论多丽丝·莱辛《野草在歌唱》中的自者与他者
摘要
本文讨论了白人殖民者(英国殖民者)将土著民族和非洲大地视作他者后的人格异化。从某种意义上讲,土著民族和非洲大地密不可分,在本文,非洲大地被莱辛视作白人与土著黑人冲突的重要组成部分。本文通过探讨土著民族和白人的冲突,分析了以英国人为代表的殖民者的人格分裂。殖民者视土著民为洪水猛兽、魔鬼的化身。这种将土著民(他者)魔鬼化的行为,严重扭曲了殖民者自我的发展,导至他们日夜生活在对他者的恐惧中。典型人物有玛丽和模式化的白人妇女奎斯特太太和卡森太太。以玛丽为例,尽管她将摩西视为她生命的最后一丝色彩和乐趣,她还是屈服于种族身份的大我,不敢承受摩西的目光和被摩西点燃的内心情感。通过揭示白人和土著民族的矛盾,莱辛突出了非洲殖民地无法消解的根本矛盾。本文后半部分主要围绕莱辛非洲小说的一个重要主题“生态殖民主义”展开。其主要揭示了殖民者对非洲大地无情掠夺和占有。在莱辛的小说中,非洲大地被殖民者视为不折不扣的他者。象征着土著男人的非洲丛林时刻威胁着房中的白人妇女,将白人妇女囚禁在房内,让她们陷入孤独、恐惧、分裂甚至是精神崩溃。象征着大地母亲或土著女人的非洲土地抓住一切机会向男性殖民者复仇,使这片土地远离男性殖民者的玷污和掠夺行为。野性的他者阻碍了作为大我的白人殖民者获得白人身份的认同,让那些期望在他者身上实现自我的浪漫农场主梦断南非高原。
This paper explores the inevitable alienation of white settlers (British settlers) who regard the native and the land as the Other. Since the native and the land are to some extent inseparable in Lessing's African fiction, this paper treats the land as an indispensable part of the white and the native conflict. Beginning with introducing the Self and the Other in colonial Africa. This paper first elaborates on the relationship between the native and the settlers by analyzing British settlers. The first group demonizes the native and therefore is seized by great or irrational fear for the latter. Mary and stereotyped white women such as Mrs. Quest and Mrs. Carson make the representatives of this category. Surrendering the self to the Self, her racial identity, Mary cannot face Moses'look and her natural emotions despite the fact that Moses remains the last interest in her life. Its vital significance in Lessing's African fiction is vividly demonstrated by the examples of Marston's changing roles of the Self and the Other in The Grass Is Singing and of Lessing's elaboration of the white and the native relationship. The following parts of this paper will mainly focus on the topic of "Ecological Colonialism". In Lessing's African fiction, the land is regarded as the Other by the colonizer who conquer and rape it, but the bush symbolizes the native revenge on the white settlers, which make the white women fear, fragmentation and nervous breakdown. To some extent the land represents earth mother or native women who try her best to prevent white men's ambition from raping and gaining more natural resources from her. It also makes those romantic white farmers who hope to realize their fortune breakdown.
This paper explores the inevitable alienation of white settlers (British settlers) who regard the native and the land as the Other. Since the native and the land are to some extent inseparable in Lessing's African fiction, this paper treats the land as an indispensable part of the white and the native conflict. Beginning with introducing the Self and the Other in colonial Africa. This paper first elaborates on the relationship between the native and the settlers by analyzing British settlers. The first group demonizes the native and therefore is seized by great or irrational fear for the latter. Mary and stereotyped white women such as Mrs. Quest and Mrs. Carson make the representatives of this category. Surrendering the self to the Self, her racial identity, Mary cannot face Moses'look and her natural emotions despite the fact that Moses remains the last interest in her life. Its vital significance in Lessing's African fiction is vividly demonstrated by the examples of Marston's changing roles of the Self and the Other in The Grass Is Singing and of Lessing's elaboration of the white and the native relationship. The following parts of this paper will mainly focus on the topic of "Ecological Colonialism". In Lessing's African fiction, the land is regarded as the Other by the colonizer who conquer and rape it, but the bush symbolizes the native revenge on the white settlers, which make the white women fear, fragmentation and nervous breakdown. To some extent the land represents earth mother or native women who try her best to prevent white men's ambition from raping and gaining more natural resources from her. It also makes those romantic white farmers who hope to realize their fortune breakdown.
引文
Ashcroft, Bill et al. The Empire Writes Back:Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures. London& New York:Routledge,1989.8.
