基于构件的软件开发关键问题研究
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摘要
软件开发方法与技术一直是软件工作者的主要研究方向,随着以计算机软件为核心的信息时代的来临,软件开发技术受到了越来越多的关注。近年来软件领域研究的一个重要进展就是软件构件化。基于构件的软件开发方法(Component-Based Software Development, CBSD)将已有的构件集成到具体应用环境中来构建面向特定应用的软件系统,不仅能提高生产效率,降低开发成本,还能显著提高软件的可靠性。因此,构件技术已成为当前软件领域的研究热点。
拥有大量可重用构件的构件库是支撑CBSD的前提条件。然而,一方面传统的构件描述方法缺乏对构件功能的形式化描述,导致用户难以从海量构件中快速、准确地检索到满足用户功能需求的构件；另一方面,为了确保构件系统的质量,构件入库前必须进行全面、充分的测试,由于构件固有的封装性、平台独立性,以及接口组装等特性,使现有的软件测试方法并不适合于海量构件的测试环境,因此,必须开发适合构件特性的自动化测试方法和工具,以对构件进行有效的测试；此外,在组装的构件数量较多的情况下,构件用户难以预料组装后的构件接口和行为特征,导致构件组装的结果往往难以符合设计需求。上述问题极大地限制了CBSD的实际应用。
如何描述构件的动态行为以准确地检索到所需求的构件,如何自动化地产生构件测试用例以支持构件的充分测试,如何组装己有的构件以满足系统的应用需求并对组装的系统端口和行为进行规约成为当前此领域的研究热点和难点。形式化方法因其精确性和严密性,能较好的满足构件功能描述与接口规约的要求,CBSD与形式化方法的融合对于开发构件软件系统具有重要的理论价值和实际意义。本文将形式化方法和遗传算法应用于构件检索、构件测试,以及构件组装等构件软件开发的关键步骤,旨在有效地支持构件软件系统的开发。本文的研究成果及核心内容归纳为如下三个方面：
本文首先参照3C构什模型,提出一种基于形式化方法的,可扩展的构件描述模型,包括构件的功能描述、接口描述、环境依赖描述等,并保留了构件关键字、非功能属性等描述项。在此描述模型基础上根据心理学认知理论提出了构件的多模糊级分步检索法,以方便用户对构件的检索,并保证了检索的准确性和有效性。
其次,为了提高构件自动化测试效率,本文提出了一种基于遗传算法的构件内置测试用例生成方法,设计了测试点的染色体编码方法,以及基于构件刻面描述的测试数据自动产生方法；为了提高测试用例的生成质量,并加快遗传算法的收敛速度,我们改进了算法的适应度函数的计算方法,适应度函数不仅考虑了用例对路径的覆盖率,而且考虑了路径覆盖率的增加速率,从而有效地提高了路径的覆盖率,同时降低了用例产生代价。
本文第三部分的工作提出了六种构件组装机制：构件顺序组装机制,构件选择组装机制、构件循环组装机制、构件并行组装机制、构件同步组装机制、构件中断组装机制。并对如何根据多个构件的语义规约推导出复合构件的语义规约等相关问题进行了研究,提出了基于CSP的构件端口和行为规约描述方法以及相关推导算法,并通过实例对方法的有效性进行了验证。
Software development methods and technologies are the main research area of software engineer. With the advent of the information age with the core of computer software, software development technology has received more and more attention. In recent years, an important progress in the software field research is the software component. The methods of Component-Based Software Development (CBSD) integrate the existing components into specific application environment to build software systems for specific application, not only improve the production efficiency, reduce the development cost, but also significantly improve the reliability of the software. Therefore, the component technology has become a hot research field.
Component library with a large number of reusable components is the prerequisites of support CBSD development. However, on the one hand, the traditional component description methods are lack of formal description of component function, causing the users hard to retrieve components satisfying user functional requirements from the massive components quickly and accurately; on the other hand, in order to ensure the quality of component system, component must be comprehensive, fully tested before storage. Due to the characteristics of the components inherent encapsulation, platform independence, and interface assembly and so on, existing software testing methods are not suitable for massive component testing environment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop automated testing methods and tools that suitable for the component characteristics to effectively testing components. In case of large number of assembled components, component users are difficult to predict the assembled component interface and behavioral characteristics. As a result, assembly components are often difficult to meet the design requirements. Above problems greatly restrict the practical application of CBSD.
