欠发达地区农村社区公共产品农户参与供给研究
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摘要
农村公共产品供给水平是衡量农村经济与社会发展的一个重要的指标,农村公共产品供给水平和供给效率与农村发展、农业增效和农民增收密切相关,解决农村公共产品的有效供给问题是一个重大的理论和现实问题。
我国政府对农村公共产品供给问题十分重视。在政策法规上,国家出台了《关于加强农村基础设施建设扎实推进社会主义新农村建设的意见》、《中共中央国务院关于切实加强农业基础建设进一步促进农业发展农民增收的若干意见》等一系列政策法规。在财政投入上,中央财政对“三农”的投入增长幅度非常大。2006年中央政府对“三农”的总投入是3397亿元,2007年中央财政对“三农”的投入达到了4200多亿元,重点加强了农村水、电、路、气等和农民生产、生活密切相关的基础设施的建设。然而,虽然国家加大了投入,但我国农村公共产品供给问题仍然没有得到很好地解决,农村公共产品供给缺口仍然很大。究其原因,除政府有限财政外,政府供给责任集中化、其他供给主体供给机制的缺失也是重要原因。而要从根本上解决农村公共产品的供给问题,增加政府投入、创新供给机制以及制度外其它主体的广泛参与是关键。本文正是围绕制度外供给主体之一——农户的参与供给来立题的。
本文应用经济学和社会学理论,结合已有的研究成果,构建了农村社区公共产品农户供给的理论分析框架,运用安徽省3县(市)的14个乡镇47个村的672户农户的调研数据,考察了农户参与供给农村社区公共产品的影响因素,探讨了社区治理与政府财政支持对农户参与供给的影响效应,并据此提出了政策建议。本文的研究内容主要涉及以下六个方面:
第一,对已有相关研究文献进行回顾和梳理。一方面对农村公共产品供给不足的主要原因进行综述;另一方面,对农村公共产品私人自愿供给的研究文献进行综述,主要从农村公共产品私人自愿供给的影响因素、私人自愿供给的可能性以及私人自愿供给的其它特性三个方面对国内外相关文献进行了总结和评述;此外,还对农村公共产品私人自愿供给中的政府行为进行综述,主要从政府联合私人自愿供给、政府支持私人自愿供给两个方面进行述评。通过综述文献,发现已有研究存在的不足,指出本论文的切入点,进一步明确本文研究的理论意义和应用价值。
第二,农村社区公共产品供给及农户参与供给的现状调查。在相关文献综述的基础上,基于对安徽省3县(市)14个乡镇、47个村的实地调研的数据,具体探讨了47个样本村农村社区公共产品供给的现状与主要特征,考察了农户参与供给的现状、意愿和态度,并总结了农户参与供给的主要特征。
第三,农村社区公共产品农户参与供给行为的影响因素分析。在农户有限理性、机会主义倾向和农户需求多样性、层次性的假定下,构建了农户参与供给的嵌入性社会结构的理论分析框架,并把“自主因素”和“嵌入因素”具体分解为参与者特质、公共产品特性、社区特征、社会资本网络和政府支持效应五类影响农户参与供给的因素,然后采用因子分析法和Logistic模型对农户参与供给行为影响因素进行实证分析。
第四,农户参与供给与农村社区治理。在阐述治理与多中心治理概念的基础上,分析了社区治理的内涵和主要内容,讨论了当前欠发达地区农村社区治理的现实困境,总结了良好的社区治理必须具备的基本原则,并通过三种社区治理的典型案例,分析了社区“善治”的关键之处。最后探讨了影响农户参与供给的内在制度和外在制度,并通过典型案例阐述了内在制度与外在制度调适的逻辑。
第五,农户参与供给与政府支持。在把政府支持的形式分为政策支持、技术支持、财政支持、项目支持和组织管理支持的基础上,探讨了目前样本村政府支持的现状,分析了农户对政府支持的需求意愿,并利用Logistic模型讨论了政府财政支持对农户参与供给意愿的影响效应。
第六,结论概括与对策提出。根据实证与理论分析结果对全文的研究结论做了简要的总结,并在此基础上提出若干政策建议。
本文的主要创新之处在于:在研究视角上,本文以农村社区公共产品农户参与供给为研究对象,克服了大部分学者对“自愿”供给进行“打包”分析,而没有把农户参与供给从“自愿”供给中分离出来单独加以研究的缺陷,着重探讨了农户参与供给这一“自愿”供给的形式,并形成了系统、完整的分析研究框架;在研究内容上,在界定农村社区公共产品概念的基础上,研究了农村社区公共产品农户参与供给的特点、意愿、态度以及行为的影响因素,并在此基础上讨论了政府如何保护、激发农户参与供给农村社区公共产品的动力等。这都是其他研究文献较少涉及到的;在研究方法上,根据研究目标综合运用了描述性统计分析法、因子分析法、逐步回归法、以及案例分析法,突破了现有国内学术界大多定性研究农村公共产品供给问题的方法,使研究更具规范化和科学性。
The provision level of rural public goods is the important Measuring Standard of the development level of rural Economy and Society, The provision level and efficiency relate closely the rural development, agricultural efficiency and farmers income,so, solution of efficient provision of rural public goods is significant problem of theory and reality.
The Chinese government attachs importance to the provision of rural public goods all the time. On policies and regulations, The Chinese government drawed up some policies, for example,"the proposal of strengthening agricultural infrastructure and advanceing Solidly the new Socialist rural"、"The Chinese Communist Party Central Committee and State council Strengthen effectively agricultural infrastructure andfurther Promote agricultural development and farmers income". On the finance investment, the increasing range of the central finance to agriculture、rural and farmers is very heavily. On the