城市集聚、外部性与地区工资差距研究
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摘要
20世纪90年代初,著名经济学家保罗·克鲁格曼(Paul Krugman,1991)将空间这一长期被经济学家忽视的因素纳入主流经济学的研究领域,创立了新经济地理学(NEG)。该理论包括三种基本模型,即区域模型、城市模型和国际模型。其中,城市模型以冯·杜能(Von Thunen,1826)的“孤立国”为起点,系统阐述了城市在集聚经济与外部性的作用机制下不断发展与演化的过程。由于新经济地理学在城市集聚与区域非均衡发展方面的理论优势,使该理论对当前全球城市化背景下的区域经济差距问题具有较强的解释力。
在研究中国区域差距的文献中,研究城乡差距、地区差距(如西部、中部与东部)等较多,而对中国城市差距问题的系统研究很少。从我国当前经济发展的现实来看,一方面我国城市化水平与城市集聚度不断提高,以城市圈代表的城市空间结构正在逐步形成。另一方面,城市间的空间差距也在逐步扩大。我们认为这种差距将成为继城乡差距与地区差距之后困扰我国区域经济发展的新课题。
在此背景下,论文选择从外部性的视角出发,研究城市集聚对城市工资差距的影响机制。本文选择城市工资作为考察区域差异的指标,一是有别于已有文献基于GDP、人均GDP等宏观经济指标的研究,二是考虑到解决城市经济差距问题,最终还是要落实到缩小城市居民的工资差距问题上来。论文基于外部性与城市集聚的互动关系论证了城市集聚的微观基础,并在Fujita等(1999)、Ciccone(2000)等人研究的基础上进行拓展,分别从金融外部性、技术外部性两种不同的影响机制就城市集聚对工资的影响进行系统的理论研究。
在此基础上,本文选取长三角城市圈25个地级及以上城市(市辖区)2000-2010年11年的面板数据进行实证检验。研究结果表明：外部性对城市集聚的影响显著,两者具有双向影响关系；金融外部性与技术外部性的差异是城市工资差距加大的主要原因；我国目前的城市化与城市集聚度不足,尚没有达到最优化水平。基于此,本文试图从提高城市集聚水平与控制城市工资差距两个方面提出一条适合我国经济社会协调发展的城市化道路。
全文共分七章。第一章为导论。介绍论文的选题背景、选题目的和意义、技术路线、研究方法及论文的创新之处。
第二章是文献综述。首先对新经济地理学中关于城市集聚研究领域的文献进行系统梳理,明确城市集聚的基本概念、内涵及城市集聚的研究领域；其次对城市集聚的形成机制进行系统的综述性研究；然后对城市集聚与地区工资差距的文献进行整理和阐述。最后对当前的文献进行总结性评述。
第三章对长三角城市集聚水平及工资差距进行全面的扫描。该章对25个城市2000-2010年11年间的城市集聚及工资指标进行纵向和横向的比较分析,并对城市集聚与工资水平进行描述性统计(采用软件STATA12.0)。
第四章是外部性与城市聚集形成机制。首先在现有文献的基础上,系统梳理城市集聚与外部性相互作用机理；其次主要从金融外部性、技术外部性及社会文化外部性等三个不同的视角剖析外部性与城市集聚的作用机制；最后采用中国长三角城市圈数据对其进行实证检验并进行解释。
第五章和第六章分别从金融外部性和技术外部性两个不同的视角分析城市集聚对城市工资的影响。首先是在国外现有理论模型的基础上对Fujita等(1999)、Ciccone(2000)等模型进行拓展研究,然后采用中国长三角城市圈面板数据进行实证检验。研究结果显示,外部性差异是城市工资差距的主要原因。
第七章是本文的主要结论、政策建议及未来的研究方向。
In the early1990s, the famous economist Paul Krugman (1991) has inaugurated New Economic Geography (NEG) through introduction of the space factor that has long been ignored by economists into the mainstream economical field. NEG includes three fundamental models, namely regional model, city model and international model. Among them, the city model with Von Thiinen's Isolated State (1826) as the starting point, has expounded the interaction mechanism of agglomeration economies and externalities and evolutionary process of the Urban Agglomeration. Because of NEG's theoretical advantage in urban agglomeration and regional imbalance development, this theory has strong explanatory power of regional economic disparities in the current global background of urbanization.
In the literature about Chinese regional differences, most of research are about the gap between urban and rural areas, district differences (such as the western, central and east), while there are few researches studying Chinese urban disparities. With China's current economic development, and China's urbanization and urban agglomeration degrees continuously improving, the city space structure with the city circle as the main form is taking shape. At the same time, the spatial differences between cities have gradually expanded. We believe that this gap will become a new problem in China's regional economic development following the urban-rural gap and regional disparities.
Under this background, this dissertation is dedicated to study the influence mechanisms of urban agglomeration and city wage gap from the perspective of externalities. This article chooses city wage as the regional differences index, because city wage is different from the existed indexes which are based on GDP, per capita GDP, and other macroeconomic indicators, meanwhile, I think solving the economic disparities between the cities finally rests with narrowing the wage gap of city residents.
