黄土高原农田土壤Cd和P形态分级及生物有效性研究
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摘要
以黄土高原自北向南12个0～20cm耕层土壤为供试土样,以小麦为供试作物,通过室内分析和盆栽试验,在测定Cd、P在不同土壤中的形态分布特征及其影响因素的基础上,系统研究了Cd、P在植株体分布、以及添加Cd对植物生长、光合荧光参数等的影响,初步揭示黄土高原农田土壤Cd、P的生物有效性。通过研究,获得以下主要结论:
1.黄土高原主要农田土壤中P、Cd形态分布特征
黄土高原供试土壤各形态P含量总体分布特征为: HCl-P>Residual-P >NaHCO3-Po>NaHCO3-Pi>NaOH-Po>NaOH-Pi>H2O-P,以HCl-P和Residual-P为主,二者共占全P含量的89.33%。土壤P含量总体分布为:南高北低。黄土高原土壤各形态Cd含量自北向南均呈不同程度的增加趋势。种植小麦后,尽管土壤中全Cd含量明显下降,但Cd形态由以铁锰氧化态和有机结合态为主,转化为以交换态、铁锰氧化态及碳酸盐结合态为主,说明栽培小麦后会导致黄土高原土壤Cd活性增加,潜在危害更大。
2.添加外源Cd后土壤-小麦体系中P、Cd的形态分布
在小麦拔节期,与对照相比,添加外源Cd后小麦茎叶及根系中P含量及累积量均显著下降,Cd对小麦茎叶及根系P含量及累积量均表现出显著的抑制作用。对照处理中,小麦根系中Cd含量大于茎叶;而添加外源Cd后,小麦茎叶中Cd含量却大于根系,其机理还有待进一步研究。当结合生物量,用累积量评价时,无论添加Cd处理与否,Cd累积量均表现为茎叶>根系。添加外源Cd使盆栽试验土壤中Cd形态发生显著变化,主要表现为土壤中活性最大的交换态Cd含量及占全Cd百分含量显著增加。
3.添加外源Cd对小麦生物学特征及光合荧光参数的影响
添加外源Cd后,各供试土样小麦生长均受到极显著抑制(P<0.01),表现为叶片失绿,植株矮化,地上部及根系生物量降低,分蘖数减少。添加外源Cd处理,导致小麦拔节期叶片叶绿素含量指标值(SPAD值)极显著降低(P<0.01);Cd对小麦SPAD值的影响随着生育期推进抑制作用逐渐加强。
添加外源Cd对不同供试土壤小麦分蘖期光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)的影响缺乏规律性,但到拔节期,Cd对Pn、Ci、Gs、Tr均产生明显的抑制作用。说明Cd对小麦叶片光合参数的影响因生育期和供试土壤不同而异,但总体上随生育期推进对其抑制增强。
添加外源Cd后叶片最大荧光产量(Fm)值明显降低,说明Cd对叶片Fm表现出明显抑制作用,小麦分蘖期及拔节前期叶片初始荧光(F0)值明显降低,Cd对叶片F0表现出明显的抑制作用。到拔节后期,抑制作用逐渐减弱,表现出完全相反的两种情况。说明Cd对小麦的Fm和F0的抑制作用随生育期推进,呈逐渐减弱趋势。Cd对小麦叶片Fv/Fm及Fv/F0值的影响与对F0影响不同,在拔节后期表现出明显抑制作用。
4黄土高原主要农田土壤中P、Cd形态与土壤理化性质及生物有效性
供试土壤全P及各形态P含量与全氮相关性均达到显著水平(P<0.05),其中NaOH-Pi、NaOH-Po、HCL-P及全P含量与全氮达极显著相关性(P<0.01)。全P及各形态P含量与C/N、pH及砂粒呈负相关关系。除NaOH-Pi和NaOH-Po外,其它各形态P及全P与粘粒也具有一定程度的负相关性。土壤有效P除与NaOH-Po和Residual-P相关性不显著外,与其它各形态P及全P含量相关性均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。多元和逐步回归分析得出各形态P对有效P贡献顺序为: H2O-P>NaOH-Pi>NaHCO3-Po>NaOH-Po>Residual-P>HCl-P> NaHCO3-Pi。H2O-P对有效P的作用远远大于其它各形态P,其生物有效性最高,是最有效的P源。
供试土壤碳酸盐结合态Cd含量与全氮、有效P含量呈显著相关关系(P<0.05),铁锰氧化物结合态Cd及全Cd含量与全氮、有效P含量呈极显著相关关系(P<0.01)。铁锰氧化态Cd含量与粉砂粒含量呈显著正相关,而碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd及全Cd含量与砂粒、粘粒含量均呈负相关关系。小麦茎叶Cd累积量与土壤中各形态Cd含量及全Cd含量无显著相关性,根系Cd累积量和整株Cd累积总量与土壤铁锰氧化物结合态Cd及全Cd含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。逐步回归分析表明,对小麦根系全Cd含量及整株Cd累积总量贡献最大的皆为土壤中铁锰氧化物结合态Cd,说明黄土高原主要农田土壤中铁锰氧化态Cd具有较高的生物有效性。
12 soil samples of the 0-20cm layer were collected from north to south on the Loess Plateau, carrying on laboratory analysis and pot experiment to study the soil Cadmium and phosphorus fractionation, their factors affecting, Cd and P distribution in wheat, the effect of adding Cd on the growth, photosynthesis parameter and fluorescence parameters of wheat, preliminary research Cd and P bioavailability. The main results showed as follows:
1. Cd and P fractionation in farmland soil of the Loess Plateau
The different fractionation of P in soil distributed in an order of succession: HCl-P>Residual-P>NaHCO3-Po>NaHCO3-Pi>NaOH-Po>NaOH-Pi>H2O-P, the content of HCl-P and residual-P were the more, both accounted for 89.33% of soil total P content. The overall distribution of soil P content on the Loess Plateau was increasing from north to south.
