高粘原油降摩阻机理的研究
|
摘要
随着石油开采的不断深入,稠油开采日益得到人们的广泛重视,但是解决高粘稠油的开采输送是全世界石油行业的最大难题。目前,国内外一般采用加入分散剂或降粘剂来降低稠油在开采和输送过程中的流动阻力,提高输送效率。
在原油的开采和输送中,减阻剂是指能降低原油在流动过程中流动阻力的一类活性物质的总称。一般情况,可分为原油掺水减阻,称之为乳化降粘,所用的活性剂称为降粘剂(viscosity reducer)。原油不掺水减阻通常称之为原油本体分散减阻,所用的活性剂称之原油分散剂(dispersant)。另外,还有一类减阻剂称之为降摩阻剂(frictional reducer)。
降摩阻剂与降粘剂和分散剂不同之处在于,降摩阻剂一般不掺水或掺少量水(5%～10%),通过改变原油和介质表面的作用力,进而减小原油的流动阻力。而乳化降粘一般掺水为30%左右,通过改变原油乳状液的类型,使其转变为以水为连续相,油为分散相的水包油的乳状液,进而降低在原油在流动过程中的阻力。乳化降粘剂对含水原油的降粘存在着很多问题,如原油中的饱和烷烃(即,蜡)容易以有序状态沉淀出来,沉积在管道的表面和地层表面,引起管道的堵塞,造成输送和开采阻力的增大。原油分散剂是具有能对原油中引起原油粘度增加的相互作用的成分起到分散作用的一类物质,常用的有聚异丁烯、烯烃共聚物、聚长链α-烯烃、聚甲基丙烯酸酯及其它烯烃共聚衍生物。这些分散剂的相对平均分子质量越大,支链越少,可溶性越好,其减阻效率也越好,在用量很小的情况下,达到很好的减阻效果。但这些高聚物分子,在高剪切和高温作用下,其分子链极易断裂失去减阻效果。
鉴于上述原油分散剂和降粘剂在稠油的开采和输送中存在的一些问题,以及在原油流动过程中引起原油阻力的主要原因,本文主要研究了原油降摩阻剂的合成及其相关的降摩阻机理。关于降摩阻剂的降摩阻机理比较复杂,它涉及到流变学、流体动力学、摩擦学、聚合物的物理化学等学科,降摩阻剂的相关机理有很多不同的说。我们主要从界面化学的角度研究了降摩阻剂的降摩阻机理。在此基础上,使用具有氧氮结构的烯基咪唑啉为封端剂,合成的双环咪唑啉衍生物封端聚醚对原油具有较好的降摩阻性能合成了原油降摩阻剂,用于石油开采和输送,可使稠油明显降粘,改善原油流变性,从而减少开采和输送阻力,提高采收率和输送效率。根据流体摩擦学原理,在流动过程中由滑动变为滚动的流体,其流动阻力大大降低,而实验证明双环咪唑啉衍生物封端聚醚具有这种性质。
本文研究的主要工作和贡献如下:
(1)介绍了国内外原油流动改进剂的研究进展情况以及在油田中的应用。
(2)利用咪唑啉衍生物封端线性聚氨基甲酸酯合成了原油降摩阻剂。
(3)该降摩阻剂在高粘酸性稠油开采和输送中具有很好的减阻降粘效果,且降摩阻剂抗矿化度达到150000mg/L。
(4)从界面化学和胶体化学的角度以及流变学的角度入手,研究了加入降摩阻剂前后原油流动阻力的变化、原油表面张力以及吸附力、原油粘度的变化。
(5)初步认为原油降摩阻剂的降摩阻机理为原油在流动过程中流动状态发生改变,即由平动转变为滚动,进而大大降低了其在流动过程中的流动阻力。
As petroleum mining goes on, viscous crude oil mining attracts people's eye widely day by day, but how to solve the problem of crude viscous oil mining and transportation is the biggest difficult problem. At present, domestic and foreign generally add high polymer surface active agent or the viscosity reducer to reduce the flowing resistance in the mining and the transportation process of crude oil, in order to enhancing the transportation efficiency.
The drag reducer we called is the active agent which can reduce the flowing resistance. Usually, it containts watered resistance, we called emulsified viscosity reduce resistance, the surface active agent called viscosity reducer. And water-free resistance, we called dispersed reduce resistance, the surface active agent called dispersant. In addition, there is another drag reducer called frictional reducer.
There are many differences between frictional reducer and viscosity reducer and dispersant. Frictional reducer donot added water or added only 5%～10%water,through change the acting force between crude oil and the surface of medium,then reduce the flowing resistance.But emulsified viscosity reducer usually need added 30%water, through the change crude oil emulsion type to reduces the flowing process resistance. But adding active agents to reduce the flowing process resistance will cause many problems. For example in the crude oil saturated alkane (i.e., wax) comes out easily by the ordered state precipitation, deposits in the pipeline surface, causes the pipeline jamming, and creating the transportation and mining resistance enlargement. But disperseant through the force of strong hydrogen bond, filtering and dispersing into the sol and asphaltene.Then breaks up the plane to overlap the aggregate which cause viscosity increases. Forms the new hydrogen bond aggregate, thus reduces the thick oil viscosity.
