酞酸酯在模拟海河菹草微宇宙中归趋研究
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摘要
本课题以海河水体中的典型沉水植物菹草作为研究对象,选取美国环保局(EPA)和我国优先控制的典型内分泌干扰物酞酸二丁酯(DBP)和酞酸二异辛酯(DEHP)为目标化合物,以实验室微宇宙模拟和建立逸度模型为手段,对DBP和DEHP在海河菹草微宇宙中的迁移转化及最终归趋进行了研究。
微宇宙实验结果表明:实验过程中,有草组水和沉积物中DBP和DEHP的浓度始终低于对照组;实验结束时,DBP和DEHP主要分布在沉积物中,其次是水中,并且在菹草中也有一定程度的富集,尤其是疏水性较强的DEHP;菹草(以鲜重计)对水中DBP和DEHP富集系数(BCF)的平均值分别为22.4 L/kg和180.7 L/kg;计算得出整个实验过程中,有草微宇宙中DBP和DEHP的降解率分别为输入量的94.2%和60.8%,较对照组(DBP和DEHP分别为91.0%和45.5%)分别提高3.2和15.3个百分点;有草组DBP和DEHP的残留率分别为输入量的-0.6%和30.7%,而对照组分别为4.7%和37.7%。可见,菹草体系不仅能有效增强DBP和DEHP的降解作用,还能减少系统残留量,降低内源污染。
以DBP为例,建立了Ⅳ级非稳态多介质逸度模型和Ⅲ级稳态多介质逸度模型,对DBP在海河水、沉积物和菹草体系间的迁移转化行为进行模拟计算,并利用微宇宙实验结果对模型计算结果进行验证。结果表明,除个别数据点有偏差外,预测值与实测值在总体上拟合较为理想。系统达稳态时,DBP在有草组各相中的分布状况为:水、沉积物和植物相中DBP质量分别占系统中DBP总量的5.26%、90.16%和4.58%;DBP在对照组各相中的分布状况为:水和沉积物相中DBP质量分别占系统中DBP总量的8.87%和91.13%。沉积物相对DBP的降解是系统去除DBP的主要途径,其去除量占了系统总去除量的87.24%(有草组)和76.06%(对照组)。对于有草组而言,植物相对DBP的去除量占到了系统总去除量的4.54%,仅次于沉积物相,因此其对DBP去除作用的贡献也不可忽视。
此外,对模型进行了灵敏度分析。结果表明,对于有草组而言,水-沉积物有机碳分配系数(Koc)和水中悬浮颗粒物的沉降速度(Uspm)对水相中DBP浓度的计算结果有显著影响;Koc、DBP在沉积物相降解速率常数(ksR)、沉积物有机碳百分数(foc)和沉积物密度(ρs)对沉积物相中DBP浓度的计算结果有显著影响; Koc、Uspm、植物从水中吸收DBP的速率(Ku)、植物密度(ρp)、水-植物分配系数(Kpw)对植物中DBP浓度的计算结果有显著影响。对于对照组而言,水相和沉积物相的敏感参数与有草组一致。
In this thesis, Potamogeton crispus L., which is a kind of typical submerged plant in Haihe River, was selected. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and Di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), two kinds of phthalates esters (PAEs) which were listed as priority persistent organic pollutants by the US EPA and China, were selected as typical organic contaminants. The environmental behavior and fate of DBP and DEHP in Potamogeton crispus L. Microcosm of Haihe River was studied by two approaches: stimulating laboratory microcosm experiments and multimedia fugacity model.
