多丽丝·莱辛的生态女性主义意识
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摘要
英国当代杰出的女作家多丽丝·莱辛以其不断开拓、不断创新的作品成为二十世纪英国文坛和世界文坛的经典作家之一。她的作品主题涵盖广泛,涉及了种族矛盾、两性关系、青年暴力以及当代社会的政治经济体系等人类关注的问题。一直以来,反对殖民主义、主张妇女解放、预言人类未来是她小说创作的主要主题。在其多部作品中都体现了人与自然、人与人之间和谐相处的理念。在她的第一部作品《青草在歌唱》中,她就以犀利的笔触,猛烈抨击殖民主义的罪恶以及种族隔离政策给非洲人民带来的巨大不幸。而在奠定她在当代文学史中的地位与声望的《金色笔记》中,她对社会问题、政治与哲学思潮、人类的生存危机,以及女性的生存状态、两性关系等做出了发问与思考。《非洲故事》是莱辛以非洲为背景创作的短篇小说的合集。《恰当的婚姻》描述的是白人女性马萨·奎斯特在殖民地的背景下对自我的寻求。莱辛的科幻五部曲实际是是描写以地球为牺牲品的殖民主义星球大战,它所展示的仍然是殖民主义的罪恶以及在这个罪恶中的地球人类的可悲命运。《简·萨默斯的日记》则是通过描写中产阶级的女性简与来自社会底层的莫迪之间的忘年交来提醒人们一直以来对中老年女性生存现状的忽视。
近年来,越来越多的批评家从不同的角度对莱辛的作品进行分析阐释。如关于多丽丝·莱辛的个人研究,对其作品的女性主义研究,创作手法的研究等等。但是随着人类面临越来越严重的生态危机,全球生态环境的日益恶化,从生态女性主义的批评角度对其作品的研究受到了极大的关注。生态女性主义是兴起于二十世纪后期的一门新兴的文学批评理论,旨在探讨文学与自然、女性与自然之间的关系,从而唤起人们保护自然、关心女性以及关爱弱势群体的意识。
本论文试图利用生态女性主义这一新兴的文学批评理论通过对多丽丝·莱辛《青草在歌唱》、《金色笔记》、《非洲故事》、《恰当的婚姻》、《什卡斯塔》、《简·萨默斯的日记》等作品的解读分析她的生态女性主义思想。这些作品集中体现了人与自然之间、种族与种族之间、男性与女性之间的关系,表现了作家关爱大自然,关注弱势种族,关心女性的社会地位,呼吁人与自然、人与人之间和谐相处的生态女性主义思想。通过对莱辛作品的分析来探索莱辛的生态女性主义思想,思考我们目前面临的各种社会危机的根源。
因此,本论文的主要目的就是通过分析莱辛的几部主要作品阐释她的生态女性主义意识。论文从对莱辛和生态女性主义思想的介绍导入,引出在莱辛身上存在着生态女性主义意识。为了证明此论点,莱辛的作品被用于分析其生态女性主义思想意识的存在。莱辛的生活经历可以被分为三部分:她早期在非洲的生活经历,她与共产主义的关系以及二十世纪六十年代之后的生活。因此,莱辛的生态女性主义思想的发展也被划分为相应的三部分。在讨论完莱辛的生态女性主义思想的发展过程之后,莱辛的生态女性主义思想在其作品中从以下三个方面得到了详尽的阐释:她对女性的关心,对弱势人群的关注以及对星球未来的担忧。得出以下结论:通过莱辛对她作品中女性角色的关注,表达了她想追求整体和谐和生命解放以及建立一种基于责任原则的生态伦理观的意愿。而通过她对弱势人群的关注以及对星球未来的担忧,表达了她对差异和多样性应该被保持的一贯坚持;只有这样才能保持和谐稳定的生态系统并且保持其和谐发展。
As a famous British writer, Doris Lessing has become one of the classical writers in the world because of her innovative efforts. The themes in her works range from ethnic conflicts, gender relations and youth violence to the contemporary social political and economic issues that people are concerned about. It is commonly believed that the major themes of her novels are anti-colonialism, the emancipation of women and the prediction of mankind’s future. Her belief in the harmonious relationship between the man and nature prevails in many of her works. In her first novel The Grass is Singing, she touches upon the evil of colonialism and apartheid policies that brought about great misfortune to African people. In The Golden Notebook, which established her as a famous writer in contemporary literature, she questions the social, political and philosophical issues, the survival of human crisis, as well as the survival of women and gender relations. African Stories is a short story collection created in African backgrounds. A Proper Marriage describes white Mathra Quest’s pursuit of her identity in the colony. Lessing’s science fiction pentalogy is actually the description of the colonial Star Wars, with the Earth as the victim; they also show the evil of colonialism and the sad fate of human on the Earth. The Diaries of Jane Somers is the description of the friendship between Jane, a middle-class woman, and Maudie, who comes from the bottom of society; it intends to remind people of their ignorance of the middle-aged and old women.