We mainly studied from the interfacial and surface chemistry angle to explain the mechanism of frictional resistance. In library using had the oxygen nitrogen structure alkene base imidazoline derivatives terminated linear polyurethane, synthesized bicyloimidazoline derivatices polyesters. According to the liquid fluid tribology principle, flowing regime have changed from flowing to rolling in the flowing process, then greatly reduced it flow resistance in the flowing process.
The article includes six aspects as following:
(1)Briefly introduuce flowing modifying aggents of crude oil research progress and appliation in oil field in domestic and foreign.
(2) Using imidazoline derivatives terminated linear polyurethane, synthesized bicyloimidazoline derivatices polyesters.
(3) The frictional resistance agent has very well in mining and transportation process of high viscosity crude oil. And the frictional resistance agent highly mineralized mine water reach to 150000mg/L.
(4) From the contact surfaces interface collides and rheology study the flowing resistance, surface tension and superficial adsorptive viscosity changes of crude oil before and after adding frictional reducer.
(5)We initially thought the mechanism of frictional resistance mechanism is the flow regimes have changed from flowing to rolling in the flowing process, then greatly reduced it flow resistance in the flowing process.
在原油的开采和输送中,减阻剂是指能降低原油在流动过程中流动阻力的一类活性物质的总称。一般情况,可分为原油掺水减阻,称之为乳化降粘,所用的活性剂称为降粘剂(viscosity reducer)。原油不掺水减阻通常称之为原油本体分散减阻,所用的活性剂称之原油分散剂(dispersant)。另外,还有一类减阻剂称之为降摩阻剂(frictional reducer)。
降摩阻剂与降粘剂和分散剂不同之处在于,降摩阻剂一般不掺水或掺少量水(5%～10%),通过改变原油和介质表面的作用力,进而减小原油的流动阻力。而乳化降粘一般掺水为30%左右,通过改变原油乳状液的类型,使其转变为以水为连续相,油为分散相的水包油的乳状液,进而降低在原油在流动过程中的阻力。乳化降粘剂对含水原油的降粘存在着很多问题,如原油中的饱和烷烃(即,蜡)容易以有序状态沉淀出来,沉积在管道的表面和地层表面,引起管道的堵塞,造成输送和开采阻力的增大。原油分散剂是具有能对原油中引起原油粘度增加的相互作用的成分起到分散作用的一类物质,常用的有聚异丁烯、烯烃共聚物、聚长链α-烯烃、聚甲基丙烯酸酯及其它烯烃共聚衍生物。这些分散剂的相对平均分子质量越大,支链越少,可溶性越好,其减阻效率也越好,在用量很小的情况下,达到很好的减阻效果。但这些高聚物分子,在高剪切和高温作用下,其分子链极易断裂失去减阻效果。
鉴于上述原油分散剂和降粘剂在稠油的开采和输送中存在的一些问题,以及在原油流动过程中引起原油阻力的主要原因,本文主要研究了原油降摩阻剂的合成及其相关的降摩阻机理。关于降摩阻剂的降摩阻机理比较复杂,它涉及到流变学、流体动力学、摩擦学、聚合物的物理化学等学科,降摩阻剂的相关机理有很多不同的说。我们主要从界面化学的角度研究了降摩阻剂的降摩阻机理。在此基础上,使用具有氧氮结构的烯基咪唑啉为封端剂,合成的双环咪唑啉衍生物封端聚醚对原油具有较好的降摩阻性能合成了原油降摩阻剂,用于石油开采和输送,可使稠油明显降粘,改善原油流变性,从而减少开采和输送阻力,提高采收率和输送效率。根据流体摩擦学原理,在流动过程中由滑动变为滚动的流体,其流动阻力大大降低,而实验证明双环咪唑啉衍生物封端聚醚具有这种性质。
本文研究的主要工作和贡献如下:
(1)介绍了国内外原油流动改进剂的研究进展情况以及在油田中的应用。
(2)利用咪唑啉衍生物封端线性聚氨基甲酸酯合成了原油降摩阻剂。
(3)该降摩阻剂在高粘酸性稠油开采和输送中具有很好的减阻降粘效果,且降摩阻剂抗矿化度达到150000mg/L。
(4)从界面化学和胶体化学的角度以及流变学的角度入手,研究了加入降摩阻剂前后原油流动阻力的变化、原油表面张力以及吸附力、原油粘度的变化。
(5)初步认为原油降摩阻剂的降摩阻机理为原油在流动过程中流动状态发生改变,即由平动转变为滚动,进而大大降低了其在流动过程中的流动阻力。
As petroleum mining goes on, viscous crude oil mining attracts people's eye widely day by day, but how to solve the problem of crude viscous oil mining and transportation is the biggest difficult problem. At present, domestic and foreign generally add high polymer surface active agent or the viscosity reducer to reduce the flowing resistance in the mining and the transportation process of crude oil, in order to enhancing the transportation efficiency.