The different fractionation Cd content in soil increased from north to south varying degrees on the Loess Plateau. Planting wheat effected soil Cd distribution to a certain extent. After planting wheat the total Cd content decreased obviously, Cd fractionation changed from bound to organic matter and bound to Fe-Mn oxide Cd into bound to carbonate, bound to Fe-Mn oxide and exchangeable Cd. The result indicated planting wheat increased soil Cd activity and soil potential hazard.
2. The distribution of P and Cd fractionation in the soil-wheat system after adding Cd
In wheat Jointing stage, compared with the control, the P content of canopy and root decreased after adding Cd. Cd inhibited the P content and accumulated amount of canopy and root obviously. In control the Cd content in wheat was: root>canopy, after adding Cd it was canopy>root. The mechanism still needed to be further studied. The Cd accumulation amount in wheat was both canopy>root in control and adding Cd.
Adding Cd maked Cd fractionation change obviously, the main performance was the content of exchangeable Cd and percentage increasing.
3. The effect of adding Cd on biological characteristics, photosynthetic parameters and fluorescence Parameters of wheat
Adding Cd significantly inhibited wheat growth (P<0.01), compared with control the main performance were green leaves missing, plant dwarfing, biomass decreasing, the number of tillers reducing etc.Adding Cd significantly decreased the value of SPAD (P<0.01), with the growth stage promoting inhibition gradually strengthen.
The effect of adding Cd on photosynthetic rate (Pn)、Intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci)、stomatal conductance(Gs) and transpiration (Tr) lacked regularity in the wheat tillering, till the jointing stage, Pn, Ci, Gs and Tr were inhibited obviously after adding Cd. The result indicated the effect of adding Cd on photosynthetic parameters varied from growth stages of wheat and soil types. With the growth stage promoting inhibition gradually strengthen in all.
Adding Cd maked the maximal fluorescence value obviously low (Fm), Cd showed significantly inhibition on Fm. In the wheat tiller and pre-jointing stage the minimal fluorescence(F0) value decreased obviously after adding Cd. Till jointing late inhibition gradually was weakened. The result indicated effect of Cd on Fm and F0 haved a gradual weakening trend with promoting the growth period. Cd inhibited Fv/Fm and Fv/F0 in the jointing late.
4. Cd、P fractionation, physical and chemical properties of soil and bioavailability in farmland soil of the Loess Plateau
The significant correlations were existed between soil total N, total P and different forms of P, the extremely significant correlations were existed between soil total N and NaOH-Pi, NaOH-Po, HCL-P and total P. C/N ratio, pH, the sand and total P, different forms of P were negative correlation. Except NaOH-Pi and NaOH-Po, other forms of P, total P and clay had a certain degree of negative correlation. Except NaOH-Po and Residual-P, available P and other forms of P, total P were extremely significant correlations. The result of multiple and stepwise regression analysis between different forms P and available P indicate that H2O-P >NaOH-Pi>NaHCO3-Po>NaOH-Po>Residual-P>HCl-P>NaHCO3-Pi。The H2O-P was the largest contribution to available P among different forms P; the H2O-P had the highest bioavailability.
The significant correlations were existed between soil total N, available P and Cd bound to carbonate, The extremely significant correlations were existed between soil total N, available P and Cd bound to Fe-Mn oxide and total Cd, Silt and Cd Fe-Mn oxide were significantly positive correlated, and the sand, clay and Cd bound to carbonate, Cd bound to Fe-Mn oxide, total Cd were negative correlation. Correlation analysis showed that the accumulation amount of Cd in wheat canopy and Cd of various forms, the total Cd content were no significant correlation. Accumulation amount of Cd in root, the total accumulation amount of wheat Cd and soil total Cd, Cd of bound to Fe-Mn oxide were significantly correlated, Regression analysis showed on the Loess Plateau mainly farmland soils Fe-Mn oxide Cd had the higher bioavailability.