In recent years, more and more critics have analyzed Lessing’s works from various perspectives, such as from her own life, from her feminist ideas, from her literary style and so on. However, a study of her consciousness of ecofeminism can be a good attempt to approach Lessing and her works. The findings might be new and exciting.
Ecofeminism, a new literary theory in later part of the twentieth century, mainly focuses its attention on the relationships between literature and nature, women and nature, in order to arouse people’s awareness of protecting nature and caring for women and the disadvantaged race.
This thesis attempts to study Lessing’s consciousness of ecofeminism with detailed analyses of The Grass is Singing, The Golden Notebook, African Stories, A Proper Marriage, Shikasta and The Diaries of Jane Somers. These works reflect the relationship between man and nature, race and race, and men and women. They can illustrate the author’s ecofeminist ideas through Lessing’s description of her love of nature, her concern for the disadvantaged race, and her care of the social status of women. They can also reveal the author’s intension of keeping a harmonious ecofeminist ideology between man and nature. Through the analysis of Lessing’s works to explore her ecofeminist ideas, people will know the severity of some social crises.
Accordingly, this thesis aims to illustrate Doris Lessing’s consciousness of ecofeminism through the analyse of her several main works.The thesis starts from the brief introduction of Lessing and ecofeminism to lead into the topic that there exists ecofeminist ideology in Doris Lessing. In order to prove this argument, Lessing’s works are used to analyse the existence of Lessing’s consciousness of ecofeminism. Lessing’s life experiences can be divided into three periods, they are her early life experience in Africa, her relationship with Communism and her life after 1960s. Accordingly, the development of Lessing’s consciousness of ecofeminism can also be divided into three periods. After discussed the development of Lessing’s ecofeminist ideology, Lessing’s ideas of ecofeminism can be detailed in her works, following these aspects: her care for women, her concern about the disadvantaged people and her worry over our planet’s future. It is concluded that, through the women characters in her works, Lessing expresses her will to enjoy the overall harmony and life liberation and the establishment of ecological ethics based on the principle of mutual responsibility. Through her concern about the disadvantaged people and her worry over our planet’s future, she consistently insists that differences and diversity should be maintained; only in this way can human maintain harmonious and stable ecosystems and have harmonious development.