year of 2006, the total investment is 339.7 billions, on the year of 2007, the total investment is 420 billions, greatly strengthened agricultural and rural infrastructure relating mostly the producing and living of farmers. However, the provison problem of rural public goods isn't well resolved, in addition to limited finance, the centralization of government duty、the missing of else provision main body are also important reasons.If resolved fundamentally the provision problem of rural public goods, the innovation and perfection of provision mechanism and participation of else provision main body are pivotal. This paper chooses one of else provision main body—farmers to make an issue.
This paper applys theory of economics and sociology, combines existing research results, constructs the theoretical framework of fanners participating provision rural community public goods, and uses the surveying data of 3 countys(city) 14 small towns 47 villages 672farmers,studys the influencing factors of farmers participating provision rural community public goods, discusses the influencing effect of community governance and finance support to farmers participating provision rural community public goods, and proposes suggestions and advices of policy. This paper includes mainly six fields contents as follows:
The first, reviewing existing research results. On the one hand, Summarying the main reason of scarcity of the provision of rural public goods, on the other hand, reviewing the existing research results of Private voluntary provision of rural public goods, mainly Summarying and commenting related domestic and abroad literature from three aspects of the influencing factors of private voluntary provision of rural public goods、the possibility of private voluntary provision、the else features of private voluntary provision,and summarying and reviewing the literature of government behavior to private voluntary provision of rural public goods, mainly from two aspects of government jointing private voluntary provision and government supporting private voluntary provision to summary and review. By reviewing and summarying existing literature, find the inadequacies of existing research results, Pointing out starting point, defining further the the theoretical significance and application value.
The second, investigating of the current situation of farmers participating provision rural community public goods and the provision of rural community public goods. At the basis of summarying and reviewing relating literature and the surveying data of 3 countys(city) 14 small towns 47 villages 672farmers, discussing the current situation and the main features of the provision of rural community public goods of 47 villages, Studying the current situation、willingness and attiude of farmers participating provision rural community public goods, and summarying the main features of farmers participating provision rural community public goods.
