雷公藤总生物碱的环境行为研究
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摘要
雷公藤生物碱是雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.)中的主要杀虫活性物质,对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)、粘虫(Mythimna separata)等多种害虫具有很好的杀虫活性。本文依据《化学农药环境安全性评价试验准则》对雷公藤总生物碱的环境行为进行了较为系统的研究,以期为雷公藤生物碱杀虫剂的产品登记及推广使用提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下:
(1)建立了水体及土壤中雷公藤总生物碱的分析方法。该方法具有良好的准确性和重现性,并且在供试水体及土样的添加回收率均大于75%,满足农药残留分析要求。
(2)土壤淋溶试验表明:雷公藤总生物碱可被东北黑土、河南二合土、关中塿土三种土壤强烈吸附,在0-10 cm段的吸附率为:98.30 %、97.25 %、98.83 %,属难淋溶,不易污染地下水体。
(3)土壤吸附试验表明:在水-土中达到平衡后,雷公藤总生物碱在东北黑土、关中塿土、河南二合土中的吸附均能符合Freundlich方程,且Kd值分别为15.21、11.05、8.62,属IV级,即较难吸附;其吸附等温线均为L型,说明雷公藤总生物碱在低浓度时,土壤对雷公藤总生物碱有较强的吸附能力,在高浓度时,雷公藤总生物碱在土壤中移动能力较强,不易吸附,易造成周围环境污染。
(4)土壤降解试验表明:雷公藤总生物碱在经灭菌处理的桃树地土壤、麦田土壤、蔬菜土壤三种土样中培养32 d后降解率分别为49.71 %、30.82 %、33.33 %;在未灭菌处理组,雷公藤总生物碱在三种新鲜土壤中的生物半衰期分别为:10.060 d、9.916 d、8.887 d。根据农药在土壤中的残留性等级划分标准,雷公藤总生物碱在试验土壤中属低残留性,易降解。
(5)水解试验表明:雷公藤总生物碱在pH 7.0的缓冲水溶液中稳定;在pH 9.0的缓冲液中,50℃下半衰期为5.180d,25℃下半衰期为14.204 d;在渭河水中50℃下生物半衰期为5.645 d,25℃下为20.033 d;在鱼塘水中50℃下生物半衰期为5.188 d,25℃下为12.649 d。根据农药水解等级划分标准,雷公藤总生物碱在中性条件下难水解;在碱性条件下、河水及鱼塘中均易降解。
综上可知,雷公藤总生物碱对环境较为安全,以其为活性成分开发的植物源杀虫剂将为一种较为理想的环境和谐农药。
Alkaloids are the main insecticidal substances of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. and have very good insecticidal activity to many kinds of pests, such as Plutella xylostella , Mythimna separate and so on. To provide a powerful and scientific basis for registration, popularization and application of alkaloids from Tripterygium wilfordiiHook.f.,and this study focused on the environmental behavior of alkaloids from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f., according to‘Experimental Guildeline for Environmental Safety Evaluation of Chemical Pesticide’. The main results and conclutions are as follows:
(1). The mothed for determination of alkaloids residues in tapes water, soil by UV at 268nm was established. The mothed has good reproducibility and accuracy . Alkaloids recoveries determined in tape water and soil by UV at 268 nm were both more than 75 %.
(2). The results of soil leaching test showed that : Alkaloids were strongly adsorbed by soils from Noetheast, Henan, and guanzhong. The adsorption rate were 98.30 %、97.25 %、98.83% in the 0-10 cm soil paragraph, so the alkaloids are hardly leach, and safe to groundwater.
(3). Adorption of soils to alkaloids from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.was tested. The adorption of alkaloids in three soil samples, Northeast soil, Guanzhong soil, Henan soil, were fitted to Freundlich. And the Kd were 15.21, 11.05 and 8.62, belong to IV, hardly adorption. The adorption isotherm was L-type. So low concentration of alkaloids was strongly adorpted by soil; and high concentration of Tripterygium wilfordii alkaloids may pollute the environment.
(4). The degradation of alkaloids from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. were studied. Results showed that: The degradation of alkaloids in three sterilized soils: in Peach soil, crop soil, vegetable soil, were fasted, and the half-life were 10.060 d、9.916 d、8.887 d , less than one month. So the alkaloids are easily degradatable in soil.
(5) We studied the degradation of alkaloids from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. in different water. Alkaloids was stable in pH 7.0 buffer water; the half-life of 50℃was 5.180 d, the half-life of 25℃was 14.204 d in pH 9.0 buffer water; The biological half-life of alkaloids from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. in Weihe water were 5.645 d under 50 ℃,20.033 d under 25℃; The biological half-life of alkaloids in pond water were 5.188 d under 50℃, 12.649 d under 25℃. The studies showed that, Alkaloids from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. degrade fastly in pH 9.0 water, river and fish ponds.
