite modifier Al-Ti-TiC-P
Fig.1-2 XRD analysis of composite modifier Al-Ti-TiC-P
2、Effect of the complex modifier on the structure
By comparison of the 6 modifiers in the hypereutectic Al-20wt%Si, it is found that the modifier Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y is the best one.
Fig2 Microstructure of hypereutectic Al-20wt%Si alloy r (a) unmodified as-cast (b) modified by addition of Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y(RE) composite modifie
It can be seen from Figs. 2 (a) and (b) that the size and morphology of the primary Si improve significantly after composite modification. The largest size of it is 20?m, and the morphology changes over from polygon and strip to regular block and its distribution is uniform.
The processing parameter of hypereutectic Al-Si alloys modified by Al-Ti-TiC-P-Y (RE) composite modifier is shown as follows,
the content of the composite modifier addition :0.5%;
the modified time :5 minutes;
the modified temperature :850 ℃.
The amount of composite modifier addition increases accordingly with increasing amount of Si in hypereutectic Al-Si alloys.
3. Effect of composite modification on the properties
After composite modification of hypereutectic Al-Si alloys with various Si content, they was heat treat by T6 and then, properties measurement containing
hardness (HB), wear resistance and tensile strength was conducted. The main results o are shown as follows.
(1) After T6 heat treat, the microstructure of hypereutectic Al-Si alloys is improved greatly, and eutectic Si becomes grainy, But it is found that the primary Si starlike blunt only at the
引文
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