高速滚珠丝杠进给系统动态性能检测与热特性研究
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摘要
滚珠丝杠副作为高速加工中心进给驱动系统的主要执行元件，其性能直接影响机床的运行状态和精度。由于速度的提高，滚珠丝杠进给系统中的接触区域（丝杠螺母、轴承等）会产生大量的热，而这些热量又无法及时散发，会使滚珠丝杠的温度升高，引起滚珠丝杠热变形，使得机床加工精度降低。因此，研究滚珠丝杠副在高速运行条件下的动态性能和热特性，对提高机床的加工精度有重要的意义。本文研究的主要内容如下：
高速进给系统动态性能检测系统设计。建立了高速滚珠丝杠动态性能检测系统，该系统由机械系统和测试系统两部分组成。选用空心滚珠丝杠副作为被测元件，利用LMS数据采集卡进行数据采集，可完成负载状态下滚珠丝杠副动态性能的在线实时检测。
高速进给系统动态性能测试与实验数据分析。在建立的高速进给系统动态性能测试系统上，通过实验检测滚珠丝杠温升变化、左右轴承座温升变化、丝杠热位移、加速度以及空心丝杠冷却系统进出口油温等基本参数，并对实验数据进行了分析处理。
高速进给系统动态热特性分析。计算了滚珠丝杠进给系统的发热量，建立了滚珠丝杠副的温升与热位移之间的数学模型，分析出影响滚珠丝杠进给系统精度的主要因素是温升的变化，从而结合实验和理论计算对滚珠丝杠系统进行了热特性分析。
高速进给系统动态热变形补偿。分析了抑制滚珠丝杠热变形的主要方法，提出了基于流体力学原理的空心滚珠丝杠科恩达气液二元热补偿方法，通过采用将冷却介质通入空心丝杠内部进行强制循环冷却，和冷却气流对丝杠重点发热区域进行局部冷却相结合的冷却方式，抑制因机床高速运转带来的丝杠热变形导致刚度和精度发生变化，并对其进行了仿真分析。
滚珠丝杠进给系统的动态性能，尤其是发热问题是制约机床加工精度的主要因素之一，通过构建实验平台，结合理论分析和仿真分析，对滚珠丝杠进给系统动态性能和热特性的研究，为提高数控机床进给系统的刚度和加工精度，提供了一种实用的设计方法。
As the main actuator in high-speed machining centre feeding system, the ball screw pair'sperformance directly influence the CNC machine tools’ running condition and precision. Due tothe speed increasing, contact area (screw nut, bearing,etc.) of ball screw feeding system producesvast hot, and these heat can not send out in time, the temperature of the ball screw will increase,result in the ball screw thermal deformation, and making the machining accuracy decreased.Therefore the study of dynamic performance and thermal characteristic of ball screw laws toimprove the machining accuracy has important significance. This article main contents are asfollows:
The dynamic performance testing system of high-speed feed system is designed. Thedynamic performance testing system of high-speed feed system is established, the system consistsof the two major components of mechanical system and test system. Selecting the hollow ballscrew as the tested component, using the LMS data acquisition system to collecting data, cancomplete online real time measurement of ball screw dynamic performance under the loadcondition.
The dynamic performance of high speed-feed system is tested and the data is analyzed. Onthe established dynamic performance testing system, based on the dynamic performance testingsystem of high-speed feed system, through experiment method, the ball screw temperature rising,bearing pedestal temperature variation, ball screw thermal deformation, ball screw feedingacceleration and hollow ball screw cooling process import and export oil temperature, and otherbasic parameters are tested, and the collected data are processed.
Dynamic thermal characteristic of high-speed feeding system is analyzed. The heat of ballscrew system is calculated, and mathematical model of temperature rising and thermaldisplacement of ball screw pair is established, the main factor to influencing ball screw feedingsystem accuracy is temperature variation, and then the thermal characteristic is analyzed based onexperimental and theoretical calculation.
High-speed feeding system dynamic thermal deformation compensation. Main methods torestrain the ball screw the thermal deformation is analyzed, and gas-liquid two element thermalcompensation principle for hollow the ball screw based on Coanda effect is proposed, by adoptingthe way of making cooling medium access to hollow ball screw internal forced circulationcooling, and combined with the way of making cooling flow access to ball screw key local area,CNC machine tools’ stiffness and accuracy variation are restrained, and the simulation results isanalyzed.
The dynamic performance especially thermal deformation of ball screw system is one of themain factors that restricting CNC machine tool's development, by constructing the experimentalplatform, combined with theoretical and simulation analysis to research on dynamic performanceand thermal deformation of ball screw feeding system, and providing a practical design method toimprove CNC machine tool's rigidity and machining accuracy.