Results of the laboratory microcosm experiments showed that concentrations of DBP and DEHP in water and sediments from the Potamogeton crispus L. microcosm were lower than those from the control microcosm during the experiment. At the end of the experiments, DBP and DEHP mainly distributed in sediment, and followed by in water. The two PAEs, especially DEHP which is a stronger hydrophobic compound, could be enriched in Potamogeton crispus L. The average enrichment coefficients (BCF) of Potamogeton crispus L. were 22.4 L/kg for DBP and 180.7 L/kg for DEHP. Removal efficiencies of loaded DBP and DEHP in the Potamogeton crispus L. microcosm (94.2% for DBP, 60.8% for DEHP) were 4.1 and 15.3 percentage points higher than those in the control microcosm (91.0% for DBP, 45.5% for DEHP). The retained percentages of loaded DBP and DEHP were -0.6% and 30.7% in the Potamogeton crispus L. microcosm, and 4.7% and 37.7% in the control microcosm, respectively, indicating that Potamogeton crispus L. can not only enhance the degradation of DBP and DEHP, but also decrease the amount of their residue, reducing the internal pollution sources.
LevelⅣ(unsteady state) multimedia fugacity model and LevelⅢ(steady state) multimedia fugacity model were established and successfully applied to the experimental data for DBP in Haihe River. For Potamogeton crispus L. microcosm, when the system reaches steady state, DBP mass percentage in each phase were: 5.26% in water, 90.16% in sediment, and 4.58% in Potamogeton crispus L.; for control microcosm, DBP mass percentage in each phase were: 8.87% in water and 91.13% in sediment. In the system, DBP was mainly removed by microbial degradation in sediment (account for 87.24% in Potamogeton crispus L. microcosm and 76.06% in control microcosm of the total removal); for Potamogeton crispus L. microcosm, DBP removal in plant accounts for 4.54% of the total removal, rank only second to sediment, so it should not to be neglected.
In addition, sensitivity analysis of model has been made. It is indicated that, for the Potamogeton crispus L. microcosm, water-sediment organic carbon distribution coefficient (Koc) and sedimentation velocity of suspended particles (Uspm) have significant influence on the calculated DBP concentration in water. Koc, degradation rate of DBP constant in sediment (ksR), organic carbon fraction of sediment (foc) and density of sediment (ρs) have significant influence on the calculated DBP concentration in sediment. Koc, Uspm, DBP uptake rate constant by plant (Ku), density of plant (ρp) and water-plant partition coefficient (Kpw) have significant influence on the calculated DBP concentration in plant. For control microcosm, sensitive parameters for water and sediment are the same as those for the Potamogeton crispus L. microcosm.
微宇宙实验结果表明:实验过程中,有草组水和沉积物中DBP和DEHP的浓度始终低于对照组;实验结束时,DBP和DEHP主要分布在沉积物中,其次是水中,并且在菹草中也有一定程度的富集,尤其是疏水性较强的DEHP;菹草(以鲜重计)对水中DBP和DEHP富集系数(BCF)的平均值分别为22.4 L/kg和180.7 L/kg;计算得出整个实验过程中,有草微宇宙中DBP和DEHP的降解率分别为输入量的94.2%和60.8%,较对照组(DBP和DEHP分别为91.0%和45.5%)分别提高3.2和15.3个百分点;有草组DBP和DEHP的残留率分别为输入量的-0.6%和30.7%,而对照组分别为4.7%和37.7%。可见,菹草体系不仅能有效增强DBP和DEHP的降解作用,还能减少系统残留量,降低内源污染。
以DBP为例,建立了Ⅳ级非稳态多介质逸度模型和Ⅲ级稳态多介质逸度模型,对DBP在海河水、沉积物和菹草体系间的迁移转化行为进行模拟计算,并利用微宇宙实验结果对模型计算结果进行验证。结果表明,除个别数据点有偏差外,预测值与实测值在总体上拟合较为理想。系统达稳态时,DBP在有草组各相中的分布状况为:水、沉积物和植物相中DBP质量分别占系统中DBP总量的5.26%、90.16%和4.58%;DBP在对照组各相中的分布状况为:水和沉积物相中DBP质量分别占系统中DBP总量的8.87%和91.13%。沉积物相对DBP的降解是系统去除DBP的主要途径,其去除量占了系统总去除量的87.24%(有草组)和76.06%(对照组)。对于有草组而言,植物相对DBP的去除量占到了系统总去除量的4.54%,仅次于沉积物相,因此其对DBP去除作用的贡献也不可忽视。