1.黄土高原主要农田土壤中P、Cd形态分布特征
黄土高原供试土壤各形态P含量总体分布特征为: HCl-P>Residual-P >NaHCO3-Po>NaHCO3-Pi>NaOH-Po>NaOH-Pi>H2O-P,以HCl-P和Residual-P为主,二者共占全P含量的89.33%。土壤P含量总体分布为:南高北低。黄土高原土壤各形态Cd含量自北向南均呈不同程度的增加趋势。种植小麦后,尽管土壤中全Cd含量明显下降,但Cd形态由以铁锰氧化态和有机结合态为主,转化为以交换态、铁锰氧化态及碳酸盐结合态为主,说明栽培小麦后会导致黄土高原土壤Cd活性增加,潜在危害更大。
2.添加外源Cd后土壤-小麦体系中P、Cd的形态分布
在小麦拔节期,与对照相比,添加外源Cd后小麦茎叶及根系中P含量及累积量均显著下降,Cd对小麦茎叶及根系P含量及累积量均表现出显著的抑制作用。对照处理中,小麦根系中Cd含量大于茎叶;而添加外源Cd后,小麦茎叶中Cd含量却大于根系,其机理还有待进一步研究。当结合生物量,用累积量评价时,无论添加Cd处理与否,Cd累积量均表现为茎叶>根系。添加外源Cd使盆栽试验土壤中Cd形态发生显著变化,主要表现为土壤中活性最大的交换态Cd含量及占全Cd百分含量显著增加。
3.添加外源Cd对小麦生物学特征及光合荧光参数的影响
添加外源Cd后,各供试土样小麦生长均受到极显著抑制(P<0.01),表现为叶片失绿,植株矮化,地上部及根系生物量降低,分蘖数减少。添加外源Cd处理,导致小麦拔节期叶片叶绿素含量指标值(SPAD值)极显著降低(P<0.01);Cd对小麦SPAD值的影响随着生育期推进抑制作用逐渐加强。
添加外源Cd对不同供试土壤小麦分蘖期光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)的影响缺乏规律性,但到拔节期,Cd对Pn、Ci、Gs、Tr均产生明显的抑制作用。说明Cd对小麦叶片光合参数的影响因生育期和供试土壤不同而异,但总体上随生育期推进对其抑制增强。
添加外源Cd后叶片最大荧光产量(Fm)值明显降低,说明Cd对叶片Fm表现出明显抑制作用,小麦分蘖期及拔节前期叶片初始荧光(F0)值明显降低,Cd对叶片F0表现出明显的抑制作用。到拔节后期,抑制作用逐渐减弱,表现出完全相反的两种情况。说明Cd对小麦的Fm和F0的抑制作用随生育期推进,呈逐渐减弱趋势。Cd对小麦叶片Fv/Fm及Fv/F0值的影响与对F0影响不同,在拔节后期表现出明显抑制作用。
4黄土高原主要农田土壤中P、Cd形态与土壤理化性质及生物有效性
供试土壤全P及各形态P含量与全氮相关性均达到显著水平(P<0.05),其中NaOH-Pi、NaOH-Po、HCL-P及全P含量与全氮达极显著相关性(P<0.01)。全P及各形态P含量与C/N、pH及砂粒呈负相关关系。除NaOH-Pi和NaOH-Po外,其它各形态P及全P与粘粒也具有一定程度的负相关性。土壤有效P除与NaOH-Po和Residual-P相关性不显著外,与其它各形态P及全P含量相关性均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。多元和逐步回归分析得出各形态P对有效P贡献顺序为: H2O-P>NaOH-Pi>NaHCO3-Po>NaOH-Po>Residual-P>HCl-P> NaHCO3-Pi。H2O-P对有效P的作用远远大于其它各形态P,其生物有效性最高,是最有效的P源。
供试土壤碳酸盐结合态Cd含量与全氮、有效P含量呈显著相关关系(P<0.05),铁锰氧化物结合态Cd及全Cd含量与全氮、有效P含量呈极显著相关关系(P<0.01)。铁锰氧化态Cd含量与粉砂粒含量呈显著正相关,而碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd及全Cd含量与砂粒、粘粒含量均呈负相关关系。小麦茎叶Cd累积量与土壤中各形态Cd含量及全Cd含量无显著相关性,根系Cd累积量和整株Cd累积总量与土壤铁锰氧化物结合态Cd及全Cd含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。逐步回归分析表明,对小麦根系全Cd含量及整株Cd累积总量贡献最大的皆为土壤中铁锰氧化物结合态Cd,说明黄土高原主要农田土壤中铁锰氧化态Cd具有较高的生物有效性。
12 soil samples of the 0-20cm layer were collected from north to south on the Loess Plateau, carrying on laboratory analysis and pot experiment to study the soil Cadmium and phosphorus fractionation, their factors affecting, Cd and P distribution in wheat, the effect of adding Cd on the growth, photosynthesis parameter and fluorescence parameters of wheat, preliminary research Cd and P bioavailability. The main results showed as follows:
1. Cd and P fractionation in farmland soil of the Loess Plateau
The different fractionation of P in soil distributed in an order of succession: HCl-P>Residual-P>NaHCO3-Po>NaHCO3-Pi>NaOH-Po>NaOH-Pi>H2O-P, the content of HCl-P and residual-P were the more, both accounted for 89.33% of soil total P content. The overall distribution of soil P content on the Loess Plateau was increasing from north to south.
