基于项目的组织与复杂产品系统
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摘要
国际学术界关于“复杂产品系统”和“基于项目的组织”的研究,对我国大型企业进行产业升级和实施“走出去”战略具有重要意义。我国企业在大规模生产的消费品领域具有很强的竞争力,在国际市场上占据了很大份额,但在国际高端资本品(即复杂产品系统)市场上的竞争力则与西方先进国家存在巨大差距。
论文采用理论分析、案例研究和比较研究的方法,基于企业能力理论视角分析复杂产品系统的生产、市场结构、风险等特性决定其生产组织模式与大规模工业化生产有显著区别,需要有与之相适应的特殊企业组织形式和生产组织模式。国内对基于项目的组织的认识始于“鲁布格工程”,“项目法施工”这一概念的提出还存在一些不足。本文将知识管理引入到企业组织和生产改革的经济分析,分析了不同企业组织形式影响组织知识获存量和知识利用率,从组织形式和能力发展两个层面对基于项目的组织(企业)及其能力建设问题进行系统研究。通过理论阐释并构建项目型企业组织结构与企业产出机理模型分析了基于项目的组织有利于知识分享,能够实现复杂产品系统研发及生产利用的“重复经济”,所以是适宜于复杂产品系统生产企业的理想组织形式。
复杂产品系统本身的性质,或者说这类产品市场的性质,塑造着企业的组织形式、创新和协调的方式。这种关系实际上是双向的,大规模生产产品的组织形式不适应复杂产品系统的研发、设计和制造,要进行组织形式和协调方式的创新,发展与复杂产品系统相适应的企业能力,才能在高端资本品市场占据一席之地。这对于我国的一些大型企业具有重要的现实意义。
In recent years, research focuses on international academic community are Complex Product Systems (CoPS) and Project-Based Organization (PBO), which are important for large enterpeises in China, who engage in industry upgrading and entering into enternational markets. Enterprises in China have competitive advantages in large scale production of consumer goods and take a big share in world market, while in high margin capital goods (CoPS) market; there is big gap between our enterprises and foreign companies.
Employing the methods of theoretical analysis, case studies and comparative analyses, and based on the capability theory of the firm, we deeply analyzed the production nature, market structure and risk characteristics of CoPS, which leading to its special organization form that is in a significant difference to the mass-industrial-production's. In China, the original impression on the Project-Based Organization is the "Lubuge Hydropower Station Project", but the originally "construction using project management method" still existed some shortage. This paper introduced knowledge management into the economic analysis on the enterprise organization and the reform of production, and analyzed the influences of different organization forms on knowledge stock and knowledge utilization, and then analyzed the PBO and its ability construction problems from two aspects of organization form and ability development. Through theoretical analysis and construction the model of organization structure on project and the model of enterprise output mechanism, we found that PBO is in favor of knowledge sharing, and PBO is favor of the R&D&P of CoPS and realize "repeatition economy", so that PBO is suitable for CoPS.
The nature of CoPS, or the nature of CoPS'market, determined its organization form, its innovation and its coordinated way. This causality is actually bidirectional. The traditional organizaition form for mass-production-product is not fit for the complex system of product's research and development, design and manufacture, and CoPS' organization need to carry on the innovation on organization form and coordination method, aim to development suitable enterprise competence for its product, and then can gain the share in the high-end capital goods market, which has great practical significance to some Chinese large enterprise.
论文采用理论分析、案例研究和比较研究的方法,基于企业能力理论视角分析复杂产品系统的生产、市场结构、风险等特性决定其生产组织模式与大规模工业化生产有显著区别,需要有与之相适应的特殊企业组织形式和生产组织模式。国内对基于项目的组织的认识始于“鲁布格工程”,“项目法施工”这一概念的提出还存在一些不足。本文将知识管理引入到企业组织和生产改革的经济分析,分析了不同企业组织形式影响组织知识获存量和知识利用率,从组织形式和能力发展两个层面对基于项目的组织(企业)及其能力建设问题进行系统研究。通过理论阐释并构建项目型企业组织结构与企业产出机理模型分析了基于项目的组织有利于知识分享,能够实现复杂产品系统研发及生产利用的“重复经济”,所以是适宜于复杂产品系统生产企业的理想组织形式。
复杂产品系统本身的性质,或者说这类产品市场的性质,塑造着企业的组织形式、创新和协调的方式。这种关系实际上是双向的,大规模生产产品的组织形式不适应复杂产品系统的研发、设计和制造,要进行组织形式和协调方式的创新,发展与复杂产品系统相适应的企业能力,才能在高端资本品市场占据一席之地。这对于我国的一些大型企业具有重要的现实意义。
In recent years, research focuses on international academic community are Complex Product Systems (CoPS) and Project-Based Organization (PBO), which are important for large enterpeises in China, who engage in industry upgrading and entering into enternational markets. Enterprises in China have competitive advantages in large scale production of consumer goods and take a big share in world market, while in high margin capital goods (CoPS) market; there is big gap between our enterprises and foreign companies.
Employing the methods of theoretical analysis, case studies and comparative analyses, and based on the capability theory of the firm, we deeply analyzed the production nature, market structure and risk characteristics of CoPS, which leading to its special organization form that is in a significant difference to the mass-industrial-production's. In China, the original impression on the Project-Based Organization is the "Lubuge Hydropower Station Project", but the originally "construction using project management method" still existed some shortage. This paper introduced knowledge management into the economic analysis on the enterprise organization and the reform of production, and analyzed the influences of different organization forms on knowledge stock and knowledge utilization, and then analyzed the PBO and its ability construction problems from two aspects of organization form and ability development. Through theoretical analysis and construction the model of organization structure on project and the model of enterprise output mechanism, we found that PBO is in favor of knowledge sharing, and PBO is favor of the R&D&P of CoPS and realize "repeatition economy", so that PBO is suitable for CoPS.
The nature of CoPS, or the nature of CoPS'market, determined its organization form, its innovation and its coordinated way. This causality is actually bidirectional. The traditional organizaition form for mass-production-product is not fit for the complex system of product's research and development, design and manufacture, and CoPS' organization need to carry on the innovation on organization form and coordination method, aim to development suitable enterprise competence for its product, and then can gain the share in the high-end capital goods market, which has great practical significance to some Chinese large enterprise.
引文
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