To sum up, alkaloids from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. are more secure . There will be no serious impact on the environment after use.
(1)建立了水体及土壤中雷公藤总生物碱的分析方法。该方法具有良好的准确性和重现性,并且在供试水体及土样的添加回收率均大于75%,满足农药残留分析要求。
(2)土壤淋溶试验表明:雷公藤总生物碱可被东北黑土、河南二合土、关中塿土三种土壤强烈吸附,在0-10 cm段的吸附率为:98.30 %、97.25 %、98.83 %,属难淋溶,不易污染地下水体。
(3)土壤吸附试验表明:在水-土中达到平衡后,雷公藤总生物碱在东北黑土、关中塿土、河南二合土中的吸附均能符合Freundlich方程,且Kd值分别为15.21、11.05、8.62,属IV级,即较难吸附;其吸附等温线均为L型,说明雷公藤总生物碱在低浓度时,土壤对雷公藤总生物碱有较强的吸附能力,在高浓度时,雷公藤总生物碱在土壤中移动能力较强,不易吸附,易造成周围环境污染。
(4)土壤降解试验表明:雷公藤总生物碱在经灭菌处理的桃树地土壤、麦田土壤、蔬菜土壤三种土样中培养32 d后降解率分别为49.71 %、30.82 %、33.33 %;在未灭菌处理组,雷公藤总生物碱在三种新鲜土壤中的生物半衰期分别为:10.060 d、9.916 d、8.887 d。根据农药在土壤中的残留性等级划分标准,雷公藤总生物碱在试验土壤中属低残留性,易降解。
(5)水解试验表明:雷公藤总生物碱在pH 7.0的缓冲水溶液中稳定;在pH 9.0的缓冲液中,50℃下半衰期为5.180d,25℃下半衰期为14.204 d;在渭河水中50℃下生物半衰期为5.645 d,25℃下为20.033 d;在鱼塘水中50℃下生物半衰期为5.188 d,25℃下为12.649 d。根据农药水解等级划分标准,雷公藤总生物碱在中性条件下难水解;在碱性条件下、河水及鱼塘中均易降解。
综上可知,雷公藤总生物碱对环境较为安全,以其为活性成分开发的植物源杀虫剂将为一种较为理想的环境和谐农药。
Alkaloids are the main insecticidal substances of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. and have very good insecticidal activity to many kinds of pests, such as Plutella xylostella , Mythimna separate and so on. To provide a powerful and scientific basis for registration, popularization and application of alkaloids from Tripterygium wilfordiiHook.f.,and this study focused on the environmental behavior of alkaloids from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f., according to‘Experimental Guildeline for Environmental Safety Evaluation of Chemical Pesticide’. The main results and conclutions are as follows:
(1). The mothed for determination of alkaloids residues in tapes water, soil by UV at 268nm was established. The mothed has good reproducibility and accuracy . Alkaloids recoveries determined in tape water and soil by UV at 268 nm were both more than 75 %.
(2). The results of soil leaching test showed that : Alkaloids were strongly adsorbed by soils from Noetheast, Henan, and guanzhong. The adsorption rate were 98.30 %、97.25 %、98.83% in the 0-10 cm soil paragraph, so the alkaloids are hardly leach, and safe to groundwater.
(3). Adorption of soils to alkaloids from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.was tested. The adorption of alkaloids in three soil samples, Northeast soil, Guanzhong soil, Henan soil, were fitted to Freundlich. And the Kd were 15.21, 11.05 and 8.62, belong to IV, hardly adorption. The adorption isotherm was L-type. So low concentration of alkaloids was strongly adorpted by soil; and high concentration of Tripterygium wilfordii alkaloids may pollute the environment.
(4). The degradation of alkaloids from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. were studied. Results showed that: The degradation of alkaloids in three sterilized soils: in Peach soil, crop soil, vegetable soil, were fasted, and the half-life were 10.060 d、9.916 d、8.887 d , less than one month. So the alkaloids are easily degradatable in soil.
(5) We studied the degradation of alkaloids from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. in different water. Alkaloids was stable in pH 7.0 buffer water; the half-life of 50℃was 5.180 d, the half-life of 25℃was 14.204 d in pH 9.0 buffer water; The biological half-life of alkaloids from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. in Weihe water were 5.645 d under 50 ℃,20.033 d under 25℃; The biological half-life of alkaloids in pond water were 5.188 d under 50℃, 12.649 d under 25℃. The studies showed that, Alkaloids from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. degrade fastly in pH 9.0 water, river and fish ponds.
To sum up, alkaloids from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. are more secure . There will be no serious impact on the environment after use.
引文
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