Atkins, Kim.ed, with commentary. Self and Subjectivity. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2005.
Basterra, Gabriela. Seductions of Fate:Tragic Subjectivity, Ethics, Politics. New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2004.
Beauvoir, Simone de. Introduction to The Second Sex, Trans.&ed. By H. M. Parshley. NewYork:Vintage Books,1974.
Bertelsen, Eve. "The Golden Notebook:The African Background", Approaches to Teaching
Lessing's The Golden Notebook.ed. Carey Kaplan & Ellen Cronan Rose, New York: The Modern Language Association of America,1989.30-36.
Bhabha, Homi K. "The other question:Stereotype, discrimination and the discourse of colonialism", The Location of Culture.Routledge,2004.
Boehmer, Elleke. Colonial and Postcolonial Literature:Migrant Metaphors. Oxford: Oxford UP,1995.
Cederstrom, Lorelei. Fine-Tuning the Feminine Psyche:Jungian Patterns in the Novels of Doris Lessing. Peter Lang Publishing,Inc.,1990.
Cixous, Helene "Castration or Decapitation?"& "The Laugh of the Medusa." In Adams & Searle Currie, Mark. Difference. London:Routledge,2004.
Fanon, Frantz. Black Skin White Masks. Trans. Charles Lam Markmann. New York: Columbia UP,1983
Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. Penguin Books,1967.
Gandhi, Leela. Postcolonial Theory:A Critical Introduction. New York:Columbia UP,1993.
Galin, Muge. Between East and West:Sufism in the Novels of Doris Lessing. State University of New York Press,1997.
Hall, Donald E. Subjectivity. New York & London:Routledge,2004.
Hamilton, Paul.Historicism.2nd edition, London & New York:Routledge, Taylor& Francis Group,2003.
Ingersoll, Earl G. "The Engendering of Narrative in Doris Lessing's Shikasta and Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale." in Visions of the Fantastic:Selected Essays from the Fifteenth International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts edited by Allienne R. Becker. Westport:Greenwood,1996, pp.70-300.
Kaplan, Carey., and Ellen Cronan Rose, eds. Doris Lessing:The Alchemy of Survival. USA:Ohio UP,1988.
Kaplan, Carey.,and Ellen Cronan Rose, eds. Approaches to Teaching Lessing's The Golden Notebook. New York:MLA,1989.
Lessing, Doris. Martha Quest(1952).New York:The New American Library,Inc.,1970.
——.Landlocked(1965).New York:The New American Library,Inc.,1970. Abbreviated as LL
——.The Grass Is Singing(1950).New York:Thomas Y. Crowell Company,Inc.,1976. Abbreviated as GS
——African Stories. New York:Simon and Schuster,Inc.,1981. Abbreviated as AS
——.The Golden Notebook (1962).New York:Bantam Books,Inc.,1981. Abbreviated as GN
——.This Was the Old Chief's Country:Volume One of Doris Lessing's African Stories. Frogmore:Panther,1979. Abbreviated as OCC
Lewis,Simon."By Europe,out of Africa:White Women Writers on Farms and their African Invention,"Diss.University of Florida,1996,78-80.
Loflin, Christine Adams. "Race, Nationalism and Colonialism in the African Landscape," Diss. The University of Wisconsin,1989.
Maslen, Elizabeth. Political and Social Issues in British Women's Fiction,1928-1968. Palgrave,2001.
Mcleod, John. Beginning Postcolonialism, Manchester:Manchester UP,2000.
McLeod, John. Postcolonial London:Rewriting the Metropolis. London and New York:Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group,2004.
Morrison, Toni. Playing in the Dark:Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. Gambridge:Harvard UP,1992.
Morton, Stephen. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. London &New York:Taylor& Francis Group, Routledge,2003.
Rege, Josna E. "Considering the Stars:The Expanding Universe of Doris Lessing's Work", Spiritual Exploration in the Works of Doris Lessing. Westport, Connecticut & London:Greenwood Press,1999.
Rosner, Victoria. "Home Fires:Doris Lessing, Colonial Architecture, and the Reproduction of Mothering", Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature, vol.18, No.1. (1999):59-89.
Said, Edward W. Orientalism (1978),London:Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.,1980.
——.Culture and Imperialism, New York:Alfred A.Knopf, Inc.,1993.
——.Reflections on Exile and Other Essays, Harvard University Press,2000.
Sartre, Jean-Paul. Preface to The Wretched of the Earth, Penguin Books,1967.
Sarup, Madan. Jacques Lacan, Hertfordshire:Harvester Wheatsheaf,1992.
