适应秸秆还田的多功能菌剂对冬小麦土传病害的防控效果及还田效应
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摘要
在中国北方小麦-玉米两熟种植制度下,秸秆还田在生产中已被广泛采用,但是近年来发现秸秆还田地块小麦土传病害发生呈逐年加重趋势;另外,玉米秸秆还田也导致了其它一些耕作问题。本研究旨在充分利用自然界多种微生物的协同关系,利用实验室前期筛选出的对小麦土传病菌有拮抗作用、对玉米秸秆有较强适应性和分解能力的有益微生物,制作成微生物土壤添加剂施用到玉米秸秆还田地块,使其加速分解玉米秸秆,同时利用分解玉米秸秆产生的营养快速增殖形成优势菌群,充分发挥群体优势抑制小麦土传病害病原菌的增长,达到预防和控制小麦土传病害发生的目的。
本试验利用筛选得到的对小麦主要土传病菌有较强拮抗抑制作用,对秸秆有较强分解能力,并能利用秸秆快速繁殖的菌株B1514,研制了多功能菌剂HAD-1。2008-2010年,利用小区试验研究了秸秆还田条件下HAD-1对土壤理化性质和微生物种群的影响、对小麦主要土传病害的防控效果、对玉米秸秆的分解能力和B1514的繁殖能力,并通过试验确定了HAD-1的最佳施用量。2010-2011年,通过在不同地块施用不同剂量的多功能菌剂HAD-1,以未使用HAD-1为对照,混合接种病原菌,测定不同用量HAD-1对小麦土传病害防治效果,并检测菌株B1514在不同处理的田间增值情况,选取最佳施用量。
结果表明:HAD-1的施用增加了小麦土壤的容重,使土壤温度升高、湿度降低;使土壤中有机质含量降低,改善了N、P等养分状况;HAD-1对小麦纹枯病、全蚀病、根腐病均有显著控制作用,在小麦拔节期防效分别达59.63%-72.59%、57.64%-59.29%、54.48%-63.25%;减少病害造成的产量损失8.67%-11.70%;B1514在小麦全生育期增殖2.68×10~7-4.83×10~7倍;HAD-1能显著提高玉米秸秆在土壤中的分解速度,小麦全生育期使玉米秸秆分解率提高了18.7%-24.3%。HAD-1的田间最佳施用量为8 Kg/667cm2。
Under“wheat-maize”rotation system in North of China, maize straw incorporation had been widely used. However , the increasing trend of wheat soil-borne diseases tend to more and more severe in recent years; in addition, it also led to some other farming problems. The aims of the study is taking full advantage of the collaborative relations of a wide range of micro-organisms, the beneficial microorganisms were screened in the lab and made into soil amendment, which have both antagonistic effect on the soil-borne pathogens and a stronger adaptability and ability to break down the corn stalks. After applying the Soil Additive into corn block straw soil, the microorganisms decompose rapidly and at the same time became the dominant microorganisms by making use of the nutrients produced by decomposition of corn stalk to inhibit the growth of Wheat soil-borne disease pathogens. So, to some extent preventing and controlling the soil-borne diseases of wheat.
Soil-borne diseases of wheat have been getting more and more serious in the winter wheat/maize rotation growing system in northern China. A multifunctional microorganism strain B1514 (Bacillus subtilis) has been found to have inhibition effect against major pathogens of winter wheat soil-borne diseases, and decomposition ability to maize straw, and have the ability to utilize the straw for multiplication. The strain was processed into bacterial reagent HAD-1. Field experiments were made from 2008 to 2010 to test the effect of HAD-1 on soil physical and chemical properties and microbial populations ,HAD-1 for the control effect to the major wheat soil-borne diseases, the composing ability to maize straw, and the reproductive capacity. And determine the best dosage of HAD-1. And 2010 to 2011, the best application rate through the soil application of different doses in different multifunctional agents HAD-1, HAD-1 is not used to the control, mixed inoculation of pathogens, we determined the amount of HAD-1 of wheat soil-borne disease control effects, and Detection of strain B1514 in the field and appreciation of different treatments was select.