The different fractionation Cd content in soil increased from north to south varying degrees on the Loess Plateau. Planting wheat effected soil Cd distribution to a certain extent. After planting wheat the total Cd content decreased obviously, Cd fractionation changed from bound to organic matter and bound to Fe-Mn oxide Cd into bound to carbonate, bound to Fe-Mn oxide and exchangeable Cd. The result indicated planting wheat increased soil Cd activity and soil potential hazard.
2. The distribution of P and Cd fractionation in the soil-wheat system after adding Cd
In wheat Jointing stage, compared with the control, the P content of canopy and root decreased after adding Cd. Cd inhibited the P content and accumulated amount of canopy and root obviously. In control the Cd content in wheat was: root>canopy, after adding Cd it was canopy>root. The mechanism still needed to be further studied. The Cd accumulation amount in wheat was both canopy>root in control and adding Cd.
Adding Cd maked Cd fractionation change obviously, the main performance was the content of exchangeable Cd and percentage increasing.
3. The effect of adding Cd on biological characteristics, photosynthetic parameters and fluorescence Parameters of wheat
Adding Cd significantly inhibited wheat growth (P<0.01), compared with control the main performance were green leaves missing, plant dwarfing, biomass decreasing, the number of tillers reducing etc.Adding Cd significantly decreased the value of SPAD (P<0.01), with the growth stage promoting inhibition gradually strengthen.
The effect of adding Cd on photosynthetic rate (Pn)、Intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci)、stomatal conductance(Gs) and transpiration (Tr) lacked regularity in the wheat tillering, till the jointing stage, Pn, Ci, Gs and Tr were inhibited obviously after adding Cd. The result indicated the effect of adding Cd on photosynthetic parameters varied from growth stages of wheat and soil types. With the growth stage promoting inhibition gradually strengthen in all.
Adding Cd maked the maximal fluorescence value obviously low (Fm), Cd showed significantly inhibition on Fm. In the wheat tiller and pre-jointing stage the minimal fluorescence(F0) value decreased obviously after adding Cd. Till jointing late inhibition gradually was weakened. The result indicated effect of Cd on Fm and F0 haved a gradual weakening trend with promoting the growth period. Cd inhibited Fv/Fm and Fv/F0 in the jointing late.
4. Cd、P fractionation, physical and chemical properties of soil and bioavailability in farmland soil of the Loess Plateau
The significant correlations were existed between soil total N, total P and different forms of P, the extremely significant correlations were existed between soil total N and NaOH-Pi, NaOH-Po, HCL-P and total P. C/N ratio, pH, the sand and total P, different forms of P were negative correlation. Except NaOH-Pi and NaOH-Po, other forms of P, total P and clay had a certain degree of negative correlation. Except NaOH-Po and Residual-P, available P and other forms of P, total P were extremely significant correlations. The result of multiple and stepwise regression analysis between different forms P and available P indicate that H2O-P >NaOH-Pi>NaHCO3-Po>NaOH-Po>Residual-P>HCl-P>NaHCO3-Pi。The H2O-P was the largest contribution to available P among different forms P; the H2O-P had the highest bioavailability.
The significant correlations were existed between soil total N, available P and Cd bound to carbonate, The extremely significant correlations were existed between soil total N, available P and Cd bound to Fe-Mn oxide and total Cd, Silt and Cd Fe-Mn oxide were significantly positive correlated, and the sand, clay and Cd bound to carbonate, Cd bound to Fe-Mn oxide, total Cd were negative correlation. Correlation analysis showed that the accumulation amount of Cd in wheat canopy and Cd of various forms, the total Cd content were no significant correlation. Accumulation amount of Cd in root, the total accumulation amount of wheat Cd and soil total Cd, Cd of bound to Fe-Mn oxide were significantly correlated, Regression analysis showed on the Loess Plateau mainly farmland soils Fe-Mn oxide Cd had the higher bioavailability.
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