The drag reducer we called is the active agent which can reduce the flowing resistance. Usually, it containts watered resistance, we called emulsified viscosity reduce resistance, the surface active agent called viscosity reducer. And water-free resistance, we called dispersed reduce resistance, the surface active agent called dispersant. In addition, there is another drag reducer called frictional reducer.
There are many differences between frictional reducer and viscosity reducer and dispersant. Frictional reducer donot added water or added only 5%～10%water,through change the acting force between crude oil and the surface of medium,then reduce the flowing resistance.But emulsified viscosity reducer usually need added 30%water, through the change crude oil emulsion type to reduces the flowing process resistance. But adding active agents to reduce the flowing process resistance will cause many problems. For example in the crude oil saturated alkane (i.e., wax) comes out easily by the ordered state precipitation, deposits in the pipeline surface, causes the pipeline jamming, and creating the transportation and mining resistance enlargement. But disperseant through the force of strong hydrogen bond, filtering and dispersing into the sol and asphaltene.Then breaks up the plane to overlap the aggregate which cause viscosity increases. Forms the new hydrogen bond aggregate, thus reduces the thick oil viscosity.
We mainly studied from the interfacial and surface chemistry angle to explain the mechanism of frictional resistance. In library using had the oxygen nitrogen structure alkene base imidazoline derivatives terminated linear polyurethane, synthesized bicyloimidazoline derivatices polyesters. According to the liquid fluid tribology principle, flowing regime have changed from flowing to rolling in the flowing process, then greatly reduced it flow resistance in the flowing process.
The article includes six aspects as following:
(1)Briefly introduuce flowing modifying aggents of crude oil research progress and appliation in oil field in domestic and foreign.
(2) Using imidazoline derivatives terminated linear polyurethane, synthesized bicyloimidazoline derivatices polyesters.
(3) The frictional resistance agent has very well in mining and transportation process of high viscosity crude oil. And the frictional resistance agent highly mineralized mine water reach to 150000mg/L.
(4) From the contact surfaces interface collides and rheology study the flowing resistance, surface tension and superficial adsorptive viscosity changes of crude oil before and after adding frictional reducer.
(5)We initially thought the mechanism of frictional resistance mechanism is the flow regimes have changed from flowing to rolling in the flowing process, then greatly reduced it flow resistance in the flowing process.
引文
[1]关中原,李春漫,尹国栋.EP系列减阻剂的研制与应用[J].油气储运,2001,20(3):32～34
