复杂产品系统项目组织治理研究
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摘要
近年来,作为经济和社会发展重要支撑平台的复杂产品系统(Complex Product andSystems,CoPS)创新越来越重要。因此,围绕复杂产品系统的理论研究和实践应用已经成为学术界和企业界普遍关注的问题。在此背景下,从项目的角度分析复杂产品系统特征,进而提出项目组织治理模型和框架,并针对项目组织治理的核心问题进行深入探讨和理论研究是十分必要的。
本研究在建立复杂产品系统项目组织治理结构模型的基础上,提出两个治理核心问题,包括复杂产品系统项目组织结构动态调整模型和系统集成商与合作单位的合作创新有效性,并进一步根据项目组织结构动态调整对敏捷性的要求展开敏捷性作用机制研究。论文的主要研究成果如下:
首先,在分析复杂产品系统项目特征的基础上,根据利益相关者理论将复杂产品系统项目利益相关者划分为重要核心利益相关者、次要核心利益相关者、蛰伏利益相关者和其他利益相关者,并遵循项目治理理论以利益相关者契约关系的紧密程度为依据建立项目组织治理模型,该模型由内部治理、外部治理和环境治理组成,分别表现了复杂产品系统项目内部团队组织结构的控制力、外部项目参与人的协调力以及政策和市场的环境影响力,并通过案例分析验证了该模型。进一步分析了复杂产品系统项目组织治理的核心问题包括两个层次内容——项目组织结构动态调整模型、系统集成商与合作单位的合作创新有效性。
其次,针对复杂产品系统项目组织治理的第一个核心问题——项目组织结构动态调整模型进行探讨。通过对数字化敏捷制造系统研究与工程化应用项目、数据灾难备份系统集成项目、SL-6000高分辨率多任务测井系统、1500mm热连轧机项目等典型复杂产品系统项目的调研和总结,归纳出复杂产品系统项目组织结构动态调整模型,该模型揭示了从需求分析、系统结构设计、模块开发到系统集成各阶段,项目成员参与方式调整和项目组织结构形式变化过程。
再次,针对复杂产品系统项目动态调整对敏捷性的要求,构建基于“组织结构特征——敏捷性——复杂产品系统项目效益”三维度因素的复杂产品系统项目组织敏捷性作用机制理论模型,并以中国复杂产品系统项目为样本进行实证研究。实证结果表明:组织结构特征中的规范性、联结性和集中性三个方面因素都对项目组织敏捷性有显著的正向影响;同时项目组织敏捷性对复杂产品系统项目的技术效果和经济效益以及社会效益均具有显著的正相关关系;而稳定性因素对项目组织敏捷性没有显著影响;对模型进行修正之后发现,稳定性因素对项目的社会效益存在显著的正向影响。结合中国企业实际对实证研究中的异常结果进行深入讨论发现,研究中异常结果的出现都有其现实的原由:结合实证结果的分析与讨论,探讨了中国复杂产品系统项目组织敏捷性提升的管理启示和策略。
最后,针对复杂产品系统项目组织治理的第二个核心问题——系统集成商与合作单位的合作创新有效性展开研究。将复杂产品系统模块创新方式分为三种:系统集成商自主开发、合作单位承担主要研制任务的联合研制模式一、合作单位与系统集成商在项目全过程共同开发的联合研制模式二。在对三种创新方式的效用进行两两比较后,得出系统集成商进行模块创新方式选择时的收益函数,进一步以系统集成商和合作单位为博弈参与人建立合作创新的完全信息动态博弈模型,利用纳什讨价还价解,求解出合作创新的策略选择条件和收益:博弈结果表明,联合研制是优于自主开发的策略选择,在博弈参与人存在外部收益的情况下,联合研制模式二的合作创新方式更容易实现,此时合作双方均获得额外收益。
Recently, as an assistant platform for economic and social development, Complex Product and Systems has been playing an increasingly important role. Thus, theoretical study and practical application on innovation process of complex product and systems have been a key issue for academy and enterprise. In this context, it is important to analyzing characteristics of complex product and systems from a project perspective, putting forward project organization governance model and framework, further discussing and theoretical researching on the key issue of project organization governance.