Schlueter, Paul. ed. A Small Personal Voice:Doris Lessing. Vantage Book,1975.
Seigel, Jerrold. The Idea of the Self:Thought and Experience in Western Europe since the Seventeenth Century. Cambridge University Press,2005.
Soper, Kate. Humanism and Anti-Humanism, Hutchinson,1986,
Sprague, Claire. Rereading Doris Lessing:Narrative Patterns of Doubling and Repetition, Chapel Hill&London:The University of North Carolina Press,1987.
Taylor, Jenny., ed. Notebooks/Memoirs/Archives:Reading and Rereading Doris Lessing. London:Routledge,1982.
Thorpe, Michael. Doris Lessing's Africa. Evans Brothers Limited.1978.
Whitaker, Ruth. Doris Lessing. Modern Novelists Series. New York:St. Martin's Press,1988.
Whitlock, Gillian. The Intimate Empire:Reading Women's Autobiography. London: Cassell,2000.
Young, Robert J.C. White Mythologies, Writing History and the West, Second edition, Routledge,2003.
——."Deconstruction and the Postcolonial", Deconstruction:A User's Guide. Ed. Nicholas Royle, Palgrave,2000.187-210
卡尔文·斯·霍尔等(著)：《弗洛伊德心理学与西方文学》.包富华,陈照全等(编译),长沙：湖南文艺出版社,1986年。
陈榕, “凝视”, 《西方文论关键词》主编：赵一凡,张中载,李德恩,北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2006年。
艾勒克·博埃默(英)(Elleke Boehmer),《殖民与后殖民文学》,盛宁、韩敏中译。沈阳：辽宁教育出版社,1998年。
户晓辉, “自我与他者”《广西民族学院学报》哲社科版,(2000：3),14-16。
黄汉平,“主体”,《西方文论关键词》主编：赵一凡,张中载,李德恩,北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2006年。
林树明,《多维视野中的女性主义文学批评》北京：中国社会科学出版社,2004年。
江宁康：“评《拉维尔斯86坦》的文化母题：寻找自我的民族家园”, 《当代外国文学》,(2006:1),81-86。
乔纳森·布朗(美)(Jonathon D.Brown),《自我》,陈浩莺、薛贵、曾盼盼译。北京：人民邮电出版社,2004年。
Atkins, Kim.ed, with commentary. Self and Subjectivity. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2005.
Basterra, Gabriela. Seductions of Fate:Tragic Subjectivity, Ethics, Politics. New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2004.
Beauvoir, Simone de. Introduction to The Second Sex, Trans.&ed. By H. M. Parshley. NewYork:Vintage Books,1974.
Bertelsen, Eve. "The Golden Notebook:The African Background", Approaches to Teaching
Lessing's The Golden Notebook.ed. Carey Kaplan & Ellen Cronan Rose, New York: The Modern Language Association of America,1989.30-36.
Bhabha, Homi K. "The other question:Stereotype, discrimination and the discourse of colonialism", The Location of Culture.Routledge,2004.
Boehmer, Elleke. Colonial and Postcolonial Literature:Migrant Metaphors. Oxford: Oxford UP,1995.
Cederstrom, Lorelei. Fine-Tuning the Feminine Psyche:Jungian Patterns in the Novels of Doris Lessing. Peter Lang Publishing,Inc.,1990.
Cixous, Helene "Castration or Decapitation?"& "The Laugh of the Medusa." In Adams & Searle Currie, Mark. Difference. London:Routledge,2004.
Fanon, Frantz. Black Skin White Masks. Trans. Charles Lam Markmann. New York: Columbia UP,1983
Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. Penguin Books,1967.
Gandhi, Leela. Postcolonial Theory:A Critical Introduction. New York:Columbia UP,1993.
Galin, Muge. Between East and West:Sufism in the Novels of Doris Lessing. State University of New York Press,1997.
Hall, Donald E. Subjectivity. New York & London:Routledge,2004.
Hamilton, Paul.Historicism.2nd edition, London & New York:Routledge, Taylor& Francis Group,2003.
Ingersoll, Earl G. "The Engendering of Narrative in Doris Lessing's Shikasta and Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale." in Visions of the Fantastic:Selected Essays from the Fifteenth International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts edited by Allienne R. Becker. Westport:Greenwood,1996, pp.70-300.
Kaplan, Carey., and Ellen Cronan Rose, eds. Doris Lessing:The Alchemy of Survival. USA:Ohio UP,1988.
Kaplan, Carey.,and Ellen Cronan Rose, eds. Approaches to Teaching Lessing's The Golden Notebook. New York:MLA,1989.