近年来,越来越多的批评家从不同的角度对莱辛的作品进行分析阐释。如关于多丽丝·莱辛的个人研究,对其作品的女性主义研究,创作手法的研究等等。但是随着人类面临越来越严重的生态危机,全球生态环境的日益恶化,从生态女性主义的批评角度对其作品的研究受到了极大的关注。生态女性主义是兴起于二十世纪后期的一门新兴的文学批评理论,旨在探讨文学与自然、女性与自然之间的关系,从而唤起人们保护自然、关心女性以及关爱弱势群体的意识。
本论文试图利用生态女性主义这一新兴的文学批评理论通过对多丽丝·莱辛《青草在歌唱》、《金色笔记》、《非洲故事》、《恰当的婚姻》、《什卡斯塔》、《简·萨默斯的日记》等作品的解读分析她的生态女性主义思想。这些作品集中体现了人与自然之间、种族与种族之间、男性与女性之间的关系,表现了作家关爱大自然,关注弱势种族,关心女性的社会地位,呼吁人与自然、人与人之间和谐相处的生态女性主义思想。通过对莱辛作品的分析来探索莱辛的生态女性主义思想,思考我们目前面临的各种社会危机的根源。
因此,本论文的主要目的就是通过分析莱辛的几部主要作品阐释她的生态女性主义意识。论文从对莱辛和生态女性主义思想的介绍导入,引出在莱辛身上存在着生态女性主义意识。为了证明此论点,莱辛的作品被用于分析其生态女性主义思想意识的存在。莱辛的生活经历可以被分为三部分:她早期在非洲的生活经历,她与共产主义的关系以及二十世纪六十年代之后的生活。因此,莱辛的生态女性主义思想的发展也被划分为相应的三部分。在讨论完莱辛的生态女性主义思想的发展过程之后,莱辛的生态女性主义思想在其作品中从以下三个方面得到了详尽的阐释:她对女性的关心,对弱势人群的关注以及对星球未来的担忧。得出以下结论:通过莱辛对她作品中女性角色的关注,表达了她想追求整体和谐和生命解放以及建立一种基于责任原则的生态伦理观的意愿。而通过她对弱势人群的关注以及对星球未来的担忧,表达了她对差异和多样性应该被保持的一贯坚持;只有这样才能保持和谐稳定的生态系统并且保持其和谐发展。
As a famous British writer, Doris Lessing has become one of the classical writers in the world because of her innovative efforts. The themes in her works range from ethnic conflicts, gender relations and youth violence to the contemporary social political and economic issues that people are concerned about. It is commonly believed that the major themes of her novels are anti-colonialism, the emancipation of women and the prediction of mankind’s future. Her belief in the harmonious relationship between the man and nature prevails in many of her works. In her first novel The Grass is Singing, she touches upon the evil of colonialism and apartheid policies that brought about great misfortune to African people. In The Golden Notebook, which established her as a famous writer in contemporary literature, she questions the social, political and philosophical issues, the survival of human crisis, as well as the survival of women and gender relations. African Stories is a short story collection created in African backgrounds. A Proper Marriage describes white Mathra Quest’s pursuit of her identity in the colony. Lessing’s science fiction pentalogy is actually the description of the colonial Star Wars, with the Earth as the victim; they also show the evil of colonialism and the sad fate of human on the Earth. The Diaries of Jane Somers is the description of the friendship between Jane, a middle-class woman, and Maudie, who comes from the bottom of society; it intends to remind people of their ignorance of the middle-aged and old women.
In recent years, more and more critics have analyzed Lessing’s works from various perspectives, such as from her own life, from her feminist ideas, from her literary style and so on. However, a study of her consciousness of ecofeminism can be a good attempt to approach Lessing and her works. The findings might be new and exciting.
Ecofeminism, a new literary theory in later part of the twentieth century, mainly focuses its attention on the relationships between literature and nature, women and nature, in order to arouse people’s awareness of protecting nature and caring for women and the disadvantaged race.
This thesis attempts to study Lessing’s consciousness of ecofeminism with detailed analyses of The Grass is Singing, The Golden Notebook, African Stories, A Proper Marriage, Shikasta and The Diaries of Jane Somers. These works reflect the relationship between man and nature, race and race, and men and women. They can illustrate the author’s ecofeminist ideas through Lessing’s description of her love of nature, her concern for the disadvantaged race, and her care of the social status of women. They can also reveal the author’s intension of keeping a harmonious ecofeminist ideology between man and nature. Through the analysis of Lessing’s works to explore her ecofeminist ideas, people will know the severity of some social crises.