[2]Hunston D.W.Drag reduction characteristic of polymer additives [J].Polym.Sci,1976,14:713～716
[3]宋波.应当重视减阻剂的开发[J].现代化工,1988,2:35～36
[4]Motier,J F and Prilutskl,D.J.Case histories of polymer drag reduction in crude oil lines[J].Pipe Line Industry,1985,(6):33～37
[5]哈尔滨建筑工程学院水力学教研室.应用聚氧化乙烯降低湍流摩阻的实验研究力学[J].1976,(4):213～218
[6]郑文,朱勤勤.原油输送中减阻剂聚合物的特性对减阻率的影响[J].油田化学,1989,6(4):351～353
[7]胡通年.减阻剂在我国输油管道上的应用试验[J].油气储运,1997,16 (6):11～14
[8]宋昭峥,葛际江,张贵才.高蜡原油降凝剂发展概况[J].石油大学学报,2001,25(6):117～122
[9]邸进申,张诚,李英杰.原油流动改性剂的制备及应用[J].石油炼制与化工,1997,28(8):43～46
[10]樱井俊男.石油产品添加剂[M].石油产品添加剂翻译组译.北京石油工业出版社,1982:127～131
[11]周英兵.降凝剂结构与性能关系的研究[M].北京:石油大学,1990,99～123
[12]赵荣祥,曹祖宾,岳坤霞.降凝剂的应用概况.当代化工[J].2003,32(4):55～ 57
[13]Mendell,John L,Jessen,etal.Mechanism of inhihition of paraffin deposition in crude oil systems.American.SPE 2868-MS.1970
[14]王彪.原油降凝剂发展概况[J].精细石油化工,1989,(5);43～53
[15]汤建华,徐立群,潘浪胜等.原油降凝剂的研制与初步应用试验[J].精细石油化工,2001,(5):4～7
[16]Bott T R,Gudmundsson J S.Deposition of Paraffin Wax from Kerosene in Cooled Heat Exchangers[J].Chem.Eng.1997,381~385
[17]Smith.Bil1.Guidelines Set Out for Pum ping Heavy Crudes Oil and Gas[J].1995,111~115
[18]敬加强,罗平亚,朱毅飞.原油组成对其粘度影响的灰色关联分析[J].油气田地面工程,2000,19(6):12～13
[19]赵福麟.采油化学[M].山东东营:石油大学出版社,1989:147～151
[20]赵国玺.表面活性剂物理化学[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 1984:382 ～408
[21]黄敏,李芳田,史足华.稠油降粘剂DJH-1[J].油田化学,2000,17(2):137～139
[22]吴本芳,郭金波.原油乳化降粘研究进展[J].洛阳师范学院学报,2002,(5):47～52
[23]冯涛,吴迪,林森等.原油乳化输送技术的进展[J].油气田地面工程,1999,18(3):5～7
[24]吴本芳.辽河原油降粘研究[D].华东理工大学硕士学位论文.2001
[25]彭朴.采油用表面活性剂[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003
[26]J.L.Anhom.MTBE:A Carrier for heavy oil transportation and viscosity mixing rule applicability[J].Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology.1994,33(4):17～21
[27]G.E.Browne.Downhole emulsification:viscosity reduction increases production [J].Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology.1996,35(4):25～31
[28]谭非,尉小明,李文静等.稠原油热敏性降粘剂的研制[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2003,30(4):426～430
[29]秦兵.稠油乳化降粘剂结构与性能关系的研究[D].石油化工科学研究院博士学位论文.2001
[30]张付生,王彪.复合型原油降凝降粘剂EMS的研制[J].油田化学,1995,12(2):117～120
[31]王彪,谢慧专,黄丽坚等.一种含极性基的三元共聚物及含该共聚物的组合物[P].CN1 146462A,1997,4
[32]赵秉臣,李栋林,于萍.一种复合型高粘原油降粘降凝剂[J].沈阳化工学院学报,1999,13(3):227～230
[33]胡慧萍,陈小毅,李智勇.用作渣油降粘剂的丙烯酸酯类聚合物的合成及降粘性能研究[J].化学工程师,1999,(75):16～17
[34]周风山,赵明方,倪文学等.一种油溶性稠油降粘剂的研制与应用[J].西安石油学院学报,2000,15(2):52～54
[35]梁发书,李建波,任洪明等.稠油降粘剂的室内研究[J].石油与天然气化工,2001,30(2):87～99
[36]周风山,吴瑾光.稠油的类乳化复合降粘作用机理[J].油田化学,2002,19(4):311～315
[37] Luigi Bertero,Alberto Dilullo.An innovative way to produce and transport heavy oil through dispersion in water.Laboratory study and field test results[J].SPE 28543.1994
[38] Mccafferty J F,McClaflin G G.The field application of a surfactant for the production of heavy viscous Crude Oil[J].SPE24850.1992
[39]尉小明,刘喜林,王卫东等.稠油降粘方法概述[J].精细石油化工,2002,(5):45～48
[40]陈艳玲,胡江,张巧莲.垦西特稠油化学降黏机理的研究.地球科学-中国地质大学学报[J].1998,23(6):605～609
[41]张付生,王彪.几种原油降凝降黏剂作用机理的红外光谱合X 射线衍射研究.油田化学[J].1995,12(4):345～352