This article has demonstrated the microeconomic basis based on the interactive relationship between the externalities and urban agglomeration, and what's more, on the basis of previous studies, such as Fujita, et al(1999), Ciccone (2000), the paper has made theoretical development forward, and conducted systematic theoretical research on urban agglomeration's influence on city's wage level from the pecuniary externalities and technology externalities respectively, which are two different influence mechanisms.
Based on a set of panel data comprised of25prefectural-level and above cities (districts) from2000to2010in Yangtze River Delta city circle, this article has conducted empirical test for exploring the impact of urban agglomeration on the city wages. The results of the study show that:externalities have significant influences on urban agglomeration and they have the bidirectional effect relations; pecuniary externalities and technological externalities difference are the key reason for the increasing city wage gap; the urbanization and urban agglomeration degree is insufficient for the optimal level in China. Based on this, this article attempts to put forward a suitable urbanization way for China's economically and socially harmonious development in the intention of improving the urban agglomeration level and control the city wage gap.
The article consists of seven chapters. The first chapter is introduction, which introduces selected topic's background, purpose and significance of the subject, the technical route, research methods and the innovation of the dissertation.
The second chapter is literature review. Firstly, the basic concepts, connotation and research fields of urban agglomeration in existing literature are summarized. Secondly, reviewing the formation mechanism of urban agglomeration; Thirdly, tidying and expounding the relation between the urban agglomeration and the city wage gap in literature. At last, the conclusion to the current literature.
The third chapter has made a full scan for urban agglomeration degree and city wage level of the city circle in Yangtze River Delta. This chapter has conducted longitudinal and transverse comparative analysis on urban agglomeration and wage index through25prefectural-level and above cities (districts) from2000to2010in Yangtze River Delta, and made descriptive statistics analysis by STATA12.0
The fourth chapter has elaborated the formation mechanism of urban agglomeration and externalities. First of all, concluding the interactive relationship between the externalities and urban agglomeration on the basis of the existing literature; Secondly, expounding the main mechanism of action from three different perspective of the externalities respectively which are the pecuniary externalities, technological externalities and social cultural externalities; Finally, this chapter has made empirical research for analyzing the relationship between urban agglomeration and externalities and given some conclusions.
The fifth and sixth chapter analyze urban agglomeration's influence on city's wage level from the pecuniary externalities and technology externalities respectively. Based on previous studies, such as Fujita, et al (1999), Ciccone (2000), this chapter has made theoretical development forward, and conducted systematic theoretical research and then made positive analysis by panel data of prefectural-level and above cities (districts) in Yangtze River Delta. The results showed that externalities differences are the main reason for the city wage gap.
The seven chapter consists of the major conclusion, policy advice and the future research direction.
在研究中国区域差距的文献中,研究城乡差距、地区差距(如西部、中部与东部)等较多,而对中国城市差距问题的系统研究很少。从我国当前经济发展的现实来看,一方面我国城市化水平与城市集聚度不断提高,以城市圈代表的城市空间结构正在逐步形成。另一方面,城市间的空间差距也在逐步扩大。我们认为这种差距将成为继城乡差距与地区差距之后困扰我国区域经济发展的新课题。
在此背景下,论文选择从外部性的视角出发,研究城市集聚对城市工资差距的影响机制。本文选择城市工资作为考察区域差异的指标,一是有别于已有文献基于GDP、人均GDP等宏观经济指标的研究,二是考虑到解决城市经济差距问题,最终还是要落实到缩小城市居民的工资差距问题上来。论文基于外部性与城市集聚的互动关系论证了城市集聚的微观基础,并在Fujita等(1999)、Ciccone(2000)等人研究的基础上进行拓展,分别从金融外部性、技术外部性两种不同的影响机制就城市集聚对工资的影响进行系统的理论研究。
在此基础上,本文选取长三角城市圈25个地级及以上城市(市辖区)2000-2010年11年的面板数据进行实证检验。研究结果表明：外部性对城市集聚的影响显著,两者具有双向影响关系；金融外部性与技术外部性的差异是城市工资差距加大的主要原因；我国目前的城市化与城市集聚度不足,尚没有达到最优化水平。基于此,本文试图从提高城市集聚水平与控制城市工资差距两个方面提出一条适合我国经济社会协调发展的城市化道路。
全文共分七章。第一章为导论。介绍论文的选题背景、选题目的和意义、技术路线、研究方法及论文的创新之处。
第二章是文献综述。首先对新经济地理学中关于城市集聚研究领域的文献进行系统梳理,明确城市集聚的基本概念、内涵及城市集聚的研究领域；其次对城市集聚的形成机制进行系统的综述性研究；然后对城市集聚与地区工资差距的文献进行整理和阐述。最后对当前的文献进行总结性评述。
第三章对长三角城市集聚水平及工资差距进行全面的扫描。该章对25个城市2000-2010年11年间的城市集聚及工资指标进行纵向和横向的比较分析,并对城市集聚与工资水平进行描述性统计(采用软件STATA12.0)。
第四章是外部性与城市聚集形成机制。首先在现有文献的基础上,系统梳理城市集聚与外部性相互作用机理；其次主要从金融外部性、技术外部性及社会文化外部性等三个不同的视角剖析外部性与城市集聚的作用机制；最后采用中国长三角城市圈数据对其进行实证检验并进行解释。
第五章和第六章分别从金融外部性和技术外部性两个不同的视角分析城市集聚对城市工资的影响。首先是在国外现有理论模型的基础上对Fujita等(1999)、Ciccone(2000)等模型进行拓展研究,然后采用中国长三角城市圈面板数据进行实证检验。研究结果显示,外部性差异是城市工资差距的主要原因。
第七章是本文的主要结论、政策建议及未来的研究方向。
In the early1990s, the famous economist Paul Krugman (1991) has inaugurated New Economic Geography (NEG) through introduction of the space factor that has long been ignored by economists into the mainstream economical field. NEG includes three fundamental models, namely regional model, city model and international model. Among them, the city model with Von Thiinen's Isolated State (1826) as the starting point, has expounded the interaction mechanism of agglomeration economies and externalities and evolutionary process of the Urban Agglomeration. Because of NEG's theoretical advantage in urban agglomeration and regional imbalance development, this theory has strong explanatory power of regional economic disparities in the current global background of urbanization.