Accordingly, this thesis aims to illustrate Doris Lessing’s consciousness of ecofeminism through the analyse of her several main works.The thesis starts from the brief introduction of Lessing and ecofeminism to lead into the topic that there exists ecofeminist ideology in Doris Lessing. In order to prove this argument, Lessing’s works are used to analyse the existence of Lessing’s consciousness of ecofeminism. Lessing’s life experiences can be divided into three periods, they are her early life experience in Africa, her relationship with Communism and her life after 1960s. Accordingly, the development of Lessing’s consciousness of ecofeminism can also be divided into three periods. After discussed the development of Lessing’s ecofeminist ideology, Lessing’s ideas of ecofeminism can be detailed in her works, following these aspects: her care for women, her concern about the disadvantaged people and her worry over our planet’s future. It is concluded that, through the women characters in her works, Lessing expresses her will to enjoy the overall harmony and life liberation and the establishment of ecological ethics based on the principle of mutual responsibility. Through her concern about the disadvantaged people and her worry over our planet’s future, she consistently insists that differences and diversity should be maintained; only in this way can human maintain harmonious and stable ecosystems and have harmonious development.
引文
Abel, Elizabeth. The Golden Notebook:“Female Writing”and“The Great Tradition”. Claire Sprague & Virginia Tiger. (ed.). Critical Essays on Doris Lessing, 1986.
Bertelsen, Eve. Doris Lessing. Journal of Commonwealth Literature, 1986(21):134-161.
Bhattar G. Of geese and ganders: mainstreaming gender in the context of sustainable human development. Journal of Gender Studies, 2001(10): 17-32.
Bhabha, Homi K.“Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse”. The Location of Culture. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.
Buckingham, Susan. Ecofeminism in the Twenty-first Century. Geographical J, 2004(170):146. Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble. New York: Routledge, 2007.
Chodorow, Nancy. The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender. Berkeley: U of California E, 1978.
de Beauvoir, Simone. Old Age. Patrick O’Brian.(tr.). London: Andre Deutsch and Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1970, 1972.
de Beauvoir, Simone. The Second Sex. H. M. Parshley.(tr.). New York:Penguin, 1949,1972.
Derrida, Jacques. Margins of Philosophy. Alan Bass. (tr.) Chicago & London: Chicago University Press, 1982.
Drabble, Margaret. Doris Lessing: Cassandra in a World under Siege. Ramparts, 1972: 10. Ellen, Barbara. The Observer. Sunday September 9, 2001. Ghiselin, Brewster. The Unity of Joyce’s Dubliners. Robert Scholes & Walton Litz. (ed.). Viking Critical Dubliners. New York: The Viking Press,1969.
Gikandi, Samuel. Maps of Englishness: Writing Identity in the Culture of Colonialism. Columbia University Press, 1997.
Graber, David. Mother Nature as a hothouse flower. Los Angeles Times Book Review, 1989 (10).
Greene, Gayle. Doris Lessing: The Poetics of Change. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1994.
Italie, Hillel. The Associated Press Saturday, 20061007:11:15 PM.
Kaplan, Carey & Rose, Ellen Cronan (ed.). Doris Lessing: The Alchemy of Survival. Athens, OH.: Ohio University Press, 1988.
Kolodny, Annette. The Lay of the Land: Metaphor as Experience and History in American Life and Letters. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1975.
Lessing,Doris. African Stories. Popular Library, 1976.
Lessing, Doris. A Proper Marriage. New York: American Library Plume Books, 1970.
Lessing, Doris. A Small Personal Voice: Essays, Reviews, Interviews. Paul Schlueter. (ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974.
Lessing, Doris. Doris Lessing Talks about Jane Somers. Doris Lessing Newsletter 10.1986(1):7.
Lessing, Doris. Impertinent Daughters. Granta, 1984(14): 52-68.
Lessing, Doris. Re:Colonised Planet 5 Shikasta. New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1979.
Lessing, Doris. The Diaries of Jane Somers. London: Penguin, 1985.
Lessing, Doris. The Golden Notebook. New York: Ballantine, 1972.
Lessing, Doris. The Grass is Singing. New York: Crowell, 1950.
Lessing, Doris. The Making of the Representative for Planet 8. London: Jonathan Cape, 1982.
Longenecker, Marlene. Women, Ecology, and the Environment: An Introduction. NWSA Journal, 1997(9): 2.
Love, Glen A. Practical Ecocriticism: Literature, Biology, and the Environment. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2003.
Macdonald, Barbara & Rich,Cynthia. Look Me in the Eye: Old Women, Aging and Ageism. London: Women’s, 1983.
Macherey, Pierre. A Theory of Literary Production. Geoffrey Wall. (tr.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978.
