复眼衍射望远镜系统的性能检测
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摘要
如今卫星小型化的发展趋势对空间望远镜光学系统提出了越来越高的要求,为了解决重量与发射之间的矛盾,目前主要有两种轻质望远镜制作方案,无支撑薄膜反射望远镜和大口径衍射望远镜,但是这两种望远镜分别存在着制作精度高和视场受目镜重量限制的问题。
基于复眼结构的衍射望远镜是一种新型空间望远镜,它将衍射元件与按照生物复眼结构排列的子目镜系统结合起来,具有轻质量、大视场、低成本及制作公差宽松等特点。针对一套由:一个口径为50mm的折-衍混合透镜和21个口径为8mm的子目镜组成的复眼衍射望远镜,本论文主要做了以下方面的工作:
1:使用Zemax光学设计软件设计、优化了复眼衍射望远镜的各光学参量,其中每个子目镜系统的视场角为0.2°,对应空间频率为50lp/mm光学传递函数,中心子通道的MTF值可达0.8以上,边缘子目镜系统的MTF值也在0.7以上。
2:由于衍射光学元件的衍射效率会对复眼衍射望远镜系统造成一定的影响,使用数学工具Matlab与高级光学分析软件ASAP对系统传递函数与像面能量分布进行了分析,得出16台阶的二元衍射元件的衍射效率对系统影响很小。并运用ASAP对子目镜的机械结构进行了优化。
3:加工出两个折-衍射混合透镜和10套子目镜,使用一个焦距为1600mm的平行光管对系统进行了星点检测与分辨率检测,得到了中心子通道的完善爱理斑图像。对复眼衍射望远镜系统进行装调,并用其分别对一定距离处物体及无穷远处物体进行成像,最后对实验结果进行了详细分析。
4:设计两种使用Zygo干涉仪出射的球面光对长焦距、大F数透镜同时进行焦距和透射波前检测的方法:计算全息法与凹球面反射镜法。推导了该类被测透镜的焦距计算公式和透射波前计算公式,对两种方法的计算误差进行了详细分析,最终利用凹球面反射镜对一个口径为50mm,f '=2450mm的透镜进行了检测。
Today advances in small satellites put forward higher requirements to space optical telescope, to solve the mass-and-launchability problems, a membrane mirror or a diffractive optical element is used to form an ultra-lightweight telescope, however, both of them have problems: either the surface precision is too high to be fabricated or the field of view (FOV) is restricted by the weight of the eyepiece.
The compound diffractive telescope is a new kind of space telescope, which combines the diffractive optics with the structure of compound eyes, so the new telescope is lighter in weight, wider in FOV, lower in cost and lower in sensitivity to manufacturing tolerance. For such set of the telescope which is comprised of one 50mm aperture of refractive-diffractive hybrid lens and twenty-one 8mm aperture of eyepieces, the following works about the thesis is mainly about:
1: The optical parameters about the compound diffractive telescope is optimized with Zemax program, the FOV for each eyepiece is about 0.2°, the modulation transfer function (MTF) value is higher than 0.8 at 50lp/mm for the central channel, while the MTF value is about 0.7 at 50lp/mm for marginal channels.
2: As the diffraction efficiency of the diffractive optics will influence the imaging quality of the compound diffractive telescope, we analyzed the MTF curves and the energy distribution on the detector separately with mathematical program Matlab and Advanced System Analysis Program (ASAP), it is found that the adverse influence to the system is small with a 16 steps’binary surface. An optimized mechanical structure is proposed for the eyepiece.
3: Two refractive-diffractive hybrid lenses and ten eyepieces have been fabricated, the star image and resolution tests to the system have been done with a 1600mm collimator, one perfect Airy disk is taken form the central channel. The compound diffractive telescope has been aligned, a series of pictures are taken from distant and infinity objects separately, finally the result of the imaging experiment is analyzed particularly.
4: For high precision tests of the wavefront and the focal length of long focal length、large F number lens at the same time, two kinds of method is proposed: the Computer-Generated Holograms (CGH) method and the concave spherical mirror method. The optical surface test formula and the focal length test formula for this kind of lens are derived, the particular error analysis for these methods are done separately, at last, a lens with an aperture of 50mm and f '= 2450mm is tested with the concave spherical mirror method.