In the literature about Chinese regional differences, most of research are about the gap between urban and rural areas, district differences (such as the western, central and east), while there are few researches studying Chinese urban disparities. With China's current economic development, and China's urbanization and urban agglomeration degrees continuously improving, the city space structure with the city circle as the main form is taking shape. At the same time, the spatial differences between cities have gradually expanded. We believe that this gap will become a new problem in China's regional economic development following the urban-rural gap and regional disparities.
Under this background, this dissertation is dedicated to study the influence mechanisms of urban agglomeration and city wage gap from the perspective of externalities. This article chooses city wage as the regional differences index, because city wage is different from the existed indexes which are based on GDP, per capita GDP, and other macroeconomic indicators, meanwhile, I think solving the economic disparities between the cities finally rests with narrowing the wage gap of city residents.
This article has demonstrated the microeconomic basis based on the interactive relationship between the externalities and urban agglomeration, and what's more, on the basis of previous studies, such as Fujita, et al(1999), Ciccone (2000), the paper has made theoretical development forward, and conducted systematic theoretical research on urban agglomeration's influence on city's wage level from the pecuniary externalities and technology externalities respectively, which are two different influence mechanisms.
Based on a set of panel data comprised of25prefectural-level and above cities (districts) from2000to2010in Yangtze River Delta city circle, this article has conducted empirical test for exploring the impact of urban agglomeration on the city wages. The results of the study show that:externalities have significant influences on urban agglomeration and they have the bidirectional effect relations; pecuniary externalities and technological externalities difference are the key reason for the increasing city wage gap; the urbanization and urban agglomeration degree is insufficient for the optimal level in China. Based on this, this article attempts to put forward a suitable urbanization way for China's economically and socially harmonious development in the intention of improving the urban agglomeration level and control the city wage gap.
The article consists of seven chapters. The first chapter is introduction, which introduces selected topic's background, purpose and significance of the subject, the technical route, research methods and the innovation of the dissertation.
The second chapter is literature review. Firstly, the basic concepts, connotation and research fields of urban agglomeration in existing literature are summarized. Secondly, reviewing the formation mechanism of urban agglomeration; Thirdly, tidying and expounding the relation between the urban agglomeration and the city wage gap in literature. At last, the conclusion to the current literature.
The third chapter has made a full scan for urban agglomeration degree and city wage level of the city circle in Yangtze River Delta. This chapter has conducted longitudinal and transverse comparative analysis on urban agglomeration and wage index through25prefectural-level and above cities (districts) from2000to2010in Yangtze River Delta, and made descriptive statistics analysis by STATA12.0
The fourth chapter has elaborated the formation mechanism of urban agglomeration and externalities. First of all, concluding the interactive relationship between the externalities and urban agglomeration on the basis of the existing literature; Secondly, expounding the main mechanism of action from three different perspective of the externalities respectively which are the pecuniary externalities, technological externalities and social cultural externalities; Finally, this chapter has made empirical research for analyzing the relationship between urban agglomeration and externalities and given some conclusions.
The fifth and sixth chapter analyze urban agglomeration's influence on city's wage level from the pecuniary externalities and technology externalities respectively. Based on previous studies, such as Fujita, et al (1999), Ciccone (2000), this chapter has made theoretical development forward, and conducted systematic theoretical research and then made positive analysis by panel data of prefectural-level and above cities (districts) in Yangtze River Delta. The results showed that externalities differences are the main reason for the city wage gap.
The seven chapter consists of the major conclusion, policy advice and the future research direction.
引文
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