Meyers, Diana Tietjens. Miroir, Memoire, Mirage: Appearance, Aging and Women. Gender in the Mirror, 2002: 148.
Mulvey, A. Community psychology and feminism: Tensions and commonalties. Journal of Community Psychology, 1988(16): 70-83.
Plumwood, V. Environmental culture, the ecological crisis of reason. London: Routledge, 2003.
Rich, Motoko & Lyall, Sarah. Doris Lessing Wins Nobel Prize in Literature. The New York Times, 20071011.
Riley, Denise. War in the Nursery:Theories of the Child and Mother. Virago Press, 1985.
Seligman, Dee. Statement of Purpose. Doris Lessing Newsletter 1, 1976(1).
Spacks, Patricia Meyer. Free Women. Hudson Review, 1971-72(24).
Sprague, Claire.(ed.). Rereading Doris Lessing: Narrative Patterns of Doubling and Repetition. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1987.
Tyler, Meagan. Wild Politics: Feminism, Globalisation and Bio/diversity. Melbourne Journal of Politics, 2006(31): 151.
Vincent, Norah. Beauvoir and the Second Sex: Feminism, Race, and the Origins of Existentialism. First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life, 1999: 60.
Wall, Richard. The Residence Patterns of Elderly English Women in Comparative Perspective, Women and ageing in British Society. London: Routledge, 2001.
Walter, Natasha. An unusual feminist; Profile: Doris Lessing. London: Independent, 2001.
Warren, Karen. Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on What It Is and Why It Matters. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2000.
Warren, Karen & Erkal, Nisvan. Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1997.
Warren, Karen. The Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism. Environmental Ethics, 1990(2): 125-46.
West, C. & Zimmerman, D. H. Doing gender. Gender and Society, 1987(1): 125-151.
Whittaker, Ruth. Doris Lessing. Houndmills: Macmillan, 1998.
Wickramasinghe, Anoya. Women and environmental justice in South Asia. Agyeman J, Bullard R and Evans B. (ed.) Just Sustainabilities. London: Earthscan/MIT Press, 2003.
Worster, Donald. Nature’s Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Yelin, Louise. From the Margins of Empire: Christina Stead, Doris Lessing, Nadine Gordimer. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998.
Chen, Caiyu. [陈才宇].形式也是内容:《金色笔记》释读.外国文学评论,1999(4):72-76.
Su Chen. [苏忱].多丽丝·莱辛的女性观点新探.江淮论坛, 2005(5): 144-148.
Xia, Qing. [夏琼].扭曲的人性,殖民的悲歌--评多丽丝·莱辛的《青草在唱歌》.当代外国文学, 2001(01):132-136.
Bertelsen, Eve. Doris Lessing. Journal of Commonwealth Literature, 1986(21):134-161.
Bhattar G. Of geese and ganders: mainstreaming gender in the context of sustainable human development. Journal of Gender Studies, 2001(10): 17-32.
Bhabha, Homi K.“Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse”. The Location of Culture. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.
Buckingham, Susan. Ecofeminism in the Twenty-first Century. Geographical J, 2004(170):146. Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble. New York: Routledge, 2007.
Chodorow, Nancy. The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender. Berkeley: U of California E, 1978.
de Beauvoir, Simone. Old Age. Patrick O’Brian.(tr.). London: Andre Deutsch and Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1970, 1972.
de Beauvoir, Simone. The Second Sex. H. M. Parshley.(tr.). New York:Penguin, 1949,1972.
Derrida, Jacques. Margins of Philosophy. Alan Bass. (tr.) Chicago & London: Chicago University Press, 1982.
Drabble, Margaret. Doris Lessing: Cassandra in a World under Siege. Ramparts, 1972: 10. Ellen, Barbara. The Observer. Sunday September 9, 2001. Ghiselin, Brewster. The Unity of Joyce’s Dubliners. Robert Scholes & Walton Litz. (ed.). Viking Critical Dubliners. New York: The Viking Press,1969.
Gikandi, Samuel. Maps of Englishness: Writing Identity in the Culture of Colonialism. Columbia University Press, 1997.