The third, analyzing the influcening factors of farmers participating provision rural community public goods. Under the assumption of limited rationality of farmers、the inclination of opportunism、the levels and diversity of demand, constructing theoretical framework of embeddedness of Social structure, decomposing "the embedding factors"and "the sovereign factors" into five influencing factors of the features of Participants、the characteristics of public goods、community characteristics、the network of social capital and the degree of government support, and applying the means of factor analysis and logistic model to analyze empirically the influencing factors of farmers participating provision rural community public goods.
The fourth, farmers participating provision rural community public goods and rural community governance. At the basis of elaborating the concept of multi-center governance, analyzing the connotation and the main content of community governance, discussing the reality of the plight of community governance in the underdeveloped areas, summarying the basic principles of "efficient community governence", and by three typical cases of community governance,analyzing the key of "efficient community governence". At last, discussing the internal systems and external systems influencing farmers participating provision rural community public goods,and by typical cases elaborating the adjustment logic of the internal systems and external systems.
The fifth, farmers participating provision rural community public goods and government support. At the basis of decomposing government support into policy support、technology support、finance support、item support、organizing and managing support, discussing the basic situation of government support and the current situation of 47 villages, analyzing the wiliness of farmers for government support, at lasi ,applying logistic model to disscuss the influcencing effect of government finance support to famers participating provision rural community public goods and government support.
The sixth, comeing to the conclusion and making recommendations. According to theoretical and empirical analysis, summarying the full text and get research conclusions, at the basis of the research conclusions, giving some suggestions.
The innovation of this paper as fallows: the frist,on the research perspective,this paper takes rural community public goods as object, overcomes the defect of most of the else scholars analyzing the private voluntary provision in packet, not separating farmers participating provision rural community public goods from voluntary provision form. And this paper emphatically discusses the form of farmers participating provision,and forming the systemic and integral research framework; the second,mon the research content, at the basis of defining concept of rural community public goods,studys the features、williness、attitude、behavior and influcencing factors of farmers participating provision rural community public goods, and discusses government how to protect and stimulate the power of farmers participating provision rural community public goods,and these are little involved in existing literature; the third,on the way of studying, according to the studying target, generally applys the method of descriptive statistics、factor analysis and case studying, breaks through the qualitative studying method used studing the mechanism of rural public goods provision, making the researcher more scientific and standard.