此外,对模型进行了灵敏度分析。结果表明,对于有草组而言,水-沉积物有机碳分配系数(Koc)和水中悬浮颗粒物的沉降速度(Uspm)对水相中DBP浓度的计算结果有显著影响;Koc、DBP在沉积物相降解速率常数(ksR)、沉积物有机碳百分数(foc)和沉积物密度(ρs)对沉积物相中DBP浓度的计算结果有显著影响; Koc、Uspm、植物从水中吸收DBP的速率(Ku)、植物密度(ρp)、水-植物分配系数(Kpw)对植物中DBP浓度的计算结果有显著影响。对于对照组而言,水相和沉积物相的敏感参数与有草组一致。
In this thesis, Potamogeton crispus L., which is a kind of typical submerged plant in Haihe River, was selected. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and Di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), two kinds of phthalates esters (PAEs) which were listed as priority persistent organic pollutants by the US EPA and China, were selected as typical organic contaminants. The environmental behavior and fate of DBP and DEHP in Potamogeton crispus L. Microcosm of Haihe River was studied by two approaches: stimulating laboratory microcosm experiments and multimedia fugacity model.
Results of the laboratory microcosm experiments showed that concentrations of DBP and DEHP in water and sediments from the Potamogeton crispus L. microcosm were lower than those from the control microcosm during the experiment. At the end of the experiments, DBP and DEHP mainly distributed in sediment, and followed by in water. The two PAEs, especially DEHP which is a stronger hydrophobic compound, could be enriched in Potamogeton crispus L. The average enrichment coefficients (BCF) of Potamogeton crispus L. were 22.4 L/kg for DBP and 180.7 L/kg for DEHP. Removal efficiencies of loaded DBP and DEHP in the Potamogeton crispus L. microcosm (94.2% for DBP, 60.8% for DEHP) were 4.1 and 15.3 percentage points higher than those in the control microcosm (91.0% for DBP, 45.5% for DEHP). The retained percentages of loaded DBP and DEHP were -0.6% and 30.7% in the Potamogeton crispus L. microcosm, and 4.7% and 37.7% in the control microcosm, respectively, indicating that Potamogeton crispus L. can not only enhance the degradation of DBP and DEHP, but also decrease the amount of their residue, reducing the internal pollution sources.
LevelⅣ(unsteady state) multimedia fugacity model and LevelⅢ(steady state) multimedia fugacity model were established and successfully applied to the experimental data for DBP in Haihe River. For Potamogeton crispus L. microcosm, when the system reaches steady state, DBP mass percentage in each phase were: 5.26% in water, 90.16% in sediment, and 4.58% in Potamogeton crispus L.; for control microcosm, DBP mass percentage in each phase were: 8.87% in water and 91.13% in sediment. In the system, DBP was mainly removed by microbial degradation in sediment (account for 87.24% in Potamogeton crispus L. microcosm and 76.06% in control microcosm of the total removal); for Potamogeton crispus L. microcosm, DBP removal in plant accounts for 4.54% of the total removal, rank only second to sediment, so it should not to be neglected.
In addition, sensitivity analysis of model has been made. It is indicated that, for the Potamogeton crispus L. microcosm, water-sediment organic carbon distribution coefficient (Koc) and sedimentation velocity of suspended particles (Uspm) have significant influence on the calculated DBP concentration in water. Koc, degradation rate of DBP constant in sediment (ksR), organic carbon fraction of sediment (foc) and density of sediment (ρs) have significant influence on the calculated DBP concentration in sediment. Koc, Uspm, DBP uptake rate constant by plant (Ku), density of plant (ρp) and water-plant partition coefficient (Kpw) have significant influence on the calculated DBP concentration in plant. For control microcosm, sensitive parameters for water and sediment are the same as those for the Potamogeton crispus L. microcosm.
引文
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