[42]霍建中,郝金库,赵小军等.大港原油高效降凝剂的研制[J].精细石油化工,2002,(5):8～10
[43]刘清林,权忠舆.含蜡原油热处理过程中若于组分的作用[J].石油学报,1986,7(1):119～126
[44]庞万忠.原油降凝剂的作用机理及应用[J].石油学报,1995,16(2):125～128
[45]李传宪,张春光,孙德军.降凝剂结构性质对原油化学改性的影响及流变学改进机理[J].化学通报,2002,65(11):762～766
[46]刘忠晖.降凝剂的筛选、评价及机理探讨[J].油气储运,1994,13(6):20～23
[47]王丽娟,田军.聚合物型原油降凝剂的作用机理及应用[J].精细石油化工,1997 (5) :5～9
[48]罗塘湖.含蜡原油流变特性及其管道输送[M].石油工业出版社(北京),1991
[49]张劲军.易凝高黏原油管输技术及其发展 [J].中国工程科学,2002,4 (6) :71～76
[50] Gamal I M,Al2Sabbagh A M.Polymeric additives for improving the flow properties of wax distillate fuels and crudes[J].Fuel, 1996, 75(6)
[51]Chanda D,Sarmah A,Bort hakur A etal:Combined effect of asphaltenes and flow improvers on the rheological behaviour of Indian wax crude oil[J].Fuel,1998,77 (11)
[52]刘青林,张冬敏,高艳清.降凝剂在含蜡原油中作用规律的研究[J].油气储运,1993,12(3):1～5
[53]赵秉臣,李栋林,于萍.一种复合型高黏原油降黏降凝剂[J].沈阳化工学院学报,1999,13(3):227～230
[54]Rudolf E,BronV.A wax-containing crude oil or oil comprising a pour point deprssent.EP:120512,1984
[55]杨云松,戚国荣,彭红云等.聚丙烯酸二十二酯的合成及其降凝降黏作用[J].石油学报(石油加工),2001,17(5):60～65
[56]Chcufoer J H,Vankerkvoort W J,gander M P H.Process for the preparation of a crude-oil composition with a depressed pour point[P].USP:3776247,1967
[57]梁发书,李建波,任洪明等.稠油降黏剂的室内研究[J].石油与天然气化工,2001,30(2):87～89
[58]张毅,赵明方,周风山等.马来酸酐-苯乙烯-丙烯酸高级酯稠油降黏剂MSA的研制[J].油田化学,2000,17(4):295～298
[59]胡慧萍,陈小毅,李智勇.用作渣油降黏剂的丙烯酸酯类聚合物的合成及降黏性能研究[J].化学工程师,1999,(6):16～17
[60]吴本芳,杨允明,沈木贤.SL的合成及降黏性能研究[J].油田化学,2003,20 (1):78～82
[61]Andre Luizde Castre Machado,Flizabete F.Lucas Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA)as modifiers for wax crystallization[J].Petroleum science and technique,1999,17(9&10):1029～1041.
[62]宋昭峥,葛际江等.高蜡原油降凝剂发展概况[J].石油大学学报,2001,25 (6)
[63] Ismail M.Ei Gamal,Ai-Sabbagh.Polymeric additives for improving the flow properties of waxy distillates fuels and crudes[J].Fuel,1996,75(6):743～750
[64]吴大城,朱谱新.表面、界面和胶体-原理及应用.化学工业出版社,2005
[65]川田裕郎.粘度(1978).陈惠钊译.北京:计量出版社,1981
[66]Einstein A.Investigations on the Theory of Brownian Movement.Dover, 1956
[67]郑晓宇等.油田化学品.化学工业出版社,2000
[68]陈龙,王安之,侯薇等.封端型多异氰酸酯加成物的合成[J].聚氨酯工业,2006,21 (2):37～39.
[69]李志远,赵景茂,左禹.双咪唑啉季铵盐的合成与缓蚀性能研究[J].腐蚀与防护,2004,25 (3):115～117
[70]DadW,Shuyuan L,YuYing.Thcoretieal and experimental studies of structure and inhibition eficiency of imidazoline derivatives[J].Corrosion Science,1999,41:1911.
[71]岳可芬,周春生.新型咪唑啉两性表面活性剂的合成及性能测定[J].西北大学学报,2002,32 (3):258～260
[72]谢亚杰,宋伟明.蓖麻油酸咪唑啉硼酸酯的合成与摩擦学性能研究[J].齐齐哈尔大学学报,2002,18 (1):4～6
[73]陈普信,王海.SIM-1 气举井固体缓蚀剂的研究与应用[J].油田化学,2001,18(3):232～234
[74]王大喜,王兆辉.取代基咪唑啉分子结构与缓蚀性能的实验研究[J].中国腐蚀与防护学报,2001,21(2):112～116
[75]辛寅昌,姚良宏,安骏.不同燃油节能添加剂台架试验节能效率的差别分析[J].节能,2005,12:12～18
[76] Jim Maddox,Jr Huston,Tex.Carboxylic acid salts of 1-aminoalkyl-2-polymerized carboxylic fatty acid imidazolines[P].US 3758493,1973,9
[77] Toshiya Kataoka,Chigasaki--shi,Atunobu Takada.Method of inhibiting the acid corrosion of metals[P].US 3736098,1973,5
[78]曹红燕,李建平,董超.最大气泡法测定溶液表面张力的实验探讨[J].实验技术与管理,2006,23 (8):39～41