How to describe the dynamic behavior of a component to accurately retrieve the demand component, how to automate generate component testing cases for component fully testing, and how to assemble existing components to meet the application requirements of the system and specification the assembled system interfaces and behaviors become research hotspots and difficulties. Because of its precision and rigor, formal methods can better meet the component function description and interface specification requirements. Fusion of CBSD and formal development method for the development component software system has important theoretical value and practical significance. In this paper, Formal methods and genetic algorithm is applied to the component retrieval, component testing, component assembly and other components of software development key steps, designed to efficiently support component based software development.
The research results and the main contents of this paper are summarized in the following three aspects:
This paper first reference3C component model, proposed an extensible component description model based on formal method, including the component function description, interface description, environmental dependency description, and retained descriptions such as component keywords、non functional attributes and so on. Based on this description model and the psychology cognitive theory, a multiple fuzzy level and multistage component retrieve method is proposed. It is convenient for users to retrieve the component and ensure the retrieval accuracy and effectiveness.
Secondly, in order to improve the efficiency of component automated testing, this paper proposed a components built-in testing case generation methods based on genetic algorithm, designed the chromosome encoding method of the testing points and testing data automate generation method based on component facets description. For improving testing case generation quality and speeding up the convergence rate of the genetic algorithm, this paper improved the calculate method of the fitness function of the algorithm. The fitness functions considered both of the coverage of the use case to the path and the increase rate of the path coverage. It effectively improves the coverage of the path and reduces the cost of use cases.
The third part of this paper presents six kinds of component assembly mechanism:components sequence assembly mechanism, component selection assembly mechanism, component circulation assembly mechanism, component parallel assembly mechanism, component synchronous assembly mechanism and component interrupt assembly mechanism. By studying the way of derived composite component semantic specification according to the multiple components of the semantic specification and the related problems, proposed a CSP based component interface and behavior specification description method and the related derive algorithms. The effectiveness of the methods is verified by real cases.
拥有大量可重用构件的构件库是支撑CBSD的前提条件。然而,一方面传统的构件描述方法缺乏对构件功能的形式化描述,导致用户难以从海量构件中快速、准确地检索到满足用户功能需求的构件；另一方面,为了确保构件系统的质量,构件入库前必须进行全面、充分的测试,由于构件固有的封装性、平台独立性,以及接口组装等特性,使现有的软件测试方法并不适合于海量构件的测试环境,因此,必须开发适合构件特性的自动化测试方法和工具,以对构件进行有效的测试；此外,在组装的构件数量较多的情况下,构件用户难以预料组装后的构件接口和行为特征,导致构件组装的结果往往难以符合设计需求。上述问题极大地限制了CBSD的实际应用。
如何描述构件的动态行为以准确地检索到所需求的构件,如何自动化地产生构件测试用例以支持构件的充分测试,如何组装己有的构件以满足系统的应用需求并对组装的系统端口和行为进行规约成为当前此领域的研究热点和难点。形式化方法因其精确性和严密性,能较好的满足构件功能描述与接口规约的要求,CBSD与形式化方法的融合对于开发构件软件系统具有重要的理论价值和实际意义。本文将形式化方法和遗传算法应用于构件检索、构件测试,以及构件组装等构件软件开发的关键步骤,旨在有效地支持构件软件系统的开发。本文的研究成果及核心内容归纳为如下三个方面：
本文首先参照3C构什模型,提出一种基于形式化方法的,可扩展的构件描述模型,包括构件的功能描述、接口描述、环境依赖描述等,并保留了构件关键字、非功能属性等描述项。在此描述模型基础上根据心理学认知理论提出了构件的多模糊级分步检索法,以方便用户对构件的检索,并保证了检索的准确性和有效性。
其次,为了提高构件自动化测试效率,本文提出了一种基于遗传算法的构件内置测试用例生成方法,设计了测试点的染色体编码方法,以及基于构件刻面描述的测试数据自动产生方法；为了提高测试用例的生成质量,并加快遗传算法的收敛速度,我们改进了算法的适应度函数的计算方法,适应度函数不仅考虑了用例对路径的覆盖率,而且考虑了路径覆盖率的增加速率,从而有效地提高了路径的覆盖率,同时降低了用例产生代价。
本文第三部分的工作提出了六种构件组装机制：构件顺序组装机制,构件选择组装机制、构件循环组装机制、构件并行组装机制、构件同步组装机制、构件中断组装机制。并对如何根据多个构件的语义规约推导出复合构件的语义规约等相关问题进行了研究,提出了基于CSP的构件端口和行为规约描述方法以及相关推导算法,并通过实例对方法的有效性进行了验证。
Software development methods and technologies are the main research area of software engineer. With the advent of the information age with the core of computer software, software development technology has received more and more attention. In recent years, an important progress in the software field research is the software component. The methods of Component-Based Software Development (CBSD) integrate the existing components into specific application environment to build software systems for specific application, not only improve the production efficiency, reduce the development cost, but also significantly improve the reliability of the software. Therefore, the component technology has become a hot research field.