Results showed that HAD-1 of the application increased soil bulk density of wheat, and the soil temperature, decrease humidity; to reduce soil organic matter content, and improve the situation of N, P, K and other nutrients;.HAD-1 had significant control effect to wheat sharp eyespot, take all and root gave disease. The control efficacy at wheat jointing stage was separately 59.63% to 72.59%, 57.64% to 59.29% and 54.48% to 63.25%, respectivity the yield loss decreased 8.67% to 11.70%, increase the population numbers of B1514 2.68×10~7-4.83×10~7 times during wheat growing season. HAD-1 significantly accelerated the decomposition of maize straw in the soil. The decomposition rate increased by 18.7% to 24.3% during wheat growing season,and HAD-1 of the optimal application rate the field is 8 Kg/667m2.
本试验利用筛选得到的对小麦主要土传病菌有较强拮抗抑制作用,对秸秆有较强分解能力,并能利用秸秆快速繁殖的菌株B1514,研制了多功能菌剂HAD-1。2008-2010年,利用小区试验研究了秸秆还田条件下HAD-1对土壤理化性质和微生物种群的影响、对小麦主要土传病害的防控效果、对玉米秸秆的分解能力和B1514的繁殖能力,并通过试验确定了HAD-1的最佳施用量。2010-2011年,通过在不同地块施用不同剂量的多功能菌剂HAD-1,以未使用HAD-1为对照,混合接种病原菌,测定不同用量HAD-1对小麦土传病害防治效果,并检测菌株B1514在不同处理的田间增值情况,选取最佳施用量。
结果表明:HAD-1的施用增加了小麦土壤的容重,使土壤温度升高、湿度降低;使土壤中有机质含量降低,改善了N、P等养分状况;HAD-1对小麦纹枯病、全蚀病、根腐病均有显著控制作用,在小麦拔节期防效分别达59.63%-72.59%、57.64%-59.29%、54.48%-63.25%;减少病害造成的产量损失8.67%-11.70%;B1514在小麦全生育期增殖2.68×10~7-4.83×10~7倍;HAD-1能显著提高玉米秸秆在土壤中的分解速度,小麦全生育期使玉米秸秆分解率提高了18.7%-24.3%。HAD-1的田间最佳施用量为8 Kg/667cm2。
Under“wheat-maize”rotation system in North of China, maize straw incorporation had been widely used. However , the increasing trend of wheat soil-borne diseases tend to more and more severe in recent years; in addition, it also led to some other farming problems. The aims of the study is taking full advantage of the collaborative relations of a wide range of micro-organisms, the beneficial microorganisms were screened in the lab and made into soil amendment, which have both antagonistic effect on the soil-borne pathogens and a stronger adaptability and ability to break down the corn stalks. After applying the Soil Additive into corn block straw soil, the microorganisms decompose rapidly and at the same time became the dominant microorganisms by making use of the nutrients produced by decomposition of corn stalk to inhibit the growth of Wheat soil-borne disease pathogens. So, to some extent preventing and controlling the soil-borne diseases of wheat.
Soil-borne diseases of wheat have been getting more and more serious in the winter wheat/maize rotation growing system in northern China. A multifunctional microorganism strain B1514 (Bacillus subtilis) has been found to have inhibition effect against major pathogens of winter wheat soil-borne diseases, and decomposition ability to maize straw, and have the ability to utilize the straw for multiplication. The strain was processed into bacterial reagent HAD-1. Field experiments were made from 2008 to 2010 to test the effect of HAD-1 on soil physical and chemical properties and microbial populations ,HAD-1 for the control effect to the major wheat soil-borne diseases, the composing ability to maize straw, and the reproductive capacity. And determine the best dosage of HAD-1. And 2010 to 2011, the best application rate through the soil application of different doses in different multifunctional agents HAD-1, HAD-1 is not used to the control, mixed inoculation of pathogens, we determined the amount of HAD-1 of wheat soil-borne disease control effects, and Detection of strain B1514 in the field and appreciation of different treatments was select.
Results showed that HAD-1 of the application increased soil bulk density of wheat, and the soil temperature, decrease humidity; to reduce soil organic matter content, and improve the situation of N, P, K and other nutrients;.HAD-1 had significant control effect to wheat sharp eyespot, take all and root gave disease. The control efficacy at wheat jointing stage was separately 59.63% to 72.59%, 57.64% to 59.29% and 54.48% to 63.25%, respectivity the yield loss decreased 8.67% to 11.70%, increase the population numbers of B1514 2.68×10~7-4.83×10~7 times during wheat growing season. HAD-1 significantly accelerated the decomposition of maize straw in the soil. The decomposition rate increased by 18.7% to 24.3% during wheat growing season,and HAD-1 of the optimal application rate the field is 8 Kg/667m2.
引文
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