基于复眼结构的衍射望远镜是一种新型空间望远镜,它将衍射元件与按照生物复眼结构排列的子目镜系统结合起来,具有轻质量、大视场、低成本及制作公差宽松等特点。针对一套由:一个口径为50mm的折-衍混合透镜和21个口径为8mm的子目镜组成的复眼衍射望远镜,本论文主要做了以下方面的工作:
1:使用Zemax光学设计软件设计、优化了复眼衍射望远镜的各光学参量,其中每个子目镜系统的视场角为0.2°,对应空间频率为50lp/mm光学传递函数,中心子通道的MTF值可达0.8以上,边缘子目镜系统的MTF值也在0.7以上。
2:由于衍射光学元件的衍射效率会对复眼衍射望远镜系统造成一定的影响,使用数学工具Matlab与高级光学分析软件ASAP对系统传递函数与像面能量分布进行了分析,得出16台阶的二元衍射元件的衍射效率对系统影响很小。并运用ASAP对子目镜的机械结构进行了优化。
3:加工出两个折-衍射混合透镜和10套子目镜,使用一个焦距为1600mm的平行光管对系统进行了星点检测与分辨率检测,得到了中心子通道的完善爱理斑图像。对复眼衍射望远镜系统进行装调,并用其分别对一定距离处物体及无穷远处物体进行成像,最后对实验结果进行了详细分析。
4:设计两种使用Zygo干涉仪出射的球面光对长焦距、大F数透镜同时进行焦距和透射波前检测的方法:计算全息法与凹球面反射镜法。推导了该类被测透镜的焦距计算公式和透射波前计算公式,对两种方法的计算误差进行了详细分析,最终利用凹球面反射镜对一个口径为50mm,f '=2450mm的透镜进行了检测。
Today advances in small satellites put forward higher requirements to space optical telescope, to solve the mass-and-launchability problems, a membrane mirror or a diffractive optical element is used to form an ultra-lightweight telescope, however, both of them have problems: either the surface precision is too high to be fabricated or the field of view (FOV) is restricted by the weight of the eyepiece.
The compound diffractive telescope is a new kind of space telescope, which combines the diffractive optics with the structure of compound eyes, so the new telescope is lighter in weight, wider in FOV, lower in cost and lower in sensitivity to manufacturing tolerance. For such set of the telescope which is comprised of one 50mm aperture of refractive-diffractive hybrid lens and twenty-one 8mm aperture of eyepieces, the following works about the thesis is mainly about:
1: The optical parameters about the compound diffractive telescope is optimized with Zemax program, the FOV for each eyepiece is about 0.2°, the modulation transfer function (MTF) value is higher than 0.8 at 50lp/mm for the central channel, while the MTF value is about 0.7 at 50lp/mm for marginal channels.
2: As the diffraction efficiency of the diffractive optics will influence the imaging quality of the compound diffractive telescope, we analyzed the MTF curves and the energy distribution on the detector separately with mathematical program Matlab and Advanced System Analysis Program (ASAP), it is found that the adverse influence to the system is small with a 16 steps’binary surface. An optimized mechanical structure is proposed for the eyepiece.
3: Two refractive-diffractive hybrid lenses and ten eyepieces have been fabricated, the star image and resolution tests to the system have been done with a 1600mm collimator, one perfect Airy disk is taken form the central channel. The compound diffractive telescope has been aligned, a series of pictures are taken from distant and infinity objects separately, finally the result of the imaging experiment is analyzed particularly.
4: For high precision tests of the wavefront and the focal length of long focal length、large F number lens at the same time, two kinds of method is proposed: the Computer-Generated Holograms (CGH) method and the concave spherical mirror method. The optical surface test formula and the focal length test formula for this kind of lens are derived, the particular error analysis for these methods are done separately, at last, a lens with an aperture of 50mm and f '= 2450mm is tested with the concave spherical mirror method.
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