Through building up project organization governance model for complex product and systems, this article puts forward two issues about project organization governance, including dynamic adjustment model for organizational structure, and cooperative innovation effectiveness between system company and cooperative unit. Furthermore, a dynamic and adjustable project organization structure should be an agility function, so the effect mechanism for agility is a research emphasis. This dissertation involves the follow achievements:
Firstly, on the basis of analyzing project characteristics of complex product and systems innovation, stakeholders of complex product and systems are classified into main core stakeholder, secondary core stakeholder, dormancy stakeholder and others according to stakeholder theory. Project organization governance model composed of internal governance, external governance and environment governance is built based on contract relationship between stakeholders, respectively representing the control ability to internal organization structure, the coordination ability to external project members and the influence from policy and market on envrionment in complex product system. Then the key issue of project organization governance of complex product and systems includes two respects, the one is dynamic adjustment model of project organization structure, the other is effectiveness of cooperative innovation between system company and cooperative unit.
Secondly, dynamic adjustment model of project organization structure is explored. Investigation and summary for typical complex product and systems, such as digitization agile manufacturing system research and engineering application, data disaster backup system integration project, SL-6000 well logging system research and development project and 1500mm hot strip mill manufacture project, this article not only verifies project organization governance model in complex product and systems, but also generalizes dynamic adjustment model for organization structure in complex product and systems. This model reveals the transformation for project organization structure form and the role change of project participation in each stage from demand analysis, system structure design, module development to system integration.
Thirdly, considering agility function of dynamic adjustment in complex product and systems, this article establishes theory model based on three dimensions "organization structure characteristics—agility—benefits of complex product and systems". The empirical analysis based on Chinese complex product and systems innovation project indicates: normalization, connection, and centralization in organization structure have a significantly positive influence on agility of project organization; meanwhile, agility of project organization has a significantly positive correlation with technical effects & economic benefits and social benefits in complex product and systems respectively; there is no significant influence between stability and agility. After model modification, the significantly positive influence is found between stability and social benefits. Then this dissertation discusses the reason of the exceptional empirical results combined with reality, and makes suggestions for agility development of Chinese complex product and systems.
Lastly, effectiveness of cooperative innovation between system company and cooperative unit is explored. Module innovation modes of complex product and systems are divided into three types: independent development by system company, joint development Mode One—cooperative unit is mainly responsible for development, and joint development Mode Two—system company and cooperative unit develop jointly in the whole process. Through pair wise comparison of three types, the revenue function for system company is obtained. Then a complete information dynamic game model in respect of cooperative innovation which system company and cooperative unit as game players is established. Nash bargaining solution has been adopted to achieve the qualification of strategy chosen between system company and cooperative unit. The results indicate that joint development is superior to independent development. When external revenue exists among game players, joint development mode two is easier to realize, both players get external benefits.
本研究在建立复杂产品系统项目组织治理结构模型的基础上,提出两个治理核心问题,包括复杂产品系统项目组织结构动态调整模型和系统集成商与合作单位的合作创新有效性,并进一步根据项目组织结构动态调整对敏捷性的要求展开敏捷性作用机制研究。论文的主要研究成果如下:
首先,在分析复杂产品系统项目特征的基础上,根据利益相关者理论将复杂产品系统项目利益相关者划分为重要核心利益相关者、次要核心利益相关者、蛰伏利益相关者和其他利益相关者,并遵循项目治理理论以利益相关者契约关系的紧密程度为依据建立项目组织治理模型,该模型由内部治理、外部治理和环境治理组成,分别表现了复杂产品系统项目内部团队组织结构的控制力、外部项目参与人的协调力以及政策和市场的环境影响力,并通过案例分析验证了该模型。进一步分析了复杂产品系统项目组织治理的核心问题包括两个层次内容——项目组织结构动态调整模型、系统集成商与合作单位的合作创新有效性。
其次,针对复杂产品系统项目组织治理的第一个核心问题——项目组织结构动态调整模型进行探讨。通过对数字化敏捷制造系统研究与工程化应用项目、数据灾难备份系统集成项目、SL-6000高分辨率多任务测井系统、1500mm热连轧机项目等典型复杂产品系统项目的调研和总结,归纳出复杂产品系统项目组织结构动态调整模型,该模型揭示了从需求分析、系统结构设计、模块开发到系统集成各阶段,项目成员参与方式调整和项目组织结构形式变化过程。
再次,针对复杂产品系统项目动态调整对敏捷性的要求,构建基于“组织结构特征——敏捷性——复杂产品系统项目效益”三维度因素的复杂产品系统项目组织敏捷性作用机制理论模型,并以中国复杂产品系统项目为样本进行实证研究。实证结果表明:组织结构特征中的规范性、联结性和集中性三个方面因素都对项目组织敏捷性有显著的正向影响;同时项目组织敏捷性对复杂产品系统项目的技术效果和经济效益以及社会效益均具有显著的正相关关系;而稳定性因素对项目组织敏捷性没有显著影响;对模型进行修正之后发现,稳定性因素对项目的社会效益存在显著的正向影响。结合中国企业实际对实证研究中的异常结果进行深入讨论发现,研究中异常结果的出现都有其现实的原由:结合实证结果的分析与讨论,探讨了中国复杂产品系统项目组织敏捷性提升的管理启示和策略。