Component library with a large number of reusable components is the prerequisites of support CBSD development. However, on the one hand, the traditional component description methods are lack of formal description of component function, causing the users hard to retrieve components satisfying user functional requirements from the massive components quickly and accurately; on the other hand, in order to ensure the quality of component system, component must be comprehensive, fully tested before storage. Due to the characteristics of the components inherent encapsulation, platform independence, and interface assembly and so on, existing software testing methods are not suitable for massive component testing environment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop automated testing methods and tools that suitable for the component characteristics to effectively testing components. In case of large number of assembled components, component users are difficult to predict the assembled component interface and behavioral characteristics. As a result, assembly components are often difficult to meet the design requirements. Above problems greatly restrict the practical application of CBSD.
How to describe the dynamic behavior of a component to accurately retrieve the demand component, how to automate generate component testing cases for component fully testing, and how to assemble existing components to meet the application requirements of the system and specification the assembled system interfaces and behaviors become research hotspots and difficulties. Because of its precision and rigor, formal methods can better meet the component function description and interface specification requirements. Fusion of CBSD and formal development method for the development component software system has important theoretical value and practical significance. In this paper, Formal methods and genetic algorithm is applied to the component retrieval, component testing, component assembly and other components of software development key steps, designed to efficiently support component based software development.
The research results and the main contents of this paper are summarized in the following three aspects:
This paper first reference3C component model, proposed an extensible component description model based on formal method, including the component function description, interface description, environmental dependency description, and retained descriptions such as component keywords、non functional attributes and so on. Based on this description model and the psychology cognitive theory, a multiple fuzzy level and multistage component retrieve method is proposed. It is convenient for users to retrieve the component and ensure the retrieval accuracy and effectiveness.
Secondly, in order to improve the efficiency of component automated testing, this paper proposed a components built-in testing case generation methods based on genetic algorithm, designed the chromosome encoding method of the testing points and testing data automate generation method based on component facets description. For improving testing case generation quality and speeding up the convergence rate of the genetic algorithm, this paper improved the calculate method of the fitness function of the algorithm. The fitness functions considered both of the coverage of the use case to the path and the increase rate of the path coverage. It effectively improves the coverage of the path and reduces the cost of use cases.
The third part of this paper presents six kinds of component assembly mechanism:components sequence assembly mechanism, component selection assembly mechanism, component circulation assembly mechanism, component parallel assembly mechanism, component synchronous assembly mechanism and component interrupt assembly mechanism. By studying the way of derived composite component semantic specification according to the multiple components of the semantic specification and the related problems, proposed a CSP based component interface and behavior specification description method and the related derive algorithms. The effectiveness of the methods is verified by real cases.
引文
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