Graber, David. Mother Nature as a hothouse flower. Los Angeles Times Book Review, 1989 (10).
Greene, Gayle. Doris Lessing: The Poetics of Change. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1994.
Italie, Hillel. The Associated Press Saturday, 20061007:11:15 PM.
Kaplan, Carey & Rose, Ellen Cronan (ed.). Doris Lessing: The Alchemy of Survival. Athens, OH.: Ohio University Press, 1988.
Kolodny, Annette. The Lay of the Land: Metaphor as Experience and History in American Life and Letters. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1975.
Lessing,Doris. African Stories. Popular Library, 1976.
Lessing, Doris. A Proper Marriage. New York: American Library Plume Books, 1970.
Lessing, Doris. A Small Personal Voice: Essays, Reviews, Interviews. Paul Schlueter. (ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974.
Lessing, Doris. Doris Lessing Talks about Jane Somers. Doris Lessing Newsletter 10.1986(1):7.
Lessing, Doris. Impertinent Daughters. Granta, 1984(14): 52-68.
Lessing, Doris. Re:Colonised Planet 5 Shikasta. New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1979.
Lessing, Doris. The Diaries of Jane Somers. London: Penguin, 1985.
Lessing, Doris. The Golden Notebook. New York: Ballantine, 1972.
Lessing, Doris. The Grass is Singing. New York: Crowell, 1950.
Lessing, Doris. The Making of the Representative for Planet 8. London: Jonathan Cape, 1982.
Longenecker, Marlene. Women, Ecology, and the Environment: An Introduction. NWSA Journal, 1997(9): 2.
Love, Glen A. Practical Ecocriticism: Literature, Biology, and the Environment. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2003.
Macdonald, Barbara & Rich,Cynthia. Look Me in the Eye: Old Women, Aging and Ageism. London: Women’s, 1983.
Macherey, Pierre. A Theory of Literary Production. Geoffrey Wall. (tr.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978.
Meyers, Diana Tietjens. Miroir, Memoire, Mirage: Appearance, Aging and Women. Gender in the Mirror, 2002: 148.
Mulvey, A. Community psychology and feminism: Tensions and commonalties. Journal of Community Psychology, 1988(16): 70-83.
Plumwood, V. Environmental culture, the ecological crisis of reason. London: Routledge, 2003.
Rich, Motoko & Lyall, Sarah. Doris Lessing Wins Nobel Prize in Literature. The New York Times, 20071011.
Riley, Denise. War in the Nursery:Theories of the Child and Mother. Virago Press, 1985.
Seligman, Dee. Statement of Purpose. Doris Lessing Newsletter 1, 1976(1).
Spacks, Patricia Meyer. Free Women. Hudson Review, 1971-72(24).
Sprague, Claire.(ed.). Rereading Doris Lessing: Narrative Patterns of Doubling and Repetition. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1987.
Tyler, Meagan. Wild Politics: Feminism, Globalisation and Bio/diversity. Melbourne Journal of Politics, 2006(31): 151.
Vincent, Norah. Beauvoir and the Second Sex: Feminism, Race, and the Origins of Existentialism. First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life, 1999: 60.
Wall, Richard. The Residence Patterns of Elderly English Women in Comparative Perspective, Women and ageing in British Society. London: Routledge, 2001.
Walter, Natasha. An unusual feminist; Profile: Doris Lessing. London: Independent, 2001.
Warren, Karen. Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on What It Is and Why It Matters. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2000.
Warren, Karen & Erkal, Nisvan. Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1997.
Warren, Karen. The Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism. Environmental Ethics, 1990(2): 125-46.
West, C. & Zimmerman, D. H. Doing gender. Gender and Society, 1987(1): 125-151.
Whittaker, Ruth. Doris Lessing. Houndmills: Macmillan, 1998.
Wickramasinghe, Anoya. Women and environmental justice in South Asia. Agyeman J, Bullard R and Evans B. (ed.) Just Sustainabilities. London: Earthscan/MIT Press, 2003.
Worster, Donald. Nature’s Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Yelin, Louise. From the Margins of Empire: Christina Stead, Doris Lessing, Nadine Gordimer. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998.
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