最后,针对复杂产品系统项目组织治理的第二个核心问题——系统集成商与合作单位的合作创新有效性展开研究。将复杂产品系统模块创新方式分为三种:系统集成商自主开发、合作单位承担主要研制任务的联合研制模式一、合作单位与系统集成商在项目全过程共同开发的联合研制模式二。在对三种创新方式的效用进行两两比较后,得出系统集成商进行模块创新方式选择时的收益函数,进一步以系统集成商和合作单位为博弈参与人建立合作创新的完全信息动态博弈模型,利用纳什讨价还价解,求解出合作创新的策略选择条件和收益:博弈结果表明,联合研制是优于自主开发的策略选择,在博弈参与人存在外部收益的情况下,联合研制模式二的合作创新方式更容易实现,此时合作双方均获得额外收益。
Recently, as an assistant platform for economic and social development, Complex Product and Systems has been playing an increasingly important role. Thus, theoretical study and practical application on innovation process of complex product and systems have been a key issue for academy and enterprise. In this context, it is important to analyzing characteristics of complex product and systems from a project perspective, putting forward project organization governance model and framework, further discussing and theoretical researching on the key issue of project organization governance.
Through building up project organization governance model for complex product and systems, this article puts forward two issues about project organization governance, including dynamic adjustment model for organizational structure, and cooperative innovation effectiveness between system company and cooperative unit. Furthermore, a dynamic and adjustable project organization structure should be an agility function, so the effect mechanism for agility is a research emphasis. This dissertation involves the follow achievements:
Firstly, on the basis of analyzing project characteristics of complex product and systems innovation, stakeholders of complex product and systems are classified into main core stakeholder, secondary core stakeholder, dormancy stakeholder and others according to stakeholder theory. Project organization governance model composed of internal governance, external governance and environment governance is built based on contract relationship between stakeholders, respectively representing the control ability to internal organization structure, the coordination ability to external project members and the influence from policy and market on envrionment in complex product system. Then the key issue of project organization governance of complex product and systems includes two respects, the one is dynamic adjustment model of project organization structure, the other is effectiveness of cooperative innovation between system company and cooperative unit.
Secondly, dynamic adjustment model of project organization structure is explored. Investigation and summary for typical complex product and systems, such as digitization agile manufacturing system research and engineering application, data disaster backup system integration project, SL-6000 well logging system research and development project and 1500mm hot strip mill manufacture project, this article not only verifies project organization governance model in complex product and systems, but also generalizes dynamic adjustment model for organization structure in complex product and systems. This model reveals the transformation for project organization structure form and the role change of project participation in each stage from demand analysis, system structure design, module development to system integration.
Thirdly, considering agility function of dynamic adjustment in complex product and systems, this article establishes theory model based on three dimensions "organization structure characteristics—agility—benefits of complex product and systems". The empirical analysis based on Chinese complex product and systems innovation project indicates: normalization, connection, and centralization in organization structure have a significantly positive influence on agility of project organization; meanwhile, agility of project organization has a significantly positive correlation with technical effects & economic benefits and social benefits in complex product and systems respectively; there is no significant influence between stability and agility. After model modification, the significantly positive influence is found between stability and social benefits. Then this dissertation discusses the reason of the exceptional empirical results combined with reality, and makes suggestions for agility development of Chinese complex product and systems.
Lastly, effectiveness of cooperative innovation between system company and cooperative unit is explored. Module innovation modes of complex product and systems are divided into three types: independent development by system company, joint development Mode One—cooperative unit is mainly responsible for development, and joint development Mode Two—system company and cooperative unit develop jointly in the whole process. Through pair wise comparison of three types, the revenue function for system company is obtained. Then a complete information dynamic game model in respect of cooperative innovation which system company and cooperative unit as game players is established. Nash bargaining solution has been adopted to achieve the qualification of strategy chosen between system company and cooperative unit. The results indicate that joint development is superior to independent development. When external revenue exists among game players, joint development mode two is easier to realize, both players get external benefits.
引文
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