Lessing, Doris. Martha Quest(1952).New York:The New American Library,Inc.,1970.
——.Landlocked(1965).New York:The New American Library,Inc.,1970. Abbreviated as LL
——.The Grass Is Singing(1950).New York:Thomas Y. Crowell Company,Inc.,1976. Abbreviated as GS
——African Stories. New York:Simon and Schuster,Inc.,1981. Abbreviated as AS
——.The Golden Notebook (1962).New York:Bantam Books,Inc.,1981. Abbreviated as GN
——.This Was the Old Chief's Country:Volume One of Doris Lessing's African Stories. Frogmore:Panther,1979. Abbreviated as OCC
Lewis,Simon."By Europe,out of Africa:White Women Writers on Farms and their African Invention,"Diss.University of Florida,1996,78-80.
Loflin, Christine Adams. "Race, Nationalism and Colonialism in the African Landscape," Diss. The University of Wisconsin,1989.
Maslen, Elizabeth. Political and Social Issues in British Women's Fiction,1928-1968. Palgrave,2001.
Mcleod, John. Beginning Postcolonialism, Manchester:Manchester UP,2000.
McLeod, John. Postcolonial London:Rewriting the Metropolis. London and New York:Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group,2004.
Morrison, Toni. Playing in the Dark:Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. Gambridge:Harvard UP,1992.
Morton, Stephen. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. London &New York:Taylor& Francis Group, Routledge,2003.
Rege, Josna E. "Considering the Stars:The Expanding Universe of Doris Lessing's Work", Spiritual Exploration in the Works of Doris Lessing. Westport, Connecticut & London:Greenwood Press,1999.
Rosner, Victoria. "Home Fires:Doris Lessing, Colonial Architecture, and the Reproduction of Mothering", Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature, vol.18, No.1. (1999):59-89.
Said, Edward W. Orientalism (1978),London:Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.,1980.
——.Culture and Imperialism, New York:Alfred A.Knopf, Inc.,1993.
——.Reflections on Exile and Other Essays, Harvard University Press,2000.
Sartre, Jean-Paul. Preface to The Wretched of the Earth, Penguin Books,1967.
Sarup, Madan. Jacques Lacan, Hertfordshire:Harvester Wheatsheaf,1992.
Schlueter, Paul. ed. A Small Personal Voice:Doris Lessing. Vantage Book,1975.
Seigel, Jerrold. The Idea of the Self:Thought and Experience in Western Europe since the Seventeenth Century. Cambridge University Press,2005.
Soper, Kate. Humanism and Anti-Humanism, Hutchinson,1986,
Sprague, Claire. Rereading Doris Lessing:Narrative Patterns of Doubling and Repetition, Chapel Hill&London:The University of North Carolina Press,1987.
Taylor, Jenny., ed. Notebooks/Memoirs/Archives:Reading and Rereading Doris Lessing. London:Routledge,1982.
Thorpe, Michael. Doris Lessing's Africa. Evans Brothers Limited.1978.
Whitaker, Ruth. Doris Lessing. Modern Novelists Series. New York:St. Martin's Press,1988.
Whitlock, Gillian. The Intimate Empire:Reading Women's Autobiography. London: Cassell,2000.
Young, Robert J.C. White Mythologies, Writing History and the West, Second edition, Routledge,2003.
——."Deconstruction and the Postcolonial", Deconstruction:A User's Guide. Ed. Nicholas Royle, Palgrave,2000.187-210
卡尔文·斯·霍尔等(著)：《弗洛伊德心理学与西方文学》.包富华,陈照全等(编译),长沙：湖南文艺出版社,1986年。
陈榕, “凝视”, 《西方文论关键词》主编：赵一凡,张中载,李德恩,北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2006年。
艾勒克·博埃默(英)(Elleke Boehmer),《殖民与后殖民文学》,盛宁、韩敏中译。沈阳：辽宁教育出版社,1998年。
户晓辉, “自我与他者”《广西民族学院学报》哲社科版,(2000：3),14-16。
黄汉平,“主体”,《西方文论关键词》主编：赵一凡,张中载,李德恩,北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2006年。
林树明,《多维视野中的女性主义文学批评》北京：中国社会科学出版社,2004年。
江宁康：“评《拉维尔斯86坦》的文化母题：寻找自我的民族家园”, 《当代外国文学》,(2006:1),81-86。
乔纳森·布朗(美)(Jonathon D.Brown),《自我》,陈浩莺、薛贵、曾盼盼译。北京：人民邮电出版社,2004年。