[79]董志文.关于表面张力的几个实验[J].技术物理教学,2005,13(1):10～12
[80]盛宏至,张宏策,吴东垠.三组元 W/O 乳化液的表面张力和雾化特性[J].燃烧科学与技术,2004,10(2):97～101
[81]韩振华.从稠油的流变性谈稠油试油系列工艺技术.油气井测试,1995,4(3)
[82]权忠舆.有关原油流变性与石油化学的讨论.油气储运,1996,15 (10)
[83]天津大学化工原理教室.化工原理(上).天津科学技术出版社,1983
[84]尉小明,郑猛,白永林.稠油掺表面活性剂水溶液降黏机理研究[J].特种油气藏,2004,11 (4):92～94
[85]ZaKi N N.Surfactant stabilized crude oi1-in-water emulsion for pipeline transportation of viseious crude oil[J].Colloid Surfaces,1997,125:19～25
[86]郭东红,江龙.辽河超稠原油的流变性质及其乳化降黏[J].化学通报,2002,10:692～695
[87]Aiimed NS,NamerAM.ZaKi NN.Stability and theology of heavy oi1-in-water emulsion stabilized by an anionicnonionic surfactant mixture[J].Petrol sci Technol,1999,17:553～576
[88]吴明,申龙涉,杨惠达.含水原油流变规律试验研究[J].西安石油学院学报,2002,17 (11):28-31
[89]黄福堂.原油在水中乳状液的特性[J].国外油田工程, 1997,13 (11):28～34
[90]江延明,李传宪.乳状液的流变性研究[J].油气储运,2000,19 (1):10～12
[91]James Michael Jordan, Thomas James Denton.Method of removing dispersed oil from an oil in water emulsion employing aerated solutions within a coalescing media[P].US5656173,1997
[92]曹均合,麻金海,郭省学.乳化降黏剂 SB-2 乳化稠油机理研究[J].油田化学,2004,21(2):124～12
[93]陈宗其,王光信,徐桂英.胶体与界面化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2001,8:34～41
[94]李阳初,王耀斌.石油化学工程基础[M].北京:石油大学出版社,1997,6:20～30
[95]李继山,姚同玉,刘卫东.采油中的润湿热、粘附功和吸附焓变[J].石油大学学报,2005,29 (5):71～75.
[2]Hunston D.W.Drag reduction characteristic of polymer additives [J].Polym.Sci,1976,14:713～716
[3]宋波.应当重视减阻剂的开发[J].现代化工,1988,2:35～36
[4]Motier,J F and Prilutskl,D.J.Case histories of polymer drag reduction in crude oil lines[J].Pipe Line Industry,1985,(6):33～37
[5]哈尔滨建筑工程学院水力学教研室.应用聚氧化乙烯降低湍流摩阻的实验研究力学[J].1976,(4):213～218
[6]郑文,朱勤勤.原油输送中减阻剂聚合物的特性对减阻率的影响[J].油田化学,1989,6(4):351～353
[7]胡通年.减阻剂在我国输油管道上的应用试验[J].油气储运,1997,16 (6):11～14
[8]宋昭峥,葛际江,张贵才.高蜡原油降凝剂发展概况[J].石油大学学报,2001,25(6):117～122
[9]邸进申,张诚,李英杰.原油流动改性剂的制备及应用[J].石油炼制与化工,1997,28(8):43～46
[10]樱井俊男.石油产品添加剂[M].石油产品添加剂翻译组译.北京石油工业出版社,1982:127～131
[11]周英兵.降凝剂结构与性能关系的研究[M].北京:石油大学,1990,99～123
[12]赵荣祥,曹祖宾,岳坤霞.降凝剂的应用概况.当代化工[J].2003,32(4):55～ 57
[13]Mendell,John L,Jessen,etal.Mechanism of inhihition of paraffin deposition in crude oil systems.American.SPE 2868-MS.1970
[14]王彪.原油降凝剂发展概况[J].精细石油化工,1989,(5);43～53
[15]汤建华,徐立群,潘浪胜等.原油降凝剂的研制与初步应用试验[J].精细石油化工,2001,(5):4～7
[16]Bott T R,Gudmundsson J S.Deposition of Paraffin Wax from Kerosene in Cooled Heat Exchangers[J].Chem.Eng.1997,381~385
[17]Smith.Bil1.Guidelines Set Out for Pum ping Heavy Crudes Oil and Gas[J].1995,111~115
[18]敬加强,罗平亚,朱毅飞.原油组成对其粘度影响的灰色关联分析[J].油气田地面工程,2000,19(6):12～13
[19]赵福麟.采油化学[M].山东东营:石油大学出版社,1989:147～151
[20]赵国玺.表面活性剂物理化学[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 1984:382 ～408
[21]黄敏,李芳田,史足华.稠油降粘剂DJH-1[J].油田化学,2000,17(2):137～139
[22]吴本芳,郭金波.原油乳化降粘研究进展[J].洛阳师范学院学报,2002,(5):47～52
[23]冯涛,吴迪,林森等.原油乳化输送技术的进展[J].油气田地面工程,1999,18(3):5～7
[24]吴本芳.辽河原油降粘研究[D].华东理工大学硕士学位论文.2001
[25]彭朴.采油用表面活性剂[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003