我国政府对农村公共产品供给问题十分重视。在政策法规上,国家出台了《关于加强农村基础设施建设扎实推进社会主义新农村建设的意见》、《中共中央国务院关于切实加强农业基础建设进一步促进农业发展农民增收的若干意见》等一系列政策法规。在财政投入上,中央财政对“三农”的投入增长幅度非常大。2006年中央政府对“三农”的总投入是3397亿元,2007年中央财政对“三农”的投入达到了4200多亿元,重点加强了农村水、电、路、气等和农民生产、生活密切相关的基础设施的建设。然而,虽然国家加大了投入,但我国农村公共产品供给问题仍然没有得到很好地解决,农村公共产品供给缺口仍然很大。究其原因,除政府有限财政外,政府供给责任集中化、其他供给主体供给机制的缺失也是重要原因。而要从根本上解决农村公共产品的供给问题,增加政府投入、创新供给机制以及制度外其它主体的广泛参与是关键。本文正是围绕制度外供给主体之一——农户的参与供给来立题的。
本文应用经济学和社会学理论,结合已有的研究成果,构建了农村社区公共产品农户供给的理论分析框架,运用安徽省3县(市)的14个乡镇47个村的672户农户的调研数据,考察了农户参与供给农村社区公共产品的影响因素,探讨了社区治理与政府财政支持对农户参与供给的影响效应,并据此提出了政策建议。本文的研究内容主要涉及以下六个方面:
第一,对已有相关研究文献进行回顾和梳理。一方面对农村公共产品供给不足的主要原因进行综述;另一方面,对农村公共产品私人自愿供给的研究文献进行综述,主要从农村公共产品私人自愿供给的影响因素、私人自愿供给的可能性以及私人自愿供给的其它特性三个方面对国内外相关文献进行了总结和评述;此外,还对农村公共产品私人自愿供给中的政府行为进行综述,主要从政府联合私人自愿供给、政府支持私人自愿供给两个方面进行述评。通过综述文献,发现已有研究存在的不足,指出本论文的切入点,进一步明确本文研究的理论意义和应用价值。
第二,农村社区公共产品供给及农户参与供给的现状调查。在相关文献综述的基础上,基于对安徽省3县(市)14个乡镇、47个村的实地调研的数据,具体探讨了47个样本村农村社区公共产品供给的现状与主要特征,考察了农户参与供给的现状、意愿和态度,并总结了农户参与供给的主要特征。
第三,农村社区公共产品农户参与供给行为的影响因素分析。在农户有限理性、机会主义倾向和农户需求多样性、层次性的假定下,构建了农户参与供给的嵌入性社会结构的理论分析框架,并把“自主因素”和“嵌入因素”具体分解为参与者特质、公共产品特性、社区特征、社会资本网络和政府支持效应五类影响农户参与供给的因素,然后采用因子分析法和Logistic模型对农户参与供给行为影响因素进行实证分析。
第四,农户参与供给与农村社区治理。在阐述治理与多中心治理概念的基础上,分析了社区治理的内涵和主要内容,讨论了当前欠发达地区农村社区治理的现实困境,总结了良好的社区治理必须具备的基本原则,并通过三种社区治理的典型案例,分析了社区“善治”的关键之处。最后探讨了影响农户参与供给的内在制度和外在制度,并通过典型案例阐述了内在制度与外在制度调适的逻辑。
第五,农户参与供给与政府支持。在把政府支持的形式分为政策支持、技术支持、财政支持、项目支持和组织管理支持的基础上,探讨了目前样本村政府支持的现状,分析了农户对政府支持的需求意愿,并利用Logistic模型讨论了政府财政支持对农户参与供给意愿的影响效应。
第六,结论概括与对策提出。根据实证与理论分析结果对全文的研究结论做了简要的总结,并在此基础上提出若干政策建议。
本文的主要创新之处在于:在研究视角上,本文以农村社区公共产品农户参与供给为研究对象,克服了大部分学者对“自愿”供给进行“打包”分析,而没有把农户参与供给从“自愿”供给中分离出来单独加以研究的缺陷,着重探讨了农户参与供给这一“自愿”供给的形式,并形成了系统、完整的分析研究框架;在研究内容上,在界定农村社区公共产品概念的基础上,研究了农村社区公共产品农户参与供给的特点、意愿、态度以及行为的影响因素,并在此基础上讨论了政府如何保护、激发农户参与供给农村社区公共产品的动力等。这都是其他研究文献较少涉及到的;在研究方法上,根据研究目标综合运用了描述性统计分析法、因子分析法、逐步回归法、以及案例分析法,突破了现有国内学术界大多定性研究农村公共产品供给问题的方法,使研究更具规范化和科学性。
The provision level of rural public goods is the important Measuring Standard of the development level of rural Economy and Society, The provision level and efficiency relate closely the rural development, agricultural efficiency and farmers income,so, solution of efficient provision of rural public goods is significant problem of theory and reality.
The Chinese government attachs importance to the provision of rural public goods all the time. On policies and regulations, The Chinese government drawed up some policies, for example,"the proposal of strengthening agricultural infrastructure and advanceing Solidly the new Socialist rural"、"The Chinese Communist Party Central Committee and State council Strengthen effectively agricultural infrastructure andfurther Promote agricultural development and farmers income". On the finance investment, the increasing range of the central finance to agriculture、rural and farmers is very heavily. On the year of 2006, the total investment is 339.7 billions, on the year of 2007, the total investment is 420 billions, greatly strengthened agricultural and rural infrastructure relating mostly the producing and living of farmers. However, the provison problem of rural public goods isn't well resolved, in addition to limited finance, the centralization of government duty、the missing of else provision main body are also important reasons.If resolved fundamentally the provision problem of rural public goods, the innovation and perfection of provision mechanism and participation of else provision main body are pivotal. This paper chooses one of else provision main body—farmers to make an issue.