高速进给系统动态性能检测系统设计。建立了高速滚珠丝杠动态性能检测系统，该系统由机械系统和测试系统两部分组成。选用空心滚珠丝杠副作为被测元件，利用LMS数据采集卡进行数据采集，可完成负载状态下滚珠丝杠副动态性能的在线实时检测。
高速进给系统动态性能测试与实验数据分析。在建立的高速进给系统动态性能测试系统上，通过实验检测滚珠丝杠温升变化、左右轴承座温升变化、丝杠热位移、加速度以及空心丝杠冷却系统进出口油温等基本参数，并对实验数据进行了分析处理。
高速进给系统动态热特性分析。计算了滚珠丝杠进给系统的发热量，建立了滚珠丝杠副的温升与热位移之间的数学模型，分析出影响滚珠丝杠进给系统精度的主要因素是温升的变化，从而结合实验和理论计算对滚珠丝杠系统进行了热特性分析。
高速进给系统动态热变形补偿。分析了抑制滚珠丝杠热变形的主要方法，提出了基于流体力学原理的空心滚珠丝杠科恩达气液二元热补偿方法，通过采用将冷却介质通入空心丝杠内部进行强制循环冷却，和冷却气流对丝杠重点发热区域进行局部冷却相结合的冷却方式，抑制因机床高速运转带来的丝杠热变形导致刚度和精度发生变化，并对其进行了仿真分析。
滚珠丝杠进给系统的动态性能，尤其是发热问题是制约机床加工精度的主要因素之一，通过构建实验平台，结合理论分析和仿真分析，对滚珠丝杠进给系统动态性能和热特性的研究，为提高数控机床进给系统的刚度和加工精度，提供了一种实用的设计方法。
As the main actuator in high-speed machining centre feeding system, the ball screw pair'sperformance directly influence the CNC machine tools’ running condition and precision. Due tothe speed increasing, contact area (screw nut, bearing,etc.) of ball screw feeding system producesvast hot, and these heat can not send out in time, the temperature of the ball screw will increase,result in the ball screw thermal deformation, and making the machining accuracy decreased.Therefore the study of dynamic performance and thermal characteristic of ball screw laws toimprove the machining accuracy has important significance. This article main contents are asfollows:
The dynamic performance testing system of high-speed feed system is designed. Thedynamic performance testing system of high-speed feed system is established, the system consistsof the two major components of mechanical system and test system. Selecting the hollow ballscrew as the tested component, using the LMS data acquisition system to collecting data, cancomplete online real time measurement of ball screw dynamic performance under the loadcondition.
The dynamic performance of high speed-feed system is tested and the data is analyzed. Onthe established dynamic performance testing system, based on the dynamic performance testingsystem of high-speed feed system, through experiment method, the ball screw temperature rising,bearing pedestal temperature variation, ball screw thermal deformation, ball screw feedingacceleration and hollow ball screw cooling process import and export oil temperature, and otherbasic parameters are tested, and the collected data are processed.
Dynamic thermal characteristic of high-speed feeding system is analyzed. The heat of ballscrew system is calculated, and mathematical model of temperature rising and thermaldisplacement of ball screw pair is established, the main factor to influencing ball screw feedingsystem accuracy is temperature variation, and then the thermal characteristic is analyzed based onexperimental and theoretical calculation.
High-speed feeding system dynamic thermal deformation compensation. Main methods torestrain the ball screw the thermal deformation is analyzed, and gas-liquid two element thermalcompensation principle for hollow the ball screw based on Coanda effect is proposed, by adoptingthe way of making cooling medium access to hollow ball screw internal forced circulationcooling, and combined with the way of making cooling flow access to ball screw key local area,CNC machine tools’ stiffness and accuracy variation are restrained, and the simulation results isanalyzed.
The dynamic performance especially thermal deformation of ball screw system is one of themain factors that restricting CNC machine tool's development, by constructing the experimentalplatform, combined with theoretical and simulation analysis to research on dynamic performanceand thermal deformation of ball screw feeding system, and providing a practical design method toimprove CNC machine tool's rigidity and machining accuracy.
引文
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[2]肖正义,焦洁.高速滚珠丝杠副的开发和检测技术[J].制造技术与机床,2004(4):95-99.
[3]袁帅.高速精密滚珠丝杠副综合检测技术研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2004.
[4]夏军勇.热弹性效应和数控机床进给系统热动态特性的研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2008.
[5]张伯霖,黄晓明,范梦吾,等.高速机床进给系统的发展趋势[J].组合机床与自动化加工技术,2002(10):7-11.
[6]何震.机床滚珠丝杠系统热特性分析及其热变形补偿[D].成都:西南交通大学,2009.
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