[26]J.L.Anhom.MTBE:A Carrier for heavy oil transportation and viscosity mixing rule applicability[J].Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology.1994,33(4):17～21
[27]G.E.Browne.Downhole emulsification:viscosity reduction increases production [J].Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology.1996,35(4):25～31
[28]谭非,尉小明,李文静等.稠原油热敏性降粘剂的研制[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2003,30(4):426～430
[29]秦兵.稠油乳化降粘剂结构与性能关系的研究[D].石油化工科学研究院博士学位论文.2001
[30]张付生,王彪.复合型原油降凝降粘剂EMS的研制[J].油田化学,1995,12(2):117～120
[31]王彪,谢慧专,黄丽坚等.一种含极性基的三元共聚物及含该共聚物的组合物[P].CN1 146462A,1997,4
[32]赵秉臣,李栋林,于萍.一种复合型高粘原油降粘降凝剂[J].沈阳化工学院学报,1999,13(3):227～230
[33]胡慧萍,陈小毅,李智勇.用作渣油降粘剂的丙烯酸酯类聚合物的合成及降粘性能研究[J].化学工程师,1999,(75):16～17
[34]周风山,赵明方,倪文学等.一种油溶性稠油降粘剂的研制与应用[J].西安石油学院学报,2000,15(2):52～54
[35]梁发书,李建波,任洪明等.稠油降粘剂的室内研究[J].石油与天然气化工,2001,30(2):87～99
[36]周风山,吴瑾光.稠油的类乳化复合降粘作用机理[J].油田化学,2002,19(4):311～315
[37] Luigi Bertero,Alberto Dilullo.An innovative way to produce and transport heavy oil through dispersion in water.Laboratory study and field test results[J].SPE 28543.1994
[38] Mccafferty J F,McClaflin G G.The field application of a surfactant for the production of heavy viscous Crude Oil[J].SPE24850.1992
[39]尉小明,刘喜林,王卫东等.稠油降粘方法概述[J].精细石油化工,2002,(5):45～48
[40]陈艳玲,胡江,张巧莲.垦西特稠油化学降黏机理的研究.地球科学-中国地质大学学报[J].1998,23(6):605～609
[41]张付生,王彪.几种原油降凝降黏剂作用机理的红外光谱合X 射线衍射研究.油田化学[J].1995,12(4):345～352
[42]霍建中,郝金库,赵小军等.大港原油高效降凝剂的研制[J].精细石油化工,2002,(5):8～10
[43]刘清林,权忠舆.含蜡原油热处理过程中若于组分的作用[J].石油学报,1986,7(1):119～126
[44]庞万忠.原油降凝剂的作用机理及应用[J].石油学报,1995,16(2):125～128
[45]李传宪,张春光,孙德军.降凝剂结构性质对原油化学改性的影响及流变学改进机理[J].化学通报,2002,65(11):762～766
[46]刘忠晖.降凝剂的筛选、评价及机理探讨[J].油气储运,1994,13(6):20～23
[47]王丽娟,田军.聚合物型原油降凝剂的作用机理及应用[J].精细石油化工,1997 (5) :5～9
[48]罗塘湖.含蜡原油流变特性及其管道输送[M].石油工业出版社(北京),1991
[49]张劲军.易凝高黏原油管输技术及其发展 [J].中国工程科学,2002,4 (6) :71～76
[50] Gamal I M,Al2Sabbagh A M.Polymeric additives for improving the flow properties of wax distillate fuels and crudes[J].Fuel, 1996, 75(6)
[51]Chanda D,Sarmah A,Bort hakur A etal:Combined effect of asphaltenes and flow improvers on the rheological behaviour of Indian wax crude oil[J].Fuel,1998,77 (11)
[52]刘青林,张冬敏,高艳清.降凝剂在含蜡原油中作用规律的研究[J].油气储运,1993,12(3):1～5
[53]赵秉臣,李栋林,于萍.一种复合型高黏原油降黏降凝剂[J].沈阳化工学院学报,1999,13(3):227～230
[54]Rudolf E,BronV.A wax-containing crude oil or oil comprising a pour point deprssent.EP:120512,1984
[55]杨云松,戚国荣,彭红云等.聚丙烯酸二十二酯的合成及其降凝降黏作用[J].石油学报(石油加工),2001,17(5):60～65
[56]Chcufoer J H,Vankerkvoort W J,gander M P H.Process for the preparation of a crude-oil composition with a depressed pour point[P].USP:3776247,1967
[57]梁发书,李建波,任洪明等.稠油降黏剂的室内研究[J].石油与天然气化工,2001,30(2):87～89
[58]张毅,赵明方,周风山等.马来酸酐-苯乙烯-丙烯酸高级酯稠油降黏剂MSA的研制[J].油田化学,2000,17(4):295～298
[59]胡慧萍,陈小毅,李智勇.用作渣油降黏剂的丙烯酸酯类聚合物的合成及降黏性能研究[J].化学工程师,1999,(6):16～17
[60]吴本芳,杨允明,沈木贤.SL的合成及降黏性能研究[J].油田化学,2003,20 (1):78～82
[61]Andre Luizde Castre Machado,Flizabete F.Lucas Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA)as modifiers for wax crystallization[J].Petroleum science and technique,1999,17(9&10):1029～1041.