This paper applys theory of economics and sociology, combines existing research results, constructs the theoretical framework of fanners participating provision rural community public goods, and uses the surveying data of 3 countys(city) 14 small towns 47 villages 672farmers,studys the influencing factors of farmers participating provision rural community public goods, discusses the influencing effect of community governance and finance support to farmers participating provision rural community public goods, and proposes suggestions and advices of policy. This paper includes mainly six fields contents as follows:
The first, reviewing existing research results. On the one hand, Summarying the main reason of scarcity of the provision of rural public goods, on the other hand, reviewing the existing research results of Private voluntary provision of rural public goods, mainly Summarying and commenting related domestic and abroad literature from three aspects of the influencing factors of private voluntary provision of rural public goods、the possibility of private voluntary provision、the else features of private voluntary provision,and summarying and reviewing the literature of government behavior to private voluntary provision of rural public goods, mainly from two aspects of government jointing private voluntary provision and government supporting private voluntary provision to summary and review. By reviewing and summarying existing literature, find the inadequacies of existing research results, Pointing out starting point, defining further the the theoretical significance and application value.
The second, investigating of the current situation of farmers participating provision rural community public goods and the provision of rural community public goods. At the basis of summarying and reviewing relating literature and the surveying data of 3 countys(city) 14 small towns 47 villages 672farmers, discussing the current situation and the main features of the provision of rural community public goods of 47 villages, Studying the current situation、willingness and attiude of farmers participating provision rural community public goods, and summarying the main features of farmers participating provision rural community public goods.
The third, analyzing the influcening factors of farmers participating provision rural community public goods. Under the assumption of limited rationality of farmers、the inclination of opportunism、the levels and diversity of demand, constructing theoretical framework of embeddedness of Social structure, decomposing "the embedding factors"and "the sovereign factors" into five influencing factors of the features of Participants、the characteristics of public goods、community characteristics、the network of social capital and the degree of government support, and applying the means of factor analysis and logistic model to analyze empirically the influencing factors of farmers participating provision rural community public goods.
The fourth, farmers participating provision rural community public goods and rural community governance. At the basis of elaborating the concept of multi-center governance, analyzing the connotation and the main content of community governance, discussing the reality of the plight of community governance in the underdeveloped areas, summarying the basic principles of "efficient community governence", and by three typical cases of community governance,analyzing the key of "efficient community governence". At last, discussing the internal systems and external systems influencing farmers participating provision rural community public goods,and by typical cases elaborating the adjustment logic of the internal systems and external systems.
The fifth, farmers participating provision rural community public goods and government support. At the basis of decomposing government support into policy support、technology support、finance support、item support、organizing and managing support, discussing the basic situation of government support and the current situation of 47 villages, analyzing the wiliness of farmers for government support, at lasi ,applying logistic model to disscuss the influcencing effect of government finance support to famers participating provision rural community public goods and government support.
The sixth, comeing to the conclusion and making recommendations. According to theoretical and empirical analysis, summarying the full text and get research conclusions, at the basis of the research conclusions, giving some suggestions.
The innovation of this paper as fallows: the frist,on the research perspective,this paper takes rural community public goods as object, overcomes the defect of most of the else scholars analyzing the private voluntary provision in packet, not separating farmers participating provision rural community public goods from voluntary provision form. And this paper emphatically discusses the form of farmers participating provision,and forming the systemic and integral research framework; the second,mon the research content, at the basis of defining concept of rural community public goods,studys the features、williness、attitude、behavior and influcencing factors of farmers participating provision rural community public goods, and discusses government how to protect and stimulate the power of farmers participating provision rural community public goods,and these are little involved in existing literature; the third,on the way of studying, according to the studying target, generally applys the method of descriptive statistics、factor analysis and case studying, breaks through the qualitative studying method used studing the mechanism of rural public goods provision, making the researcher more scientific and standard.
引文
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