[62]宋昭峥,葛际江等.高蜡原油降凝剂发展概况[J].石油大学学报,2001,25 (6)
[63] Ismail M.Ei Gamal,Ai-Sabbagh.Polymeric additives for improving the flow properties of waxy distillates fuels and crudes[J].Fuel,1996,75(6):743～750
[64]吴大城,朱谱新.表面、界面和胶体-原理及应用.化学工业出版社,2005
[65]川田裕郎.粘度(1978).陈惠钊译.北京:计量出版社,1981
[66]Einstein A.Investigations on the Theory of Brownian Movement.Dover, 1956
[67]郑晓宇等.油田化学品.化学工业出版社,2000
[68]陈龙,王安之,侯薇等.封端型多异氰酸酯加成物的合成[J].聚氨酯工业,2006,21 (2):37～39.
[69]李志远,赵景茂,左禹.双咪唑啉季铵盐的合成与缓蚀性能研究[J].腐蚀与防护,2004,25 (3):115～117
[70]DadW,Shuyuan L,YuYing.Thcoretieal and experimental studies of structure and inhibition eficiency of imidazoline derivatives[J].Corrosion Science,1999,41:1911.
[71]岳可芬,周春生.新型咪唑啉两性表面活性剂的合成及性能测定[J].西北大学学报,2002,32 (3):258～260
[72]谢亚杰,宋伟明.蓖麻油酸咪唑啉硼酸酯的合成与摩擦学性能研究[J].齐齐哈尔大学学报,2002,18 (1):4～6
[73]陈普信,王海.SIM-1 气举井固体缓蚀剂的研究与应用[J].油田化学,2001,18(3):232～234
[74]王大喜,王兆辉.取代基咪唑啉分子结构与缓蚀性能的实验研究[J].中国腐蚀与防护学报,2001,21(2):112～116
[75]辛寅昌,姚良宏,安骏.不同燃油节能添加剂台架试验节能效率的差别分析[J].节能,2005,12:12～18
[76] Jim Maddox,Jr Huston,Tex.Carboxylic acid salts of 1-aminoalkyl-2-polymerized carboxylic fatty acid imidazolines[P].US 3758493,1973,9
[77] Toshiya Kataoka,Chigasaki--shi,Atunobu Takada.Method of inhibiting the acid corrosion of metals[P].US 3736098,1973,5
[78]曹红燕,李建平,董超.最大气泡法测定溶液表面张力的实验探讨[J].实验技术与管理,2006,23 (8):39～41
[79]董志文.关于表面张力的几个实验[J].技术物理教学,2005,13(1):10～12
[80]盛宏至,张宏策,吴东垠.三组元 W/O 乳化液的表面张力和雾化特性[J].燃烧科学与技术,2004,10(2):97～101
[81]韩振华.从稠油的流变性谈稠油试油系列工艺技术.油气井测试,1995,4(3)
[82]权忠舆.有关原油流变性与石油化学的讨论.油气储运,1996,15 (10)
[83]天津大学化工原理教室.化工原理(上).天津科学技术出版社,1983
[84]尉小明,郑猛,白永林.稠油掺表面活性剂水溶液降黏机理研究[J].特种油气藏,2004,11 (4):92～94
[85]ZaKi N N.Surfactant stabilized crude oi1-in-water emulsion for pipeline transportation of viseious crude oil[J].Colloid Surfaces,1997,125:19～25
[86]郭东红,江龙.辽河超稠原油的流变性质及其乳化降黏[J].化学通报,2002,10:692～695
[87]Aiimed NS,NamerAM.ZaKi NN.Stability and theology of heavy oi1-in-water emulsion stabilized by an anionicnonionic surfactant mixture[J].Petrol sci Technol,1999,17:553～576
[88]吴明,申龙涉,杨惠达.含水原油流变规律试验研究[J].西安石油学院学报,2002,17 (11):28-31
[89]黄福堂.原油在水中乳状液的特性[J].国外油田工程, 1997,13 (11):28～34
[90]江延明,李传宪.乳状液的流变性研究[J].油气储运,2000,19 (1):10～12
[91]James Michael Jordan, Thomas James Denton.Method of removing dispersed oil from an oil in water emulsion employing aerated solutions within a coalescing media[P].US5656173,1997
[92]曹均合,麻金海,郭省学.乳化降黏剂 SB-2 乳化稠油机理研究[J].油田化学,2004,21(2):124～12
[93]陈宗其,王光信,徐桂英.胶体与界面化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2001,8:34～41
[94]李阳初,王耀斌.石油化学工程基础[M].北京:石油大学出版社,1997,6:20～30
[95]李继山,姚同玉,刘卫东.采油中的润湿热、粘附功和吸附焓变[J].石油大学学报,2005,29 (5):71～75.